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Encuentro Latinoamericano ELA Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 3 No.2 Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Encuentro Latinoamericano Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 3 No. 2: December 2016 https://doi.org/10.22151/ELA.3.2 Editor-in-Chief Melany Cruz Editorial Board Alberto Veléz (Mexico) Paulo Duarte (Portugal) Jose Carlos Valencia (Peru) José Manual Mejia Villena (Peru) Lucie Laplace (France) ~ 2 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Table of contents Editorial Note .................................................................................................................... 4 Original Articles ............................................................................................... 6 Tradiciones históricas en la formación del Estado ecuatoriano y sus incidencias en el fortalecimiento y modernización estatal del Presidente Correa / Julio Enrique Paltán López .................................................................................................................................... 7 Migration from Central America and Mexico to the United States: How Does the Movement of People Affect the Labor Market of the Sending Countries? / Ana Magdalena Figueroa ............................................................................................................. 31 Environmental Licensing in Brazil: Revisiting the Borders between State and Civil Society / Ariadne de Oliveira Santiago .............................................................................. 48 Conceptualizing Autonomy in Latin American Foreign Policy: Case Study of Brazil under the PT government (2003-2016) / Igor Stipić .................................................... 68 Racial democracy myth and the (non) support for race-targeted policies in Brazil: evidences from a survey list-experiment / Nathália F. F. Porto & Robert Vidigal ...... 89 Da interseccionalidade ao movimento feminista: uma tentativa de conceituação do feminismo enquanto movimento social / Valéria Calvi Amaral Silva ...................... 108 Call for Papers: Encuentro Latinoamericano ............................................................. 124 ~ 3 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Editorial Note Dear Reader, After the organisation of the new Editorial Board and months of intense work, it is a pleasure to release the fourth issue of Encuentro Latinoamericano: Journal of Political Science and International Relations. This journal publishes in-depth studies on Latin American politics, bringing together students and academic from all over the continent and the world. Therefore, and once again, we kindly thank all the external reviewers, based on various places in the world, voluntary contributed to a rigorous review process that is reflected in the academic fundaments of the following articles. We are also thankful for the large response to our ‘calling for papers’, from students all around the world. Particularly, thanks to the seven authors that presented a diverse, original and interesting contribution to the understanding of Latin American politics. Vol. 3 No. 2 contains the following papers: “Tradiciones históricas en la formación del Estado ecuatoriano y sus incidencias en el fortalecimiento y modernización estatal del Presidente Correa” by Julio Enrique Paltán López (Ecuador) explores through an historical analysis the current government of Rafael Correa in Ecuador. Identifying four historical moments that helped to constitute the state of Ecuador, which the author explains as a process of reconstruction and modernization of the state. “Migration from Central America and Mexico to the United States: How Does the Movement of People Affect the Labour Market of the Sending Countries?” by Ana Figueroa (El Salvador), analyses the effects on the labour market of low skilled and high skilled workers in the context of migration from Central America and Mexico to the US, studying two different moments of the migration process, when migrants leave their country of origin and when they establish in the new one. “Environmental Licensing in Brazil: Revisiting the Borders between State and Civil Society” by Ariadne de Oliveira Santiago (Brazil) explains the relationship between state and society through the complex interactions between the state and social movements. She specially look at the institutional context in which the Brazilian National Institute for Environment Licensing take place. “Conceptualizing Autonomy in Latin American Foreign Policy: Case Study of Brazil under the PT government (2003-2016)” by Igor Stipić (Hungary), explores the meaning of autonomy in international relations theory, looking into the complexities that have for peripheral countries to insert in the ~ 4 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) international sphere. For this, he specifically study the behaviour that Brazil adopted during 2003 and 2016 with the Workers Party government. “Racial democracy myth and the (non) support for race-targeted policies in Brazil: evidences from a survey list- experiment” by Nathália F. F. Porto and Robert Vidigal (Brazil), discusses the concept of racial democracy myth in Brazil, analysing collage student’s perspectives and their attitude toward racial and social quotas in the University of Brasilia and the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Finally, “From intersectionality to the feminist movement: an attempt at conceptualizing feminism as social movement” by Valéria Calvi Amaral Silva (Brazil), examines the theoretical discussion on feminism and intersectionality. For this, she researches different feminist organisations in Brazil, in order to understand the feminist movement as a social movement. We are confident the effort of the Board and the authors will meet your expectations, and we hope to count on your contributions in our 2017 volume. The Editorial Board ~ 5 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Original Articles ~ 6 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Tradiciones históricas en la formación del Estado ecuatoriano y sus incidencias en el fortalecimiento y modernización estatal del Presidente Correa “Todos los cambios, aun los más radicales, siguen grandes líneas de continuidad histórica” https://doi.org/10.22151/ELA.3.2.1 Julio Enrique Paltán López Máster en Políticas Públicas - FLACSO Ecuador [email protected] Resumen Buscando aportar a los estudios de historia comparada y enriquecer a los análisis políticos hechos a la luz de la historia, este estudio se pregunta cuáles son las cuatro tradiciones presentes en la historia política del Ecuador que con mayor notoriedad han incidido y confluyen en el actual proceso de fortalecimiento del Estado emprendido por el actual presidente ecuatoriano Rafael Correa. Estas cuatro tradiciones constituyen parte de importantes momentos constitutivos del Estado ecuatoriano y son: la modernización católica centralista autoritaria, la liberal del ex presidente Eloy Alfaro, la tradición nacional-popular caudillista y el desarrollismo estatista anti oligárquico. Aplicando el enfoque institucionalista histórico se recopila las características y hechos de esas tradiciones y se analiza como la mayoría de ellas inciden en la reconstitución y modernización del Estado emprendida por el presidente del Ecuador Correa. Abstract This article aims to contribute to studies of comparative history, and enrich political analysis by applying a historical perspective. It asks what are the traditions present in the political history of Ecuador that have most significantly influenced the current process of strengthening of the State undertaken by the Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa. The four traditions highlighted in the article are part of important constitutive moments of Ecuadorian State: authoritarian centralist Catholic modernization, liberal former President Eloy Alfaro, the national-popular caudillo tradition and the anti-oligarchic statist developmentalism. Applying historical institutionalism the features and acts of these traditions are identified. The analysis subsequently shows how most of them affect the reconstruction and State modernization undertaken by the President of Ecuador Correa. Keywords: development, state, history, institutions, modernization, reformism, tradition ~ 7 ~ Encuentro Latinoamericano | ISSN 2414-6625 Vol. 3 No.2 (December 2016) Introducción El presente artículo es un estudio de institucionalismo histórico aplicado a la historia política ecuatoriana. Constituye un esfuerzo por entender el presente político en función de los legados y herencias de la historia, es decir no sólo en el sentido de analizar causas y consecuencias en los hechos y procesos políticos, sino más que nada en función de elaborar dos esfuerzos intelectuales que aquí asumimos: por una parte saber cómo ciertos hitos, formas de ejercicio de la política así como ciertas políticas y sus características pueden ser aglutinadas en tipologías de regímenes políticos y por otra en el hecho de saber cómo estas tipologías de gobierno marcan un peso y una determinación a modo de dependencia de sendero o path dependence en el quehacer político de un gobierno, es decir lo que sucede hoy es fruto de lo que sucedió en el pasado (Lozada y Casas, 2008). ¿Cuáles son las tradiciones legadas de gobiernos ecuatorianos del pasado así como sus hitos al influenciar a gobiernos