DOCSLIB.ORG

Iaea, Bulletin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Iaea, Bulletin IAEA, VOL.37, N0.3 1995 BULLETIN VIENNA, AUSTRIA QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Front Cover: The United Nations officially commemo- rates its 50th anniversary in October, with the interna- BULLETIN tional community taking stock of both its accomplish- ments and shortcomings as the world's instrument for international peace and sustainable development. The road ahead is full of challenge and opportunity. For the IAEA — which works closely with the UN and its family of organizations in the nuclear sphere — the future is unfolding along a compelling new course. Problems and needs have emerged which demand greater vigi- lance and cooperation among States — particularly concerning issues of nuclear non-proliferation, arms control, and safety. As they build toward the next 50 years, the IAEA and its UN partners will need renewed support to effectively help countries take steps on the road ahead for achieving a better, safer world. (Cover design: Hannelore Wilczek, IAEA; Stefan Brodek, Vienna; Photo: Zefa, Vienna; Bryan F. Peterson) Facing Page: Emerging from the dust and death of scorched fields, a flower unfolds to the promise of life. (Credit: Stefan Brodek, Vienna) CONTENTS Features The IAEA, United Nations, and the new global nuclear agenda by Hans Blixl 2 The IAEA and the UN family: Networks of nuclear cooperation by Sheel Kant Sharma 110 International law and nuclear energy: Overview of the legal framework by Mohamed ElBaradei, Edwin Nwogugu and John Rames 116 Radiation safety services: From the laboratory to the field by Robert Ouvrard and Fernando Lopez-Lizana 126 Bulletin Update Inside Technical Cooperation: Practical projects for development /Insert Special Report Measure for measure: The NPT and the road ahead by Bernhanykun Andemicael, Merle Opelz and Jan Priest 130 Topical Reports IMS at 25: Pioneer of the nuclear information highway by Joyce Amenta and Alexander Sorokinl 39 The IAEA on line: Closer links for the global nuclear community by Jerry Barton and Lothar Wedelcind 144 Departments International Newsbriefs/Datafile / 48 Keep abreast with IAEA publications / 54 Posts announced by the IAEA / 55 Databases on line / 56 IAEA conferences and seminars/Coordinated research programmes / 60 ISSN 0020-6067 IAEA BULLETIN, VOL. 37, NO. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1995) FEATURES US President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations in December 1953 proposing the creation of an international atomic energy agency. See excerpts from the historic address on pages 8 and 9. IAEA BULLETIN, 3/1995 FEATURES The IAEA, United Nations, and the new global nuclear agenda Cooperative links in key areas have been strengthened in response to emerging challenges and opportunities • ladical changes in the global nuclear land- cally support. At the global level, the members by Hans Blix scape after the Cold War have set the world on a are sovereign States who do not always see compelling new course. Smaller nuclear arse- eye-to-eye every step of the way. Efforts to nals, stronger bonds against the bomb's further bridge differences, build consensus, and coordi- spread, and renewed commitments for the atom's nate actions can be a complex, lengthy process. safe and peaceful use are all parts of the changing While talking about problems is not enough, it scene. The transformation is redefining the is the first step to finding and implementing global nuclear agenda for the United Nations and workable solutions for them. the IAEA on the road to the next millennium. Fortunately, the international climate now is Today's challenges and opportunities are more conducive to constructive action than dur- rooted in the concerted international drive over ing most of the UN's first half century. The the past half century to harness the atom and polarized ideological debates of the cold war no brighten prospects for a nuclear-weapons-free longer threaten to deadlock the UN. The warmer world. Despite positive steps and welcome shifts climate has opened important new avenues of of attitude, there is a difficult distance to go. But global cooperation, and is bringing new prob- key elements for sustaining progress are in place lems that must be solved to the tables of the UN and the missing pieces are not hard to see. and its family of organizations. The picture can be easily overshadowed by "The problems that confront the United the many critical assessments and competing Nations are also a challenge for the Member headlines of the day, especially in a year marking States that make up the United Nations and the both the atomic bomb's horrific power and the peoples of the world whom the organization anxious birth of the United Nations 50 years ago. serves," UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali The UN and its system of organizations have has recently written. "In these changed cir- come in for some particularly tough criticism. cumstances, there is a pressing need for gov- Whatever specific points at issue, the views are ernments and public opinion to decide what bound by common threads: the aspiration for a they want the United Nations to be, what they better and safer world, and the growing desire for want it to do, and what they are willing to greater confidence that one is being built. The contribute to make it work." UN was born as the world's instrument for inter- In the past, a good deal of criticism has been national peace and security to meet humanity's directed at the lack of cohesion and coordination highest hopes and greatest expectations, and in in the UN system. In my view, the criticism is not some ways it has been asked to carry out nearly applicable to the IAEA and its relations with the impossible missions. As the "Atoms for Peace" UN in the nuclear sphere. Channels have long organization within the UN system, the IAEA, been in place for effective cooperative action in too, is held to serve our highest standards and fields of nuclear non-proliferation and arms con- ideals. (See box, page 9.) trol, and the safe development of peaceful nu- While some of the criticism and calls for clear technologies. reform are justified, many accusations are mis- Three events over the past decade — the placed. Often discounted is the fact that no or- Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986, the ganization operates in a vacuum. Achievements, discovery of Iraq's clandestine nuclear-weapons and shortcomings, are closely bound with fluid external events and internal realities of what members are willing to do, pay for, and politi- Dr. Blix is Director General of the IAEA. IAEA BULLETIN, 3/1995 FEATURES programme in 1991, and the breakup of the So- these measures are working, albeit difficulties viet Union into independent States in the 1990s — remain in securing the DPRK's full compliance have particularly left their marks. The IAEA's with its safeguards agreement. agenda has adapted accordingly, to respond to new Overall, the Security Council has looked to sets of problems and needs. Some programmes the IAEA as the nuclear inspection arm of the have been reoriented, others significantly strength- UN system, and the IAEA has looked to the ened. The overriding aim is to support States in Council as the body politically responsible for building a stronger, more effective international ensuring compliance with nuclear non-prolifera- framework for safe nuclear development. Allow tion undertakings. Building upon this established me to more fully address some important aspects relationship is now of paramount importance as within the context of global developments and the more arms-control agreements requiring verifi- Agency's roles within the UN system. cation are adopted or near completion, and the non-proliferation regime nears universality. Forward movements. In May 1995, meet- Securing a nuclear-weapons-free world ing at UN headquarters in New York, the 178 States party to the landmark Treaty on the Non- Most visibly in the 1990s, the IAEA and UN Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) took have demonstrated close, prompt, and effective important steps forward. (See related article be- interaction in areas of disarmament and nuclear ginning on page 30.) They indefinitely extended non-proliferation. The widely publicized nuclear the NPT and confirmed that the NPT involved a inspections in Iraq — which the IAEA performs commitment to nuclear disarmament by the nu- under the mandate given by the UN Security clear-weapon States. They targeted 1996 for Council and with the cooperation of the UN conclusion of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Special Commission set up after the Gulf War — (CTBT), which is being negotiated under aus- are a case in point. Through dozens of IAEA-led pices of the UN Conference on Disarmament in missions under the Council's mandate, inspec- Geneva. States also called for an early conclu- tors discovered and mapped Iraq's clandestine sion of an agreement to cut off production of nuclear weapons programme, effectively moved fissile materials for weapons purposes; they en- to destroy or neutralize it, and activated a long- dorsed the creation of more nuclear-weapon-free term monitoring and verification plan to prevent zones; they expressed support for ongoing ef- its revival. forts aimed at more effective nuclear verifica- The case tested the global community's re- tion and IAEA safeguards; and they called for the solve and the responsiveness of its mechanisms provision of necessary resources for the Agency for sustained, coordinated and firm action. The to meet its responsibilities under the NPT. IAEA's founders presciently vested the Agency As the outcome of the NPT Conference made with a right of direct access to the Security Coun- clear, there is near universal renunciation of the cil, where international authority for enforce- bomb. The overwhelming majority of States no ment action is placed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Landmark Deal with Iran
    96 / 13 13 December 2013 LANDMARK DEAL WITH IRAN AMB SHEEL KANT SHARMA The writer is a former Ambassador of India to Austria & Permanent Representative to UN Office in Vienna & IAEA. Foreign Ministers of Iran and the P5 + 1 i.e. US, a comprehensive agreement ensuring exclusively France, UK, China, Russia and Germany, concluded a peaceful nuclear programme in Iran and lifting of all ground breaking deal about Iranian nuclear program UN Security Council and other US and EU sanctions last month imbued with an extraordinary potential on Iran. That goal will be reached by a reciprocal, and immense impact even in the short term. It was step-by-step process, fully transparent to the the result of arduous negotiations stretching over the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) current year, buttressed with bilateral contacts on inspections, involving stopping, curtailing, and partial the sidelines of formal sessions that go back even 2- dismantling of Iran’s existing and planned uranium 3 years. The concluding round in Geneva took long enrichment and plutonium production capacity, and intense work which continued until early facilities and activities as also conversion and dilution morning of November 24. The Iranian foreign of existing stocks of enriched uranium with effective minister Javad Zarif tweeted at safeguards against its military the end that “there was white The interim first steps will be taken use potential. Iran will be smoke” invoking the Vatican’s enabled to enjoy right to within six months and essentially code to announce new Pope’s peaceful uses of nuclear involve Iran ceasing enrichment of election.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World
    Moving Beyond Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World ISSUE NO. 2, 2013 Nuclear Abolition Forum Dialogue on the Process to Achieve and Sustain a Nuclear Weapons Free World The Nuclear Abolition Forum strives to foster debate on key legal, technical, institutional and political elements for achieving the prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons under a Nuclear Weapons Convention or package of agreements, as well as the process to achieving this. To this end, the Forum offers a dedicated website and a periodical to facilitate dialogue between academics, governments, disarmament experts and NGOs on such elements. The Forum is a joint project of eight leading organizations on disarmament and nonproliferation issues. For more information about Nuclear Abolition Forum, visit abolitionforum.org. Nuclear Abolition Forum Dialogue on the Process to Achieve and Sustain a Nuclear Weapons Free World C/o World Future Council 100 Pall Mall, SW1Y 5NQ London, United Kingdom Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7321 3810 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7321 3738 Email: [email protected] abolitionforum.org © Nuclear Abolition Forum, April 2013 Cover: “Cat’s Cradle/String Theory” (oil on canvas, 36" x 48"), 2008, by Baila Goldenthal. Design by Jana Jedličková. Moving Beyond Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World Nuclear Abolition Forum · Issue No. 2 CONTRIBUTORS Ward Wilson Christopher Ford Paul Quilès Bruno Tertrais Sheel Kant Sharma Manpreet Sethi Alyn Ware Kiho Yi Hiromishi Umebayashi Nobuyasu Abe Hirofumi Tosaki Bill Kidd John Ainslie Uta Zapf Jonathan Granoff Rob van Riet David Krieger Richard Falk Teresa Bergman GUEST CO-EDITORS Marc Finaud Paul Meyer Manpreet Sethi Alyn Ware EDITOR Rob van Riet Dialogue on the Process to Achieve and Sustain a Nuclear Weapons Free World NUCLEAR ABOLITION FORUM Issue No.
    [Show full text]
  • SPS Annual Report 2014
    Contents People 3-3 Projects 4-6 Events 7-8 Social Media Project 9-9 Briefs 9-10 2 Copyright © Society for Policy Studies (SPS) J-1824, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi E: [email protected] www.spsindia.in SPS People President Tarun Basu Director C. Uday Bhaskar Associate Directors Monish Gulati (Strategic Affairs) Rashmi Saksena (Media) R. Dayakar (Diplomacy) A.L. Narayan ( Defense) Executive Secretary Partha Sarathi Mitra Advisory Board Preet Mohan Singh Malik (Ex-Ambassador and Ex-Spl Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, India) Sheel Kant Sharma (Ex-Ambassador and Ex-Secretary General, SAARC) Amit Dasgupta (Ex-Ambassador, currently heads Mumbai campus of the S P Jain School of Global Management) Dr Sridhar Krishnaswamy (Head, Departments of Journalism, Mass Communications and International Relations, SRM University, Chennai ) Sudip Mazumdar (Journalist and educator) Om Moondra (Businessman) International Associates Arul Louis (US) Hal Gould (US) Ajit Jain (Canada) Prof Reeta Tremblay (Canada) Rajendra Shende (France) Editorial and Research Team Aniket Bhavthankar – Senior Research Associate Chayanika Saxena -- Research Associate Technical Support Team Sushil Gupta 3 Copyright © Society for Policy Studies (SPS) J-1824, Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi E: [email protected] www.spsindia.in SPS Projects SPS has six flagship projects spanning various domains. There are described in the following paragraphs. SPS Events SPS organizes two kinds of events for the public – SPS Roundtable (RTs) and SPS Lectures. SPS RTs, or roundtable discussions, are centered on contemporary political, economic, strategic, security, foreign policy and social issues. These RTs seek to promote debate and distil ideas on burning issues and policies among policy makers, diplomats, analysts, commentators, journalists, academics and interested members of civil society.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Nuclear Disarmament: Geopolitical Necessities
    Global Nuclear Disarmament Geopolitical Necessities Global Nuclear Disarmament Geopolitical Necessities Editor V .R. Raghavan DELHI POLICY GROUP VIJ BOOKS INDIA PVT LTD Published by Vij Books India Pvt Ltd (Publishers, Distributors & Importers) 2/19, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi - 110002 Phones: 91-11-43596460, 91-11-47340674 Fax: 91-11-47340674 www.vijbooks.com e-mail : [email protected] Copyright © 2012, Delhi Policy Group, New Delhi ISBN: 978-93-81411-31-5 Price in India: ` 795/- Price outside India: US $ 39.95 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Application for such permission should be addressed to the publisher. Printed in India at Narula Printers , New Delhi Table of Contents Introduction vii Pathways to Nuclear Disarmament & Timeline Challenges 1 – Sverre Lodgaard Nuclear Base Camp: The Numbers Conundrum 19 – T. P. Sreenivasan Nuclear Doctrines & Nuclear Disarmament 23 – Bruno Tertrais Role of Nuclear Weapons in NATO’s Strategic Concept 32 – Jacek Bylica Nuclear Doctrines & Military Realities 40 – Prakash Menon No-First Use as a Strategic Doctrine 56 – Swaran Singh Through the Techno-Political Maze of Timeline Challenges 72 – G. Balachandran Geopolitical Conditions Enabling Nuclear Disarmament 82 – Ian Anthony Nuclear Disarmament: Perspectives from the IAEA 98 – Sheel Kant Sharma vi Global Nuclear Disarmament: Geopolitical Necessities China and Nuclear Disarmament 109 – Alexander Kolbin Contributors 132 Introduction The Delhi Policy Group conducted an 18 month project on Pathways to Nuclear Disarmament held between 2010 and 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World
    Moving Beyond Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World ISSUE NO. 2, 2013 Moving Beyond Nuclear Deterrence to a Nuclear Weapons Free World Nuclear Abolition Forum · Issue No. 2 CONTRIBUTORS Ward Wilson Christopher Ford Paul Quilès Bruno Tertrais Sheel Kant Sharma Manpreet Sethi Alyn Ware Kiho Yi Hiromishi Umebayashi Nobuyasu Abe Hirofumi Tosaki Bill Kidd John Ainslie Uta Zapf Jonathan Granoff Rob van Riet David Krieger Richard Falk Teresa Bergman GUEST CO-EDITORS Marc Finaud Paul Meyer Manpreet Sethi Alyn Ware EDITOR Rob van Riet Dialogue on the Process to Achieve and Sustain a Nuclear Weapons Free World 46 ||`¬I Nuclear Abolition Forum · Issue No. 2 Nuclear Deterrence and Advocacy for the elimination of nuclear weapons Changing the Framework has not succeeded. One reason is that the debate is of the Debate: framed within a traditional ‘national risk vs. bene- fit’ analysis. The debate poses the question incor- Obtaining National Self Interests by rectly. It presumes that nuclear weapons provide a Advancing Global Public Goods unique benefit to the security of privileged states, whilst also having controllable risks. On the other Jonathan Granoff1 hand, most arms-control advocates argue the risk is too great; that some having the weapons is a stimu- Twenty-first century security challenges are nu- lant for proliferation, and that by accident, design, merous, complex, and, more often than not, inter- or madness a use will occur that will be catastro- connected. At their core, each of these most press- phic. This might be true but this approach to the ing challenges requires cooperation and collective debate has not succeeded.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Final Inwent Profile 6-7 November 08.Cdr
    ICRIER - INWENT Participant Profiles Dr. Kandathil Mathew ABRAHAM belongs to the 1982 batch of the Indian Dr. Priya BASU is Lead Financial Economist in the World Bank's South Asia Poverty Administrative Service. A career civil servant, Dr. Abraham is an M. Tech. in Industrial Reduction, Economic Management, Finance and Private Sector Development Department Management from IIT, Kanpur. A Chartered Financial Analyst from CFA Institute, USA, in Washington, D.C. Since joining the World Bank in 1998 as a Young Professional, she has he is a Licensed Financial Analyst (LIFA) professional from USA. Dr. Abraham holds worked, over the past 10 years, on a range of financial sector policy issues, covering Ph.D. from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dr. Abraham is also a Visiting Professor of financial inclusion and microfinance, banking and capital markets reform and restructuring, Finance in IIT, Kanpur and Asian School of Business, Thiruvananthapuram. and infrastructure financing, in India, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Russia and Central Asia. Prior to Dr. Abraham has held various positions in the Government of Kerala. He has been joining the Bank, Dr. Basu was in charge of emerging markets government advisory and Secretary in the Department of Finance, Government of Kerala for six years. structured finance at ING Bank, London. She has also worked at the IMF in Washington, Dr. Abraham was also the founding fund manager of the Kerala Infrastructure where she focused on financial sector and macroeconomic issues in Turkey, the Philippines Investment Fund. Prior to being appointed as the Whole Time Member of SEBI, he held and Jamaica; the Asian Development Bank in Manila, where she worked as an economist the position of Principal Secretary in the Government of Kerala.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
    Indian Foreign Affairs Journal Vol. 8, No. 2, April–June, 2013, 213-222 ORAL HISTORY The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Intricate Moments during the Negotiations Arundhati Ghose1 In January 1994, the Conference on Disarmament (CD) set up an Ad- Hoc Committee to negotiate the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - that had eluded the international community for decades. The “mandate” for the Committee included the need to intensively negotiate “a universal and multilaterally and effectively verifiable … (treaty) … which would contribute effectively to the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects, to the process of nuclear disarmament and therefore to the enhancement of international peace and security.” Negotiations began in the Ad Hoc Committee in February 1994. Ambassador Arundhati Ghose was India’s Permanent Representative to UN Organizations at Geneva from mid-1995 till 1997. By the time she reached Geneva, the negotiations were at a decisive stage - which she found quite unfavourable to Indian interests. In this frank tête-à-tête with the Journal, Ambassador Ghose describes these intricate moments during negotiations of the Treaty. Indian Foreign Affairs Journal (IFAJ): Thank you, Ambassador, for agreeing to share your experiences with the Journal on the test ban treaty negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament (CD) during the mid-90s. You reached Geneva in mid-1995, while negotiations had started the previous year. It would be very useful to have your impressions as to how you saw the ‘setting’ in Geneva. Arundhati Ghose (AG): First of all, let me thank IFAJ for inviting me to be a part of the Oral History project, and to Ambassador Sheel Kant Sharma2, whom I consulted on occasion during those days.
    [Show full text]
  • Officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Or the Unio
    UNIT IV INDIA–BURMA RELATIONS Bilateral relations between Myanmar (officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar or the Union of Burma) and the Republic of India encompass the political, economic and socio- cultural relations that exist between the two neighboring Asian countries. Political relations have improved considerably since 1993, overcoming tensions related to drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the military junta in Myanmar.[1] Political leaders from both countries meet regularly on a bilateral basis and within the ASEAN Plus Six community. Economic relations are considerable with India representing Myanmar's 4th largest export market and the country's 5th largest import partner. The 1,600 km (990 mi) India–Myanmar border separates the Indian states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India from Kachin State, Sagaing Region and Chin State in Myanmar/Burma. In addition to the long land border, [2] India and Myanmar also share a maritime border along India's Andaman Islands. Burmese ambassadors at Calcutta in 1882 India - Myanmar/Burmese relations date to antiquity and cultural exchanges included Buddhism and the Burmese script, which was based on the Indian Grantha script. In particular, Theravada Buddhism has tremendously influenced Burmese society and culture for millennia, with around 90% of Burma's population continuing to follow the religion. Myanmar (formerly Burma) was made a province of British India by British rulers and again separated in 1937. It was in Japanese-occupied Burma that Indian nationalist Subhas Chandra Bose delivered his "Give me blood and I will give you freedom!" slogan, and Prime [3] Minister Narendra Modi highlighted Burma's role in the Indian independence movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Page FORM B (Under Rule 8 of ICWA Rules, 2006) INDIAN COUNCIL OF
    1 | P a g e FORM B (Under rule 8 of ICWA Rules, 2006) INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS ANNUAL REPORT 2015-16 1. Introduction During the year, ICWA continued with its mandated activities and accorded high priority to research and study of political, security and economic developments in Asia, North America, Europe, Africa, and Latin America & Caribbean. Global geo-strategic and geo- political developments were analyzed. The conclusions were disseminated in the form of Sapru House Papers, Policy Briefs, Special Reports, Issue Briefs and Viewpoints, which were placed on the ICWA website. A large number of events including lectures, conferences and outreach activities were conducted. The Library was improved and new books were acquired. In line with the advice/recommendation of the last meeting of the Governing Body/Governing Council, ICWA initiated various programmes and activities to propagate and popularize foreign affairs and international relations issues in Hindi by sponsoring activities in various universities outside of Delhi. 2. Constitution of the Council, including changes therein. Shri M. H. Ansari, Vice-President of India, is the President, ex officio, of the Council during the year 2015-16. Ambassador Nalin Surie has been the Director General, ICWA & Member-Secretary of the Council since 24 July, 2015. The Members of the existing Governing Council and Governing Body is attached at Annexure – I&II respectively. 3. Meetings of the Governing Council/Governing Body : 3.1 Meetings of the Governing Council 13th Meeting of the Council: 22nd July, 2015 3.2 Meetings of the Governing Body 14th Meeting of the Governing Body: 22nd July, 2015 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) to Accelerate Economic Growth, Social Progress and Cultural Development; to Promote and Strengthen Collective Self-Reliance Origin
    70 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Objectives. To promote the welfare of the peoples of South Asia; Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development; to promote and strengthen collective self-reliance Origin. The Agreement establishing the Arab Monetary Fund was among members; to promote active collaboration and mutual approved by the Economic Council of the League of Arab States assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific in April 1976 and the first meeting of the Board of Governors was fields; to strengthen co-operation with other developing countries held on 19 April 1977. and among themselves. Co-operation within the framework is based on respect for the principles of sovereign equality, territorial Aims. To assist member countries in eliminating payments and integrity, political independence, non-interference in the internal trade restrictions, in achieving exchange rate stability, in developing affairs of other states and mutual benefit. Agreed areas of capital markets and in correcting payments imbalances through the co-operation under the Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) extension of short- and medium-term loans; the co-ordination of include agriculture and rural development; human resource monetary policies of member countries; and the liberalization and development; environment, meteorology and forestry; science and promotion of trade and payments, as well as the encouragement of technology; transport and communications; energy; and social capital flows among member countries. development. Members. Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, A SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) designed Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, to reduce trade tariffs between SAARC member states was signed Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, in April 1993, entering into force in Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • INDIAN COUNCIL of WORLD AFFAIRS ANNUAL REPORT, 2016-17 1. Introduction During
    1 | P a g e FORM B (Under rule 8 of ICWA Rules, 2006) INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS ANNUAL REPORT, 2016-17 1. Introduction During the year, ICWA continued with its mandated activities and accorded high priority to research and study of political, security and economic developments in Asia, North America, Europe, Africa, and Latin America & Caribbean. Global geo-strategic and geo-political developments were analyzed. The conclusions were disseminated in the form of Sapru House Papers, Policy Briefs, Special Reports, Issue Briefs and Viewpoints, which were placed on the ICWA website. A large number of events including lectures, conferences and outreach activities were conducted. The Library was improved and new books were acquired. In line with the advice/recommendation of the last meeting of the Governing Body/Governing Council, ICWA initiated various programmes and activities to propagate and popularize foreign affairs and international relations issues in Hindi by sponsoring activities in various universities outside of Delhi. 2. Constitution of the Council, including changes therein. Shri M. H. Ansari, Vice-President of India, has been the President, ex officio, of the Council since the assumption of the august office of Vice President of India on 11 August, 2007. Ambassador Nalin Surie has been the Director General, ICWA & Member-Secretary of the Council since 24 July, 2015. The Members of the existing Governing Council and Governing Body is attached at Annexure – I&II respectively. 3. Meetings of the Governing Council/Governing Body : 3.1 Meetings of the Governing Council The 14th Meeting of the Council was held on 28th June, 2016 3.2 Meetings of the Governing Body The 15th Meeting of the Governing Body was held on 28th June, 2016 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter One Introduction
    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION “The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that their fundamental goal was to accelerate the process of economic and social development in their respective countries through the optimum utilization of their human and material resources, so as to promote the welfare and prosperity of their peoples and to improve their quality of life. They were conscious that peace and security was an essential prerequisite for the realization of this objective”. The Dhaka Declaration 1985 (SAARC 2008d:3). The increasing level of inter-dependence among the countries of a particular region has been the key factor in promoting regionalism. Countries across the world have joined regional mechanisms due to either regional security vis-à-vis any perceived external military threats or human security and economic integration. South Asia is a case in point where many human security challenges, such as poverty alleviation, food, energy, and water security, demand regional cooperation. In the late 1970s, General Ziaur Rahman, then President of Bangladesh, proposed the idea of a South Asian forum and shared that with his counterparts in the region. In 1985, the leaders of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka established the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) to work together for the realisation of several goals, economic cooperation being one of them. In 2007, Afghanistan became a permanent member of the Association. SAARC was a latecomer in following the growing trend of regionalism. For example, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967. The initial process of regionalism began after World War II, with the main focus on trade liberalisation among member states (Langenhove 2004:7).
    [Show full text]