ECM-87-20A-03 ECM-87-20A-03

IUVSTA Congress Planning Committee

Bid by the Swedish Vacuum Society to host IVC-17 in 2007 17th International Vacuum Congress and 13th International Conference on Solid Surfaces

2007 in Stockholm

IUVSTA

International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique, and Applications Union Internationale pour la Science, la Technique, et les Applications du Vide Internationale Union für Vakuum-Forschung, -Technik, und -Anwendung TABLE OF CONTENTS

Invitation Letter from the Swedish Vacuum Society 3 Letter from the Chalmers University of Technology 4 Letter from the Goteborg University 5 Letter from the Karlstad University 6 Letter from the City of Stockholm 7 Proposal Committe 8 Swedish Scientists active in the work of IUVSTA 9 Swedish Scientists at Major Universities active in the fields of IUVSTA 10 Stockholm 12 Why Stockholm 13 Stockholm – The right Site for your Congress 16 Hotel Accommodation 17 Restaurants and Night Life 19 Budget 21 Transportation 22 Congress Venue – Stockholm International Fairs 23 Social Activities 27 Excursions 29 Pre/Post Congress Tours 31 32

2 3 4 5 6 7 PROPOSAL COMMITTEE

This proposal has been prepared by a committee from the Swedish Vacuum Society in collaboration with the following organisations:

· Congrex Sweden, Stockholm · Stockholm International Fairs Members of the committee appointed by the Swedish Vacuum Society:

· Professor. Ulf Karlsson (committee chair), Materials Physics, Royal Institute of Technol- ogy, Stockholm · Professor. Lars Hultman, Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics Linköping University. Linköping · Professor. Lars Walldén, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg · Associate professor Lars Westerberg, The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala These persons are also willing to serve actively in a congress organising committee. Supported by:

· The City of Stockholm · Congrex Sweden · Stockholm International Fairs

8 SWEDISH SCIENTISTS ACTIVE IN THE WORK OF IUVSTA Below is a list of present and recent past Swedish representatives of IUVSTA. Many of them are also serving on the Organising Committee for the Swedish bid for IVC- 17/ICSS-13. Councillors Lars Westerberg, Uppsala University Lars Hultman, Linköping University Anders Flodström, Chancellor, Royal Institute of Technology Jan-Eric Sundgren, Chancellor, Linköping University Applied Surface Science Division Anita Lloyd-Spetz, Linköping University Lars-Gunnar Ekedahl, Linköping University Anders Flodström, Chancellor, Royal Institute of Technology Surface Science Division Per-Olof Nilsson, Chalmers University of Technology Ulf Karlsson, Royal Institute of Technology Electronic Materials & Processing Division Göran Hansson, Linköping University Thorvald Andersson, Chalmers University of Technology Sören, Berg, Uppsala University Sture Petersson, Royal Institute of Technology Per Omling, Lund University Thin Films Division Roger Wäppling, Uppsala University Claes-Göran Granqvist, Uppsala University Jan-Eric Sundgren, Chancellor, Linköping University Nanometric Structures Division Lars Samuelsson, Lund University Vacuum Metallurgy Division Mats Sjöstrand, Sandvik Coromant AB Lars Hultman, Linköping University Plasma Science and Technique Division Birger Emmoth, Royal Institute of Technology Jan Källne, Uppsala University Vacuum Science Division Lars Bagge, Lars Westerberg, Uppsala University

9 SWEDISH SCIENTISTS AT THE MAJOR UNIVERSITIES ACTIVE IN THE FIELDS OF IUVSTA Chalmers University of Technology Stig Andersson Bengt Kasemo Arne Rosén Thorwald Andersson Anders Larsson Jan-Eric Sundgren Hans-Olof Andrén Bengt Lundqvist Anders Thölén Eleanor Campbell Per-Olof Nilsson Lars Walldén Tord Claeson Ingemar Olefjord Dag Winkler Per Delsing Håkan Olin Janusz Kanski Mats Persson

Linköping University Hans Arwin Ulf Helmersson Anita Lloyd-Spetz Lars-Gunnar Ekedahl- Per-Olof Holtz Ingemar Lundström Petersson Olle Inganäs Bo Monemar Göran Hansson Erik Janzén William Salaneck Lars Hultman Leif Johansson Roger Urberg

Karlstad University Lars Johansson Kjell Magnusson

Lund University Carl Olof Almbladh Ingolf Lindau Lars Samuelson Jesper Andersen Lars Montelius Stacey Sorensen Jan-Olof Bovin Nils Mårtensson Sune Svanberg Koung-An Chao Ralf Nyholm Leif Thånell Mikael Eriksson Pär Omling Reine Wallenberg Struan Gray

Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University Lars Bagge Alexander Grishin Gunnar Landgren Manuel Braun David Haviland Sture Peterson Stefan Csillag Björgvin Hjörvarsson Lars Pettersson Birger Emmoth Ulf Karlsson K V Rao Anders Flodström Patrik Löfgren Mikael Östlin

10 Uppsala University Hanna Barankova Börje Johansson Hans Siegbahn Sören Berg Nils Mårtensson Kai Siegbahn Hans-Olof Blom Anders Nilsson Lars Stolt Jan-Otto Carlsson Per Norblad Jan-Åke Schweitz Ulrik Gelius Joseph Nordgren Svante Svensson Claes-Göran Granqvist Eva Olsson Lars Westerberg Ulf Jansson Carl-Gustaf Ribbing Roger Wäppling

11 STOCKHOLM

is considered to be one of the world’s most beautiful capitals. Situated where Lake Mälaren flows into the Baltic Sea, an archipelago that encompasses tens of thousands of islands shelters the city.

The City was founded in the mid 13’th century by King Birger Jarl. Today, Greater Stockholm is a modern metropolis with 1,6 million residents.

The Swedish Parliament and the Government are based in Stockholm, along with a ma- jority of the country’s authorities and head offices of multinational corporations. The educational level is high, and the region is one of the most research-intensive in .

It is possible to swim and fish in the very center of Stockholm because of the success in purifying waste water, the use of district heating, recycling and environmentally friendly mass transit.

Cost of living and staying is low in Stockholm. According to the latest CRG Cost of Living Rankings Worldwide, Stockholm has fallen in the rankings. The strong US dollar causes Stockholm to rank lower than for example London, Geneva, Oslo, Paris, Co- penhagen and other European cities.

Many major events take place in Stockholm every year. The most prestigious one is the annual Nobel Prize Award ceremony in December.

12 WHY STOCKHOLM?

STOCKHOLM, SMALL TOWN – BIG CITY · Stockholm is served by 70 airlines offering more than 700 regular flights a day. · There are 250 hotels in the county of Stockholm with a total of 25,681 hotel rooms (34,780 hotel beds). More than 8,000 of these hotel rooms are situated within 20 minutes walk from the central Station. · A wide range of modern and flexible conference facilities which can cater to between 2 and 16,000 people · Swedes are known for their friendly nature and excellent English. · Stockholm is a small Town and a Big City - it offers a wide selection of shops and department stores, more than 60 museums as well as over 700 restaurants - 26 of which are listed in Guide Michelin. And most of it is within walking distance! · Stockholm has a highly developed infrastructure and, most importantly, Stockholm is a safe city, in all aspects. · Stockholm is pure Beauty on Water ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN · The Swedish Government’s overall environmental policy objective is to solve Swe- den’s major environmental problems within a generation, i.e. 25 years. · The City of Stockholm is making several major investment in environment, such as for example investing in environmentally friendly vehicles · The world’s first urban national park is situated in Stockholm, consisting of a con- tinuous stretch of greenery extending from the Fjäderholmarna islands to Djurgården, and on to Haga-Brunnsviken, Frescati and Ulriksdal. SHOPPING · The abundant shopping supply in Stockholm is wide enough to satisfy even the most capricious and fickle shopper - from those looking for something more exclusive, to those just wanting a simple gift or memorable souvenir. · Some shops/department can make special offers to delegates of large international congresses. Requests for such arrangements can be made through Congress Stock- holm. You can shop tax-free if you come from a country outside the European Union and Scandinavia. Most shops are open 10 am - 6 pm Monday - Friday, and 10 - 2 pm Saturday. Department stores are generally open on Sundays too, from 12 - 4 pm. Most businesses accept VISA, Mastercard, Eurocard and American Express.

13 UNIVERSITIES & COLLEGES · Stockholm is the main center for industrial research in Scandinavia and houses several of Scandinavia's most prestigious scientific institutions. · All the main scientific and technical disciplines are taught here and more than 55 000 students are enrolled at the various universities, institutions and colleges located in Stockholm. Royal Institute of Technology · Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) is among the foremost technical universities in the world and the number 1 center in Swe- den for education and research in our field of work. KTH gains knowledge and develops new products in co-operation with international research teams with efforts made to put these results to practical use in Swedish industry as well as in society as a whole. · A large portion of Sweden’s requirements for highly qualified technical staff, in- dustrial enterprise personnel and people with the skills to maintain our social in- frastructure is supplied by architects, engineers and Ph.D. graduates schooled at KTH

Stockholm University · The Stockholm University is a city university, which operates, in close co- operation with today’s society - both from local and an international per- spective. The university offers undergraduate and graduate education as well as research within four faculties: humanities (history-philosophy and lan- guages), social science, law and natural sciences (mathematics and physics, chemistry, biology and earth sciences). Research is directed towards basic research. Undergraduate education consists of about 1,200 courses within some 80 subjects and about 20 study programs.

14 · The number of students is about 34,000. Stockholm University has a mod- ern campus with an inspiring and pleasant environment stimulating study, re- search and academic achievement. · This atmosphere is enhanced by the university’s unique status as the first seat of learning to be located within the boundaries of the world’s only National City Park.

15 STOCKHOLM THE RIGHT SITE FOR YOUR CONGRESS

STOCKHOLM IS RANKED AS ONE OF THE TEN MOST POPULAR CONGRESS DESTINATIONS IN THE WORLD AND OFFERS OUTSTANDING POSSIBILITIES TO HOST INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS.

More than 100 congresses are being held each year in Stockholm. Many great organisations prefer to come back to Stockholm such as the European Society of Cardiology with around 15,000 delegates. They were in Stockholm 1990, -97 and they are booked for 2001. According to available trade statistics Europe has 57% of the world market for conferences. If the statistics is divided into number of conferences per City, Stockholm is ranked no 6 in the world (ICCA Statistics 1999).

PRE-FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE

Subject to the following conditions, the City of Stockholm can guarantee credit in a commercial bank chosen by the Organiser. · The Organiser must be a Swedish legal entity · The congress budget must be realistic and balanced · Financial statements must be regularly submitted for review If the financial result is negative: All or part of the guaranteed credit sum can be converted into a grant. If the financial result is positive: 10%, but not to exceed the amount of credit, will be utilized for future con- gresses, as agreed upon by both the Organiser and the City.

16 HOTEL ACCOMMODATION

Stockholm and its immediate surroundings have a wide range of both modern and classical hotels. There are 250 hotels in the county of Stockholm with a total of 25,681 hotel rooms (34,780 hotel beds). More than 8,000 of these hotel rooms are situated within 20 minutes walk from the central Station. The hotel standard ranges from luxury to economy class. HOTEL CAPACITY AND PRICES Sweden does not have any official hotel classification. Hotels in Stockholm are considered of high standard. The hotel prices presented below indicate rack rates of hotel accommodation in Stockholm. Please note that prices mentioned normally include a large buffet breakfast and that taxes and service charges are included. The rooms in categories A - D mentioned below have a bath and or shower as standard. Price in US$ No. of hotels No. of rooms

Category A 205 - 9 4,212

Category B 145 - 204 38 9,802

Category C 90 - 144 78 9,592

Category D 30 - 89 43 2,040

(Category E - 30 26 2,549)

(Youth hostels - 30 8)

Prices as per 1999. Source: Stockholm Information Service

17 SAMPLES OF HOTELS CENTRALLY LOCATED

HOTELS No of ROOMS PRICE CATEGORY Adlon 72 B

Aston Hotel 423 B

Berns Hotel 65 A

Comfort Hotel Prize 162 B

First Hotel Amaranten 423 B

Freys Hotel 113 B

Grand Hotel 307 A

Hotel Birger Jarl 225 B

Hotel Diplomat 128 A

Hotel Kung Karl 110 B

Hotel Tegnerlunden 103 C

KOM Hotel 94 C

Mornington 141 A

Provobis Sergel Plaza Hotel 405 A

Radisson SAS Royal Viking Hotel 351 A

Radisson SAS Strand Hotel 149 A

Scandic Hotel Anglais, City 212 B

Scandic Hotel Continental, City 268 A

Scandic Hotel Hasselbacken, City 112 A

Scandic Hotel Park 198 A

Scandic Hotel Sjöfartshotellet 206 B

Scandic Hotel Slussen 292 A

Sheraton Hotel 459 A

Silja Hotel Ariadne 284 B

Please note these rates represent 1999 and can only be seen as an indication and that prices metioned normally include a large buffet breakfast and that taxes and service charges are in- cluded. The rooms mentioned have a bath and or shower as standard.

18 RESTAURANTS AND NIGHT LIFE

STOCKHOLM’S RESTAURATEURS WIN GLOBAL ACCLAIM During the past decade, Stockholm has become one of Europe’s most attractive culinary cities. Sweden in general – and Stockholm in particular – are now at the forefront internationally, both in terms of quality and creativity. This is due not least to an enormous increase in the number of culinary offerings – an increase that can also be seen in other areas such as fashion, design and art. In short, there has never been a greater choice of restaurants in Stockholm, nor have the city’s restaurants ever been more professional or better than they are today. Never before have so many eaten so well and at such reasonable prices! The fact that the Swedes are showing what they are capable of in international cooking con- tests is giving momentum to a once-struggling industry. Stockholm boasts a European Cham- pion (Fredrik Eriksson) and a World Champion (Mathias Dahlgren) in cooking, and each has his own restaurant. The Swedish Culinary Team has won global acclaim and is now as highly esteemed as the pride of Sweden, the national hockey team Tre Kronor. No wonder the res- taurant industry seems an attractive career choice for young Swedes. After all, chefs have be- come stars! Creativity and unorthodox approaches are the recipe for success – even at Stock- holm’s most exclusive restaurants, the rigid doctrines of French cuisine are conspicuous in their absence. This generation behind the stove has preferred to point its sensitive trend barometer toward other parts of the world. Asian food has become prevalent, as has a weakness for daring combinations of unusual produce. TRANQUIL EURO-FUSION In other words, restaurants have been roaming uneasily from trend to trend. However, the worst of the cross-cooking mania is now over, and a Stockholm school based on a more tran- quil Euro-fusion has established itself. Equal measures of France, Italy and Scandinavia are spiced with influences from the Iberian peninsula, the Middle and Far East and, of course, the United States. Always, however, in well-balanced and carefully considered combinations. It is typical that Stockholm’s leading restaurants cultivate an individual style without looking askance at one another. There is plenty of room here both for great personalities and an eccentric or two. The Opera Cellar, Edsbacka, Pontus in the Greenhouse and Grands French Dining Hall – the former two each with a star in the Michelin Guide – could be described as Francophilic but with their own personalities. While Fredsgatan 12 tends toward the American Southwest, Bon Lloc derives its inspiration from the Mediterranean under the slogan: Estilo Nuevo Euro Latino (these restaurants were also awarded stars). Villa Källhagen works with a completely unique and modern Scandinavianism.

19 FOOD AND DESIGN The sunniest side of Stockholm, however, can be seen in restaurants where the food has to compete for attention with the surroundings and the customers (and sometimes even the staff!)—informal, social places with high gastronomic ambitions. Young Stockholmers don’t hesitate to eat a menu degustation at restaurants such as Norrlands Bar and Grill, Lydmar, Storstad (“Metropolis” – an appropriate name) or Paus and then head for the urban throngs at the bar. Who said great dining has to be stuffy. Fantastic local produce, and the gustatory ex- cesses that a skilful artist can conjure up from this, naturally contributes to the high quality of the Stockholm restaurant scene. Cold waters nurture the world’s best fish and seafood, and the barren climate allows vegetables to ripen over a long period of time, slowly but surely being filled with flavour. Swedish culinary artists also treat their raw materials with respect. This is most apparent at Dean Bengt Wedholm’s, where probably the best turbot in the world is cov- ered in browned butter and then served with grated horseradish – enough to bring tears to your eyes. Great food is as easy as that. STOCKHOLM'S NIGHTLIFE IS INTENSIVE. NEW RESTAURANTS AND BARS OPEN ALL THE TIME. You'll find the hottest nightlife around , where there are lots of clubs that stay open to 5:00 a.m. Café culture is flourishing – there are trendy Italian-style cafés and traditional Swed- ish cafés for coffee and cakes. MANY BARS WITH FESTIVE ATMOSPHERE A loyal clientele supports the bars and pubs of Stockholm. New places are constantly popping up. In Birkastan, an area known for its many bars, the atmosphere is always festive. Several trendy spots, such as Storstad and Tranan, are located in the Vasastan district. You'll find comfortable, pleasant pubs such as Bistro Ruby and Mårten Trotzig in . In Öster- malm and Norrmalm, night-clubs mingle with bars such as East, Lydmar and O-baren. Enjoy a drink at the bar, meet up with friends or make new acquaintances. Many bars and pubs also serve light meals. ENTICING MENUS IN FASHIONABLE RESTAURANTS In recent years, Stockholm's restaurant life has blossomed. There are lots of new, fashionable restaurants with enticing menus. These days, a restaurant's atmosphere is almost as important as the culinary experience that it provides. Rolfs Kök, designed by Jonas Bohlin, was one of the first total-designed restaurants in Stockholm, but many others have followed suit, including the newly reopened Berns Salonger, which was designed and decorated by Terence Conran of London. A number of Stockholm restaurants have been awarded a star in the venerable Mich- elin Guide, including Grands Franska Matsal, Fredsgatan 12, Paul & Nobert, Operakällaren and Wedholms Fisk. These award-winning restaurants are well worth a visit. A good idea is to try the lunch menus, which are often priced quite reasonably. Many restaurants serve food that is influenced by a mix of different countries and culinary traditions. Known as crossover cuisine, the dishes served in these restaurants often involve intriguing and unusual combinations. There's something for everyone's taste.

20 The 17th International Vacuum Conference and the 13th Internatinal Conference on Solid Surfaces in 2007

SEK No of participants: INCOME 800 1,000 1,200

Participants fee (excl VAT) 2,420,000 3,100,000 3,780,000 Student fee (excl VAT 240,000 300,000 360,000 Sponsors 650,000 650,000 650,000 Exhibition 850,000 850,000 850,000

Total Income 4,160,000 4,900,000 5,640,000

COST Facilities and Technical equipment 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 Printed matter 260,000 310,000 360,000 Virtual proceedings 100,000 120,000 140,000 Distribution and handling 140,000 175,000 210,000 Social arrangemant 40,000 50,000 60,000 Organising Committee 400,000 400,000 400,000 Invited speakers and delegates 320,000 370,000 450,000 Scholarships 50,000 60,000 70,000 Decorations and signs 60,000 70,000 80,000 Abstract handling 170,000 200,000 230,000 Abstract evaluation meetings etc and IUVSTA meetings 230,000 250,000 270,000 Congress staff 80,000 90,000 100,000 IUVSTA 320,000 360,000 360,000 Variable costs, delegates 680,000 870,000 1,060,000 Miscellaneous and unforseen 100,000 160,000 400,000

Total costs 4,150,000 4,885,000 5,590,000

RESULT 10,000 15,000 50,000

Participants fee (excl VAT) SEK 4,000 4,000 4,000 Student fee (exckl VAT) SEK 2,000 2,000 2,000

No of Students 120 150 180 No of Invited 75 75 75

21 TRANSPORTATION TRAVEL TO AND FROM STOCKHOLM Stockholm-Arlanda Airport is one of the busiest airports in Europe with flights to and from more than 157 cities in 47 countries. Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Finnair has the most non-stop flight connections around the world to and from Stockholm. Sweden has a comprehensive railway system including direct connections to the major Swedish cities as well as to destinations abroad. Stockholm is also a popular port of call for big cruise ships and there are daily ferries to and from Finland and Estonia and with the new bridge across the Sound, linking Sweden with con- tinental Europe, Stockholm will be closer than ever before.

BUS AND TRAIN TO AND FROM STOCKHOLM/ARLANDA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT There is coach-service to and from the City Terminal located next to the Central Station in Stockholm every 5-10 minutes. The trip takes 35 minutes. With , the commuter train communication, the trip takes approximately 20 minutes. Taxi and limousine services are, of course, available at fixed rates. TRAVEL WITHIN STOCKHOLM Stockholm has a well organised public transport system comprising of buses, metro/ under- ground and commuter trains. We will offer the Convention Attendees a special Card that will enable them unlimited travel on the public transport system in the greater Stockholm area during their stay. The price of a card is SEK 30:- per day as of 1999.

22 CONGRESS VENUE STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL FAIRS The Stockholm International Fairs is one of Europe s largest convention centers with capacity for congresses with up to 15,000 delegates, offering the latest in modern and flexible facilities and advanced technology. The congress halls and exhibition areas are all in the same building and on the same floor. Large entrance area with public services. Large foyer for registration, 7 restaurants (seating 1,700 in permanent restaurants), catering facilities for tailor-made arrange- ments. Fixed price system applied. Only 2 stops (8 minutes) by local train from Stockholm Central Station. Stockholm International Fairs is situated next to the local train station. The speciality is major international congresses with thousands of delegates including large exhibi- tions. Location Suburban Time from Central Station 8 minutes Distance from Central Station 15 km Direction S Nearest stop Local train, Älvsjö Station No of conference rooms 50 Theatre style – largest 3000 seats Theatre style - 2nd largest 900 seats Classroom – largest 1000 seats Classroom - 2nd largest 300 seats U-shape style – largest 150 seats Exhibition area 52000 m2 Max No for reception 8000 Max No for lunch/dinner 1700 Internet capacity 100Mbits, ATM Netware

23 Stockholm International Fairs has many permanent halls/conference rooms and there are great possibilities to set up purpose built halls/conference rooms for any occasion.

24 LIST OF PERMANENT HALLS AND CONFERENCE ROOMS

Hall/Room No of Hall/Room No of Seats Seats K1 506 Victoriahallen 2 000 Stationary seats with table fixtures Stationary seats with table fixtures

K2 307 Meeting Rooms 12 - 24 Stationary seats with table fixtures 253, 255, 257, 261, 265, 275, 278,282, 283,285, E22

K1/K2 835 Group and Office Rooms 4 Together with extra chairs 925 249, 250, 251, 252, 260, 264, 267, 268, 269, 280,281,284

K11 200 Secretariats - Chairs with table fixtures K3, K4, K6

K12 70 Press Rooms - Chairs with table fixtures 201,202, 203

K13, K14, K15 45

K16/17 90

Together. Chairs with table fixtures

K21 213 Stationary seats with table fixtures

K22/23 150 alt K23/24

K22, K23, K24 80

25 In Hall A and C a number of temporary halls can be built. There is an advanced flexible mobile wall system that allows building of up to 18 different halls with a capacity of 250 – 600 seats.

Outline of hall with 300 seats.

Outline of hall with 600 seats.

26 SOCIAL ACTIVITIES

In the following you will find a selection of activities and attractions that can be included in an optional social program, excursions and Pre or Post Convention Tours for participants and accompanying persons.

THE OLD TOWN The Old Town (Gamla Stan) is built on three islands right in the heart of the city. This is where Stockholm was originally founded in the 13th century. A medieval atmosphere still prevails here with narrow lanes, low-rise old-style houses, squares, workshops, boutiques and no cars! The best way to explore the Old Town is on foot and you will quickly discover that there are sev- eral museums and many interesting, cultural sights to see. Don't miss the Royal Palace, where you will find the State Apartments, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Treasury and the changing of the Palace Guards. And while you are there, the Cathedral is right next door. Season: All year Duration: minimum 40 min (without visiting sights) 1.5- 3 hours (incl. visiting sights)

STOCKHOLM CITY HALL Located in central Stockholm and elegantly situated on the waterfront, the City Hall is one of Stockholm's most important attractions. It is well known for its architecture and grand halls. It is here that the Nobel Prize Banquet is held every year on December 10. Season: All year Duration: 1 hour

SKANSEN OPEN-AIR MUSEUM Discover Swedish traditions at Skansen. Founded in 1891 as the first open-air museum in the world, Skansen is home to many old buildings that have been brought there from all over Swe- den. Today, Skansen is both an "Old Sweden in miniature" and a zoo displaying a wide range of Scandinavian fauna. Some of the houses accommodate handicraft workshops and there are regular folk dance performances and concerts during the summer. Season: May - September Duration: 1.5 - 2 hours

27 THE MUSEUM When the Royal flagship, Vasa was built in 1628 she was the pride of Sweden. But it was a glory that turned out to be short-lived as she sank on her maiden voyage. It was 333 years before she was brought to the surface once more and she is now the only fully preserved vessel dating from the 17th century in the world. Located in a purpose built museum, the ship and many items found onboard are on permanent display. The museum is widely acclaimed for its exhibitions and the comprehensive information provided there. There are guided tours on the hour in various languages and a 30 minute long film that describes the ship's history and her salvage. Season: All year Duration: 40 min - 1.5 hour

DROTTNINGHOLM PALACE The Drottningholm Palace, situated by lake Mälaren, 15 km from Stockholm, dates from the 17th century. Drottningholm is Sweden's Royal Residence and is built along the lines of Ver- sailles and situated in breathtaking grounds. The 18th century Royal Court Theatre is the world's oldest playhouse and its original scene-changing machinery is still intact. The palace, together with the court theatre, its park and Chinese Pavilion, which is situated there, are one of the five Swedish cultural heritage’s that are noted on UNESCO's list for world preservation. Season: May - September Duration: 2-3 hours

THE MODERN MUSEUM The Modern Museum reopened to the public in February 1998. Situated on the island of Skeppsholmen in the center of Stockholm, the new building was designed by the award- winning Spanish architect Rafael Moneo. Now, for the first time ever, the museum has the space to show its fine collections of international and Scandinavian 20th century art, photo- graphs, film and video. The collections are regarded as some of the most important in Europe. Season: All year Duration: minimum 1 hour

28 EXCURSIONS

ARCHIPELAGO TOUR The Stockholm archipelago with its 25,000 islands is a world of its own. The serene beauty of calm waters and lush, green islands interspersed with barren rocks - makes the archipelago a treasured summer resort. Only a few people live here all year round, but its beauty can be ap- preciated in any season. A three hour cruise on board a vintage steam-ship takes you through the inner archipelago, an area with many old and new summerhouses. A short walk through the small town of Waxholm with its 16th century fortress is recommended. During the cruise, lunch or dinner can be served. Season: May - October Duration: 3 hours

ART TOUR A visit to , the former residence of Prince Eugene, one of Sweden's most well known painters, is a memory to treasure. The flower-filled villa houses the Prince's large col- lection of Scandinavian art dating from 1880 to 1940. It is also home to many of his own major works. The tour continues to Millesgården, home of sculptor Carl Milles. The park is spec- tacularly situated on terraces carved from the steep cliff face and beautifully laid out with Milles' sculptures, which have been reproduced and put on display throughout the world. Season: May - October Duration: 3 hours

MARIEFRED AND GRIPSHOLM CASTLE 70 km south-west of Stockholm, on lake Mälaren, lies the small picturesque town of Marie- fred. Gripsholm Castle, which dates from the early 16th century, dominates the town. Nowa- days, the castle houses the National Portrait Gallery as well as an exquisite 18th century thea- tre. Your visit here will also give you time to stroll through the old town with its typical old-style red wooden buildings. Season: May - October Duration: 5 hours incl. lunch

29 UPPSALA, SKOKLOSTER PALACE AND SIGTUNA The city of Uppsala is situated 75 km north of Stockholm. During the Viking era Uppsala was the nation's center of jurisdiction and the heart of the Swedish pagan cult. In the 13th century it became the Swedish Archbishopric and the magnificent Gothic cathedral was erected. Uppsala University, founded in the 15th century, is the oldest in Sweden and its library houses among other things the unique 6th century Silver Bible. The 17th century Skokloster Palace displays all its original interior decoration and furniture and is the best preserved reminder of the Swedish great power era. On the way back to Stockholm, you will stop in Sigtuna, a small town with low wooden buildings lining the narrow main street. However, despite is apparent sleepy de- mure, it was the most important town in 11th century Sweden. Season: May - September Duration: 7 hours incl. lunch

30 PRE/POST CONGRESS TOURS

SWEDISH LAPLAND Lapland, a province north of the Arctic Circle, could well be the last wilderness in Europe. This is the land of the Midnight Sun where, from May until August, there is daylight round the clock. Lapland presents a rare combination of peace and quiet, adventure and excitement. During three unforgettable days you will be introduced to the culture and traditions of the Sami people and the countryside and wildlife of Lapland, including activities such as fishing, hiking and white-river rafting. Season: May - September Duration: 3 days

HELSINKI AND ST PETERSBURG An overnight cruise to Helsinki on board a luxury passenger ferry offers a truly pleasurable experience. There are first-class restaurants, bars, night-clubs offering stage shows and enter- tainment and all the shopping you can handle. In the morning it is time to take in the sights of Finland's capital city. A guided city tour will take you to the main attractions such as the Tem- pelakio Church carved out of the solid Finnish rock and the Senate Square with its university and Cathedral. After lunch, the tour continues by train or coach to St Petersburg. The following two days will be spent enjoying the splendid monuments of this unique city, which was, founded as the Russian capital in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great. Here you will visit the St Isaac Cathedral, the Peter and Paul Fortress and Cathedral, Catherine the Great's summer residence in Pushkin and of course one of the world's most important museums - the Hermitage. Season: All year Duration: 3 days

31 SWEDEN

The warm Gulf Stream in the Atlantic gives Sweden a milder climate than other areas equally as far north. Stockholm has an average temperature of about 18°C (64°F) in July. The winter temperature average slightly below freezing and snowfall is moderate. The most northerly parts of Sweden have long and cold winters and bright summers of moderate temperatures; in June and July daylight lasts around the clock.

GEOGRAPHY

Sweden has an area of 450,000 km² (174,000 sq. Mi.). Half its land surface is covered with forest. Less than 10% is farmland. Nearly 100,000 lakes dot the countryside, which is rela- tively flat. A long mountain chain in the Northwest reaches heights of up to 2,111 m (6,926 ft). There are thousands of islands along the jagged coast.

THE PEOPLE

Sweden has a population of 8.8 million, with about 85% living in the southern half of the coun- try. Swedish is a Nordic Germanic language.

PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. Today the King, Carl XVI Gustaf, has only ceremonial functions as Head of State. The Parliament consists of one chamber, whose members are directly elected by proportional representation for four- year terms. Sweden has universal suffrage and the voting age is 18. Voter turnout is tradition- ally very high, 85–90%.

FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENSE

Sweden is an active participant in international co-operation. Strong support for the European Union and United Nations is one cornerstone of its foreign policy. The country is also a mem- ber of many other international organizations such as the OECD and the World Bank. There is far-reaching co-operation between the Nordic countries in social welfare, cultural affairs and a joint labor market.

32 INDUSTRY AND ECONOMY At the beginning of this century Sweden was largely an agrarian economy, and one of the poorest nations in Europe. However, a rich domestic supply of iron ore, timber and water power, clever engineers and skilled workers enabled a rapid industrialization that transformed Sweden into a modern welfare state. Large international companies such as Ericsson, ABB, Electrolux, Volvo and Saab account for nearly 60% of employment in manufacturing and more than 80% of exports of manufactured products. Traditionally, scale-intensive industries (e.g. pulp, paper and paper products and ferrous metal products) have had a large share of Swedish exports. However, Sweden is also a relatively important exporter of more technically sophisticated products like telecommunications equip- ment, specialized machinery and motor vehicles. Science-based products (e.g. pharmaceuti- cals) account for around 10% of manufacturing value added. The international recession in 1989-91 forced companies to review their operations to eliminate inefficiency and unnecessary costs in order to improve productivity, thereby increasing manu- facturing productivity by 8% during 1991. The competitive edge of Swedish industry was fur- ther sharpened by the depreciation of the exchange rate in 1992. As a result the growth in ex- ports exceeded market growth in 1993-95 and Sweden’s market shares increased by more than 20%. The R&D intensity of the Swedish manufacturing sector is among the highest in the world. Transport equipment, telecommunications equipment, pharmaceuticals and machinery - all dominated by large firms-account for 85% of total R&D spending in manufacturing. Since 1992, when the Swedish krona was floated and fell in value by about one fourth, the government has made great efforts to restore balance. Therefore, the conditions for growth, as far as the macroeconomic situation is concerned, presently seem bright. Inflation is very low and long term interest rates have declined considerably.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Sweden has rich natural supplies of coniferous forest, hydro-power, iron ore, uranium and other minerals but lacks significant oil and coal deposits. The iron ore mines are situated in the far north. Their production is mainly exported. Sweden’s vast forests of spruce, pine and other softwoods supply a highly developed sawmill, pulp, paper and finished wood product industry. Despite high domestic consumption, Sweden exports about 60% of its forest products. Source: The Swedish Institute.

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