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The Vertebrate Body Plan an Overview of Vertebrate Anatomy

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The Vertebrate Body Plan an Overview of Vertebrate Anatomy Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology The Vertebrate Body Plan An overview of vertebrate anatomy Richard Owen (1848) On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Earth Anatomy Sciences Vertebrate paleontology is a multidisciplinary science Ecology & Evolutionary Biology © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology (Anette Mossbacher, 2021) (Paulo Brandao, 2011) © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Anatomical directions Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology • head with sensory organs The basic layout of a vertebrate • dorsal notochord • mouth and pharynx with gill arches • heart and dorsal aorta • body with segmented muscles • digestive tract running from pharynx to anus • fins or limbs Radinsky, 1987, The Evolution of Vertebrate Design © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology somatic vs. visceral Romer & Parsons, 1977, The Vertebrate Body © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Developmental components of the skull Dermatocranium (pink) Chondrocranium or neurocranium (blue) Splanchnocranium (visceral or branchial arches) (yellow) Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology bone (mostly dermatocranium) cartilage (mostly chondrocranium + visceral arches) eye tissue (brain outpocketing) Göllner et al, 2001, Mechanisms of Development 106: 77-83. © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Comparison of visceral arches agnathan derived gnathostome reptile ancestral gnathostome amphibian mammal Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Anaspid internal anatomy Pharyngolepis (Silurian) Carroll, 1988, Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Visceral arches in mammal development Fate of branchial arches in humans Mouse embryo, 9 days © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Central nervous system Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology chemoreceptors on catfish skin Vertebrate senses General Sensory Organs Specialized Sensory Organs • Free sensory receptors • Chemoreceptors • Encapsulated sensory receptors § Smell (olfaction) • Associated sensory receptor § Taste § Proprioception in muscles • Radiation receptors § Photoreceptors § Infrared receptors • Mechanoreceptors § Lateral line system (pressure) § Vestibular system (balance) Electroreception in § Auditory system electric fish Gymnarchus • Electroreceptors • Magnetic field receptors © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Pineal eye Crotaphytus collaris, Collared Lizard DigiMorpho.org © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Peripheral nervous system a map of body segmentation muscle development in dermatomes nerve paths in generalized cross section mouse embryo (innervation of the skin) Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Circulatory system Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Circulatory system in a shark Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Transformation of aortic arches in human development diagrammatic early embryo Anatomical representation of diagram of fetus fetus Moore, The Developing Human © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Comparison of aortic arches amphibian mammal lizard crocodile Romer & Parsons, 1977, The Vertebrate Body © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Living deuterostomes Teleost fish (vertebrata) © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Deuterostome phylogeny Vertebrates’ closest relatives are all filter feeders Swalla and Smith, 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363: 1557-1568 © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Chordate characteristics Tunicates and their larvae (Wim van Egmond) Kardong, 1995, Vertebrates © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology The “new head” hypothesis Gans & Northcutt, 1983 • sensory placodes, body wall and limb muscle, and neural crest tissue are unique to vertebrates • structures derived from these tissues allowed shift from filter feeding to active predation • the head is a derived feature of vertebrates • neural crest evolved from interaction of nerve and epithelial tissues Northcutt, 2005, J. Exp. Biol. B, 304B: 274-297. © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Richard Owen’s Vertebrate Archetype Owen, 1850 Rupke, 1993, Isis, 84: 231-251. Richard Owen (1848) On the Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Homology [homology is] “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function” -Richard Owen, 1843 “a feature in two or more organisms is homologous when it is derived from the same (or corresponding) feature in their common ancestor” -Ernst Mayr, 1982 © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Types of homology Homology- the same structure in different organisms under every variety of form and function inherited from the common ancestor of those organisms. Serial homology- repetition of the same structure within an organism, such as vertebrae, ribs, legs in arthropods, gills in fish, etc. Deep homology- similar structures derived from the same underlying patterns of gene expression, even if the structures have different evolutionary origins and losses. Primary homology- a homology recognized based on structural similarity, but whose inheritance from a common ancestor has not been tested by phylogenetic analysis. Secondary homology- a homology whose evolution from a common ancestor has been confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted) Indiana University | Earth and Atmospheric Sciences E412/G512 Vertebrate Paleontology Descent with modification Ornithischian ancestor evolved pelvis that was a modification of the ones possessed by the last common ancestor of all dinosaurs Ornithischian Archosaur close to dinosaur ancestor Derived condition or “apomorphy” Ancestral condition or “plesiomorphy” Edmontosaurus (from Victoria Museum) Asilisaurus (from Sues, 2019) © 2020 P. David Polly (or as otherwise noted).
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