S1 Skripsi a Discourse Analysis of Kim Namjoon Speech at United Nation English Literature Department Faculty of Social Science

S1 SKRIPSI

A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF KIM NAMJOON SPEECH AT UNITED NATION

LALE CHUSNUN NISA

1600630015

This Undergraduate Thesis is presented as a Partial Fulfillment for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Department

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS BUMIGORA MATARAM

2021

ABSTRACT

Lale Chusnun Nisa: A Discourse Analysis of Kim Namjoon speech at United Nation. S1 Thesis. Mataram: Universitas Bumigora, 2021. This study aims to reveal values, belief, and assumption are found on Kim Namjoon’s speech text on campaigning “Love Myself” and to know the kind or types of figurative language is used in Kim Namjoon’s speech. This research method used descriptive qualitative narrative. Instrument that used in this research is speech text transcript and speech video that retrieved from youtube. Data collection techniques used in this study are library research techniques, see, and record. In this study, the writer employs qualitative data analysis, which is done by analyzing data reduction, data display, and verification. The results of the research that the writer has obtained, namely cognitive statement, affective statement, state and action statement, ability and constraint statement, achievement statement, ideology, discourse component, power relation, implicature, speech act, and verbal action. Keywords: discourse analysis, usage of words, kim namjoon.

ABSTRAK

Lale Chusnun Nisa: Analisis Wacana dari Pidato Kim Namjoon pada Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa. Skripsi. Mataram: Universitas Bumigora, 2021. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai, kepercayaan, dan asumsi yang terkandung pada pidato Kim Namjoon dalam mengkampanyekan “Love Myself” dan memberitahukan jenis atau tipe bahasa kiasan yang di gunakan dalam pidato dari Kim Namjoon. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif naratif. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah transkrip teks pidato dan video pidato yang diambil dari Youtube. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik penelitian perpustakaan, melihat, dan merekam. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan menganalisis reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian yang penulis dapatkan yaitu pernyataan kognitif, pernyataan afektif, pernyataan keadaan dan tindakan, pernyataan kemampuan dan kendala, pernyataan prestasi, ideologi, komponen wacana, hubungan kekuasaan, implikatur, tindak tutur, dan tindakan verbal. Kata kunci: analisis wacana, penggunaan kata, kim namjoon.

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I hereby certify that:

Name : Lale Chusnun Nisa

NIM : 1600630015

Study Program : English Literature

University : Universitas Bumigora Mataram

This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole part from a thesis presented for another degree/program except where references are made in the text of the thesis. None of other’s person work has been used without acknowledgement in the main text of thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution.

Mataram, 31 August 2020

Lale Chusnun Nisa

RATIFICATION

A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF KIM NAMJOON’S SPEECH AT UNITED NATION

LALE CHUSNUN NISA NIM 1600630015

This S1 thesis has been defended before the Board of S1 Thesis Examiner Universitas Bumigora Mataram Date: January, 25th 2021

BOARD EXAMINERS

Dr. Zainudin Abdussamad, M.Hum (Supervisor I) ………………… ………………

Erwin Suhendra, M.Pd (Supervisor II) …………………. ………………

Hilda Hastuti, M.Pd (Examiner) …………………. ………………

Mataram, 26 January 2021

Chef of English Literature Department, Faculty of Social and Humanities Dean,

(Hilda Hastuti, M.Pd) (Dr. Titik Ceriyani Miswaty M.Pd) NIK 17.6.287 NIK 15.7.218

DEDICATION

The most gracious and the most merciful, Allah SWT

This thesis is dedicated to: - H.L Jazuli Azhar & Hj. Dra. Baiq Fatin Hamamah - Justin Amelinda Elizar & Salsabila Elizar - Almh. Inaq Gosin - Dr. Zainudin Abdussamad, M.Hum and Erwin Suhendra, M.Pd - My friends, my besties and BTS

MOTTOS

“No matter who are you, where are you from, your skin color, your gender identity, just speak yourself. Find your name and find your voice by speaking yourself.” – Kim Namjoon (RM)

“I’m the one I should love in this world Shining me, precious soul of mine I finally realized so I love me Not so perfect but so beautiful I’m the one I should love.” – BTS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillah, first of all, I would like to say thank you to Allah SWT that He gives me time and a chance to completed and finish my undergraduate thesis. And also with sincerely, I want to say thank you to these people who helped me to finish my undergraduate thesis. H.L Jazuli Azhar & Hj. Baiq Fatin Hamamah, my lovely parents for giving me advice, keep praying for me and keep support me to finish my study. Thanks for your love and keep waiting for my graduation Justin Amelinda Elizar, my elder who also gives me advice and who entertains me with silly things that can make me laugh loudly at home, although sometimes we have a different point of view but honestly she is the best sister I ever have in the world, thank you, borahae. Salsabila Elizar, my young sister who entertain me together with my elder. Maybe she looks shy, but if you already know her, she is a very silly but annoying sometimes. Almh. Inaq Gosin for praying from heaven. I hope you proud of me like what my parents feel right now and can see my graduation from there. I love you and I miss you so much. Dr. Zainudin Abdussamad, M.Hum and Erwin Suhendra, M.Pd my supervisor who patient and kind to give me feedback also motivated me to complete my thesis. Thank you very much sir. Asri Fiqani Nurul Istiqomah, Wayan Riyan Febi Asmara, Agiel Gendis, Retno Amalia, Anta Muzakir, and other friend that I can’t mention one by one here who cheer me up, give spirit, and motivation each other. Maybe after this we’ll separate to pursue each other’s dreams, but before that moments came I’ll say I love you and I gonna miss all of you. Please stay connected between us. Nurlatifah and Rinanda Ulfa, my besties one from Tasikmalaya and one from Pekanbaru who always support me, always heard my problem and sometimes give me solution of my problem. Thanks a lot girls.

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Last for BTS who give me motivation through their messages in lyrics, positive vibe, and energy to boost my spirit through their music. I love them so much. You are my inspiration, thank you being there and teach me to struggle and don’t give up to reach what I love to do.

LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... ii ABSTRAK ...... iii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ...... iv RATIFICATION ...... v DEDICATION ...... vi MOTTO ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii LIST OF CONTENTS ...... x LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study ...... 1 B. Problems of Study ...... 2 C. Objectives of Study ...... 2 D. Significances of Study ...... 3 E. Limitation of Study ...... 3 F. Definition of Key Terms ...... 3 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Discourse ...... 5 B. Discourse Analysis ...... 7 C. Discourse Structure ...... 8 D. Discourse Component and Content ...... 10 E. Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis ...... 11 F. Speech ...... 12 G. Kim Namjoon ...... 13 H. Previous Study ...... 14 I. Conceptual Framework ...... 15 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Research Design ...... 16 B. Data Sources ...... 16

C. Data Collecting ...... 17 D. Data Analysis ...... 17 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISSCUSION A. Findings 1. The Use of Words ...... 18 2. Ideology ...... 19 3. Discourse Component ...... 20 4. Power Relation ...... 23 5. Implicature ...... 24 6. Speech Act ...... 24 7. Figurative Language ...... 25 B. Discussion ...... 26 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ...... 36 B. Suggestion ...... 36 REFERENCES ...... 37

LIST OF APPENDICES

1.1 Ability and Constraint statements ...... 38

2.1 Kim Namjoon speech text transcript ...... 39

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Discourse defined as expression in words, speech or writing or the use of language which presented in a text or in a speech. It is one of the studies in linguistics that is part of the study pragmatics and discourse analysis. Both of these approaches focus on the meaning in an interaction and how the speaker communicates more information than the words used in which oral discourse is known as the form of utterances (example: monologue, dialogue, speech, and so on). On other side, written in the form of text (example: posters, magazines, newspapers, and so on).

According to (Gee & Handford, 2012) discourse analysis is also defined as the study of language above the level of a sentence, the way sentences combined to create meaning, coherence and accomplish the purposes. However, even a single sentence or utterances can be analyzed as a communication or as an action and not just a sentence structure whose literal meaning flows from the nature of grammar. Discourse analysis covers both pragmatics (the study of contextually specific meanings of language in use) and the study of the texts (the study of how sentences and utterances pattern together to create meaning across multiple sentences or utterances).

Similarly to (Heracleous, 2006) that discourse is a collection of texts, whether oral or written, located within social and organizational contexts are patterned by certain structural, intertextual features, and have the functional and constructive effect of their context.

Based on the citation, discourse analysis or discourse itself can be understood as a branch of linguistics by studying discourse which aims to

reveal the structure of discourse, components of discourse, ideology, and useful for building a discourse, understanding a discourse as language learning material, and translation. In connection with this study the writer also wants to define the concerned-term called speech. Speech refers to communication that used by people to expressing of ideas and thought through articulate vocal sound.

In conducting this study, the writer focuses on the analysis both written and spoken by showing the related linguistic components which comprised in Kim Namjoon’s speech, what the message or purpose Kim Namjoon want to convey to public.

Based on the background of the study, the writer interested on Kim Namjoon’s speech that important to loving ourselves and together build a campaign with UNICEF with #ENDViolence which aims to protect children and young generation all over the world from violence whether verbal and physical and the implicit message that there in their song lyrics on love yourself: Answer albums that helped them to overcome their hardship in life and start to loving themselves.

B. Problems of Study 1. What values, beliefs, and assumptions are found in Kim Namjoon’s speech on campaigning “Love Myself”? 2. What kinds of figurative language are displayed in Kim Namjoon’s speech?

C. Objectives of the Study 1. To reveal values, beliefs, and assumptions that found in Kim Namjoon’s speech on campaigning “Love Myself” 2. To know the kind of figurative language that used in Kim Namjoon’s speech.

D. Significance of Study Besides this study is intended for prerequisites to finish my studying, either to fulfill two significances which those can be divided into two aspects, those are, as follows: Theoretically significance: a. This research is expected to be able to provide knowledge related to discourse analysis. b. This research can be used as a reference to further research that focused on comprehensive discourse analysis researches. Practically significance: a. This research can posit as one of reference that applied in English teaching material particularly relate to discourse analysis. b. This research is expected to be beneficial to all stakeholders as well as giving contribution for reader.

E. Limitation of the Study To avoid wider scoops of this study, the writer is focused on a discourse analysis of Kim Namjoon’s speech at the UN General Assembly in New York on 24th September 2018. The writer limits the study on discourse analysis, did not discuss outside, the writer discussed about values, beliefs, assumption, and figurative language used by Kim Namjoon.

F. Definition of Key Term To equate the perspective on this research, the writer also defines several terms that refers to linguists’ idea. Those terms are speech and discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is the study of language in use. It is the study of the meanings we give language and the actions we carry out when we use language in specific context. Discourse analysis is also sometimes defined as the study of language above the level of sentence, of the ways sentences

combine to create meaning, coherence, and accomplish purposes. (Gee & Handford, 2012) Speech is defined as the faculty of uttering articulate sounds or words, the ability to speak or to use vocalizations to communicate, besides, a session of speaking, long oral message given publicly usually by one person (COED11 digital dictionary).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Discourse Discourse defined as a verbal exchange, conversation, or expression in words, or a formal lengthy exposition of some subject either speech or writing (COED11 digital dictionary). In line with (Heracleous, 2006) he stated that “… the term discourse is mean collection of the texts, whether oral or written, located within social and organizational contexts that patterned by certain structural, intertextual features, and have both functional and constructive effects on their context. In this sense, language can be seen as raw material of discourse, and individual texts are both manifestation and constitutive of broader discourse.” Based on the above statement, at least three dominant approaches can be identified and integrated into the study of discourse, those are: interpretive, functional, and critical. He further clarified what is meant by the interpretive approach is to conceptualize discourse as communicative action that is constructive of social and organizational realities, while the functional approach is a review of discourse as a tool to facilitate relevant processes and outcomes, such as effective leadership, motivating, and organizational change. The critical approach itself conceptualize discourse as the power-knowledge relationship, constitutive of subjects' identity, structures of organizational and social domination. So that by integrating the previous opinion, writer want to simplify that discourse analysis is a research method for studying language orally or in writing about its social context which aims to understand how the language is used in real situations. 1. Discourse: Organizational Text and Context Cicourel (1981) in (Levinson, 1995) stated that “… the study of discourse and the larger context of social interaction requires explicit

reference to a boarder organizational setting and aspects of cultural beliefs that often ignored by student of discourse”. Terms “organizational” describes that the appearance of discourse cannot separated from its constitutional units than form the meaning. The constitutional units consist of structure, psychology, culture, learning, performance, behavior, and so on. In other words, context plays a very important role in discourse analysis. Discourse and its context are in close relationship; the discourse elaborates its context and helps interpret the meaning of utterance in the discourse. (Cruse, 2000) said that “… the approach to the meaning which promises to be most fruitful is to regard it as conceptual. This is not to deny that there are presumably important relations between linguistic forms and extra linguistic reality. An analysis would come into appropriate and abundant without ignoring where the discourse (sentence or utterance) occurs or the circumstances. So, the way to get appropriate interpretation in reviewing the result, this study also accomplished the data in the form of video recording. The extralinguistic factor namely paralinguistics (or some calls deictic) which defined as the non-lexical elements of communication by speech is include. As stated by Fillmore (1971) in (Levinson, 1995) he describe that to get appropriate interpretation to a discourse, a language analyst must pay attention in deictic usage namely gestural deictic. Gestural deictic itself interpreted regarding an audio-visual-tactile in general physical, monitoring of the speech event.

2. Language performances Language performances cannot be separated from the five components of language. Those are phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, and context. Along with grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, these components work together to create meaningful communication among individuals. Term language performance is well-known as

linguistic performance to describe the actual use of language in concrete situation and used to describe both the production (oral and written) sometimes called parole or the actual manifestation of language in speech or writing, as well as the comprehension of language.

B. Discourse Analysis Discourse analysis closely related to the discipline of linguistics. Discourse analysis examines the use of language that cannot be separated from linguistics. One of the focuses on the discourse analysis studies to understand the form and function of linguistics. The form and function of discourse linguistics is the main shade in response to the study of linguistic discourse. A linguistic form is a form of discourse that will be analyzed, beside that each form of discourse has function that are transactional and interactional. Discourse analysis is a technique or method for studying discourse that exist or contained messages conveyed through communication either textual or contextual. Discourse analysis also complex matter since discourse cannot be interpreting independently as a single sentence which separated from the item which generate it. (Heracleous, 2006) said that “… The generation and interpretation of discourse is context dependent or situated in broader context; discourse is also active in the sense that its originators aim to achieve certain outcomes through communication; and finally, discourse is symbolic not only in textual semantic sense but in more substantive sense indicating actors’ assumptions, values, and belief through their discursive choice (conscious or unconscious) that construct and evoke particular frame of reference for interpreting issues” Discourse analysis regarding the content of communication messages, which are in the form of text, speech text, trial transcript or debates in forum, parliamentary sessions, articles contained in newspaper, books (essays, novels, and romances), and campaign advertisement for elections. The benefits discourse analysis is to understand a language that

useful in the process of learning a language and language behavior and improve the acquisition of communicative competencies. Discourse analysis allows us to see how messages are organized, used, and understood. Discourse analysis also allow us to track variations in the ways used by communicators both writers, speakers, and directors in achieving certain goals or purposes through messages containing certain discourses delivered.

C. Discourse Structure Since this study is presented as the study of linguistics, writer wants to display scope of discussion based on the need of this study independently. What the writer means by discourse structure is seen in the way the discourse organizes coherence as a whole or in other word by which text producers create text into cohesion. In this case, discourse structure focuses on coherence which is viewed as the connection of ideas at the idea level, and cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level also focuses on the grammatical both aspects speaking and writing. Coherence is viewed as the connection of ideas, they classified as following: a. Beginning/abstract In the structure of discourse beginning/abstract is the opening which contains the greetings and exposure. There is a greeting from the host/speaker to the audience as a marker of the opening of an event and continued with the presentation of the theme to be discussed. b. Middle/orientation In the middle of discourse there are exchange and transaction. Exchange it means that initiative of an introduction that leads to questions, the answer, and the feedback based on the answer and the topic of the

discussion. The transaction mean the speaker starts to explain a problem which is the topic to audience, the speaker directs the audience to focus on the conversation, and the speaker provokes the audience to give a response on what was theme of the topic about. c. End/coda At the end of the discourse is the closing part of the discourse. The end of the discourse is marked by the speaker who starts closing the event by presenting a conclusion from the theme that had been discussed. Also the cohesion of discourse focuses on grammatical aspects both speaking and writing; in this study will display lexical connectors, such as: 1). Addition, ex: also, too, well, moreover 2). Consequence, ex: so, as a result, consequently, thus 3). Comparison and contrast, ex: just as, similarly, in contrast, unlike 4). Temporal, ex: later, then, next, afterward 5). Enumeration, ex: first, finally 6). Summative, ex: to conclude, all things considered, at the end of the day, on the whole

D. Discourse Component and Content

Discourse component specifically defined from their pragmatics (pragmatic elements), the intention of the speaker influences the language of the lecture and how ideas are connected with words or connectors. a. Pragmatic elements (Levinson, 1995) said that “pragmatics is the study of language usage, more complex he stated that “pragmatics is the study of those principles that will account for why a certain set of sentences are anomalous or not possible utterances. Pragmatics comprise speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior. Pragmatics is the study of how meaning of the spoken and written discourse is related to the context which that speech and writing occurred. 1. Speech act (Austin, 1962) develop performative language and his theory of locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary act. Speech acts serve their function once they are said or communicated. These are commonly taken to include acts such as apologizing, promising, requesting, complaining, and so on. a. Locutions, illocutions, perlocutions - Locutions: the act of making a meaningful utterance or the act that we perform in saying something. - Illocutions: the act that create an utterance with a hidden meaning without intending it have an effect. - Perlocutions: the act that give reactions or effect from the hearer. In more detail, according to (Searle, 1976) speech act also viewed as verbal action that accomplish something, speech act is distinguished into several types, such as: - Declarative: the act that makes the propositional content corresponds with the reality.

- Commissive: the act of committing to future actions. This type of speech act is shows intention of the speaker in the future which will be made to happen in later moment. - Expressive: the act that shows the expression of the speaker via utterance. - Directives: the act aims to make someone else to do something that the speaker desires. - Representative: the act that speaker’s intention to assert the speaker’s belief.

b. Conversational implicature Conversational implicature is an indirect or implicit speech act, which mean by a speaker’s utterance that is not part of what explicitly said. This term is also known simply as implicature. 1. Connecting Elements (connectors) In academic literature, connecting elements have different names such as sort of, you see, you know, I mean, well, etc., that functioned as intimacy signals which allows the listener to feel more in ease, to be closer to the interlocutor.

E. Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis Pragmatics and discourse analysis involve the study of language in context of use. Pragmatics focuses on the effects of context on meaning and discourse analysis studies written and spoken language concerning its social context. (Austin, 1962) said that “pragmatics presupposes that language is a socio- cultural artifact that individuals in order not to spread information that might modify the views of others, but more important to interact with people, to perform actions such as asking people for things, inquiring about information, apologizing, inviting, complimenting others on their achievement, convincing the, of some fact.”

F. Speech In connection with this study the writer also wants to define the concerned-term called speech. Speech refers to communication that used by people to expressing of ideas and thought through articulate vocal sound. Based on (Soukhanov, 1994) she stated that: “speech (speech) n. 1. a. The faculty or act of speaking. b. The faculty or act of expressing or describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words. 2. Something spoke; an utterance. 3. Vocal communication; conversation 4. a. A talk or public address: “The best impromptu speeches are the ones written well in advance” (Ruth Gordon). b. A printed copy of such an address. 5. One’s habitual manner or style of speaking. 6. The language or dialect of a nation or region: American speech. 7. The sounding of a musical instrument. 8. The study of oral communication, speech sounds, and vocal physiology. 9. Archaic…” Similarly to (Crystal, 2008) said that “speech (n.) … here, speech is seen as a medium of transmission for language – the spoken medium or phonic substance of language … Speech science is the study of all the factors involved in the production, transmission, and reception of speech; also called speech sciences or speech and hearing science. … The other interpretation is from the viewpoint of linguistics, where spoken language (performance, or parole) can be analyzed in phonological, grammatical, and semantic, as well as phonetic terms. … the activity which the use of language performs or promotes in the listener (respectively, the speech 445 illocutionary force and the perlocutionary effect of the language). Similarly, the speech event is seen as the basic unit for the analysis of spoken interaction, i.e. the emphasis is on the role of the participants in constructing a discourse of verbal exchanges...”

G. Kim Namjoon Kim Namjoon is well-known as RM, a male-singer who won numerous achievements in his field. He was born in Ilsan-gu, Goyang, South Korea on September 12, 1994, who has the academic experience that cannot be neglected, attended Global Cyber University majoring in Broadcasting Performing Arts and also has once studied in New Zealand. Not only that, on his campus he is famous as a genius colleger who has an IQ score of 148. Kim Namjoon is not the only singer otherwise he also one best composer either one of a member either including posting as the leader of a K-Pop group called BTS (Bangtan Boys). His first stage name was Rap Monster but he change to be RM which mean is Real Me. Also, besides their achievements in music, they inspire their fans. Kim Namjoon and BTS promote the 'Love Yourself' campaign which they always shake up through various media, especially albums. They also worked with one of the UN organizations, UNICEF, to drive the campaign. A portion of the sale of the 'Love Yourself' series album was handed over to UNICEF. They are also considered to have the capability to motivate either inspiring the young people under their great work. Thus, for those achievements, BTS along with delegations from other countries were invited at the UN General Assembly which was held in New York on 24 September 2018. At the same moment, the General Assembly also coincided with the launch of 'Generation Unlimited'. That is a new partnership that promotes education, training, and employment for young people in the world.

H. Previous Study Reviewing other research is needed in order to find relevance from the past research and expected to be used as a benchmark. So that it can be used as a comparison and to avoid plagiarism. The first research is “A Discourse Analysis of SBY’s International Speech Text: A Study on Critical Linguistics.” (2011) By Anggara Jatu Kusumawati, was a student of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. In her research she used theory of M.A.K Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, that is meta functional features: ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function in order to understand language function and word choice produced to change meaning. Which aims to describing grammar used of SBY International speeches related with his self-image building. The second research is “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches.” (2010) By Junling Wang, was a student of School of Foreign Languages, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China. A research which aims to learn the language how to serve the ideology and power and also have an understanding of the political purpose. The third research is “Discourse Analysis of Presiden Bush’s Speech at Tsinghua University, China.” (2007) By Chang Pu, was a student of University of Texas San Antonio, a research which aims to demonstrate that Bush’s skillful use of rhetorical strategies in this political speech is closely associated with his overall political goals of holding American values as a model for China and China’s development. The similarities among those previous researches that discourse analysis is the study of person’s character who can influence others, skillful in using rhetorical strategies in political speech, understanding of political purpose, and building self-images in the used of grammar in speech. In this case, the objects examined are mostly public figure, it be the president as a leader of a country or an artist who has positive image or someone who can be used as a role model for other person.

I. Conceptual Framework

Kim Namjoon’s speech at United Nation

Discourse analysis based on (Gee, 2011)

Value: Beliefs: Assumptions: Figurative Language: - Cognitive - Affective statements - State and action statements - Achievement statements - Metaphor

- Ideology statements - Ability and - personification - Power Relation constraint statements

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Based on the conceptual frame above, the first is the object that used is Kim Namjoon’s speech at United Nation. It deals with discourse analysis theory from (Gee, 2011) that discourse analysis focuses on studying a language in use, attributed to a word or phrase, given the context, and how that context is construed. From that theory, the writer classified into value, beliefs, assuptions and figurative language that Kim Namjoon used in his speech.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter is focusing on the discussion about the steps that writer have done during the research. The steps are elaborated in sequence into sub-topic namely research design, data source, data collecting, and data analysis.

A. Research Design This research design refers to descriptive qualitative narrative research. The method used to analyze data by describing data through form of the written word or verbally from people and behavior observed. To say in other, according to (Stake, 2010) personal experience, intuition, and skepticism work alongside each other to help refine the theories and experiments that mean it relies primarily on humans (in this case the writer’s) perception and understanding. The writer used qualitative descriptive narrative study with the consideration that this study presents an analysis in accordance with the data obtained. The data collected is in the form of words or reasoning in this case the speech text by Kim Namjoon. The narrative form in this study presents information in the form of a manuscript. The writer put a discussion of the narrative agreement such as: using long, short quotations in the text vary and then inserting quoted texts and next forming her interpretations that relied on the related- literature reviewed in the previous chapter.

B. Data Source Data source of this study is both the text transcript and video recording of Kim Namjoon’s speech at UN General Assembly was held on 24th September 2018 that writer retrived from Youtube.

C. Data Collecting Data collecting technique that used in this research are library research techniques, see, and record. As the main instrument, the writer read the text of the speech, examines, and notes the issue related to the purpose of the study. The steps of collecting research data, the writer carry out the following steps, as follow: a. Reading the text of the speech b. Mastering the theory c. Mastering the method d. Transcribing the data e. Finding or sorting data

D. Data analysis In this research, the writer used qualitative data analysis that done by analyzing the text of Kim Namjoon’s speech directly through several process, as follows: a. Choosing and sorting the data to be analyzed in the form of words, sentence, or expression comprised in Kim Namjoon’s speech text and video recording b. Displayed and analyzed the sorted data c. Verification, the writer concludes the result of the data analysis

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this chapter the writer discussed finding and discussion which contained of : (1) the usage of words, (2) ideology, (3) discourse component, (4) power relation, (5) implication, (6) speech act, and (7) figurative language.

A. Finding 1. The Usage of Words In initiating the discussion, the writer starts to discussion focusing the attention on word usage. What writer means by word usage is simplified to be the ability to compose sentence use the words properly. Based on (Gee, 2011) idea that he divided the usage of the words into several categories, namely: cognitive statements, affective statements, state and action statement, ability and constrain statement, and achievement statement.

a. Cognitive statements In the speech of Kim Namjoon, the writer found that Cognitive statement is defined as intellectual potential or in other word, cognitive deals with a person‘s rational capacity to expand his/her rational ability. It’s related with knowledge, comprehension, application, and evaluation to analyze and syntheses a problem. And indicated of cognitive speech such as: I think, I know or I guess,

b. Affective statement Affective statement is defined as relating, result of, or be affected by the internal state of being and spontaneous physiological response to an object (COED 11 Digital Dictionary). Includes behavioral character such as feelings, attitudes, interests, emotions, and values. In other word, affective statement is understood as attitudes and values which belong to a person that wants to still in other and marked as a

person talks about desiring and liking indicated by word such as: I want, I like. In further, a person commonly shows affective statements by talking about relationship and activities in ways that seem to have a direct or indirect reference outside themselves to reach achievement or success.

c. State and action statements State statements are defined as the way to communicate an absence of reasonable doubt to emphasize the factual or truthful nature of communication. While action statement understood as the way to communicate one’s experiences and accomplishments effectively, in a person is used to describe one’s skill and knowledge.

d. Ability and Constraint statements Ability and constraint are marked as a person talks about being able or having to do things. This statement is closer to the description of one’s capacity and ability either in a place where one being insist to do a thing.

e. Achievement statements Achievement statements are marked as a person talks about activities, desires, or efforts that relate to mainstream accomplishment or distinction.

2. Ideology Ideology is perspective that is taken for granted so that it looks reasonable and acceptable to the general public. Or other in say, there are three things that need to be considered in analyzing discourse and ideology. First is reading, in which there are three domains in reading the text namely the dominant position, the negotiated position, the opposition. Second is interpellation, a form of communication which in ideology places certain person

in social relation. Third is hegemony, mean that the unconscious giving of influence.

3. Discourse Component In this part, the writer found that discourse component divided categories such as: A. Discourse Structure Discourse Structure itself divided into several parts, such as: a. Coherence Coherence is understood as the connection of ideas at the idea level. Further coherence divided into three, namely: - The beginning/abstract is marked by the appearance of greeting from the host/speaker to the audience then continued with the presentation of the theme of the speech. - Middle/orientation, in the middle of discourse there are exchange and transaction. Exchange it means that initiative of an introduction that leads to questions, the answer, and the feedback based on the answer and the topic of the discussion. The transaction means the speaker starts to explain a problem which is the topic to audience, the speaker directs the audience to focus on the conversation, and the speaker provokes the audience to give a response on what was theme of the topic about. - End/coda is the closing parts of the discourse. The end of the discourse is marked by the speaker who starts closing the event by presenting a conclusion from the theme that had been discussed before. Furthermore, it ends with a closing greeting from the speaker to the audience. Also, the cohesion of discourse focuses on the grammatical aspects of both speaking and writing, such as: - Addition is understood as to attach, append, or add, especially to something larger to more important than the previous idea which is appeared by the speaker. Addition indicated by word such as: also, too, as well, and moreover.

- Consequence is mean as the result from reason or argument which become a conclusion. Consequence indicated by word such as so, as a result, consequently, and thus. - Comparison and contrast are understood as the similarities and differences of one or more things relative to some other or each other. and it is commonly marked by the appearance of words such as just as, similarly, in contrast, and unlike. - Temporal is viewed as an interrelation of one idea (information) to another idea in context of a situation, former statement or sentence to the next or on contrary. - Enumeration, in speech enumeration is often understood as topic sentences which often used to introduce a list of items. Or in other word, enumeration in speech can be viewed as systematic series of speech content and commonly marked by the appearance of word such as first, second, third, and finally. - Summative is understood as a noun phrase that appears in a speech and serves to summarize the idea of the speech itself. Indicates by the words such as to conclude, all things considered, at the end of the day, on the whole.

b. Cohesion Cohesion mean is connection of ideas at sentence level and it is focused on its discussion on the structure. The cohesion of discourse focuses on the grammatical aspects of either speaking writing. It will explain one by one in this part: 1. Pronoun A pronoun is a word that replaces a nominal or regular noun or phrase is called a pronoun. In this speech often used the pronoun - I refer to Kim Namjoon - We refer to Kim Namjoon and BTS’s member - Their refer to ARMY (BTS fans)

- Our refer to Kim Namjoon and BTS’s member

2. Substitution Substitution is an important component in expressing feeling and understand the meaning of a sentence, it divided into several parts, as follows: - Nominal substitution one/ones The substitution one/ones have function as the head of a nominal group and can substitute for an item which is head of the nominal group itself. The element of nominal substitution is one, ones, and same. a). Clausal substitution There are three environments in which clausal substitution takes place: report, condition, and modality. Each of these environments, may take either of two forms positive and negative. The positive is expressed by word so, and negative by not. - Substitution for reported clauses. Usually reported clauses is declarative. There is no interrogative, or commands. - Substitution for condition clauses Conditional clauses are a clause that used to express a conditional. The purpose of conditional clause is to suppose something that happen or will happen. - Substitution for modalized clauses Modality is speaker’s assessment of the probabilities integral in the situation as in the example above may expressed by modal forms of the verb (will), or by modal adverbs such as possible.

3. Conjunction Conjunction are grammatical part and undeniable word. In other word, conjunction is a word or group of words that function to connect two or same grammatical construct. And can divided into several categories, namely:

a. Coordinating conjunction is a word that combine two elements of equal grammatical and can combine two independent clauses. The coordinating conjunction marked by word for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. b. Correlative conjunction is a conjunction used in pairs c. Subordinate conjunction is a conjunction that the beginning of a subordinate clause called adverbial clause which is the function to build an ideal connection between the subordinate clause and main clause. Subordinate conjunction divided into parts, such as time, place, contrast, cause and effect, condition, purpose, and manner.

4. Lexical Lexical is the meaning of a word that accordance with the true meaning or method of choosing harmonious words. Writer divided into three categories, such as: a. Synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly same as another word or phrase. b. Hyponym is a word that more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it. Example: c. Equivalencies is the condition of being equal or equivalent in value, worth, function, and so on.

4. Power Relations Kim Namjoon’s speech at the UN General Assembly in New York on September 24, 2018, used a lot of personal pronouns. The first pronouns that appear are the singular first-person pronoun (I), the plural first-person pronoun (we). The singular first-person pronoun is very widely used by Kim Namjoon. The singular first-person pronoun refers to the speaker himself, namely Kim Namjoon. The use of the first person singular “I” indicates that Kim Namjoon stands out or shows his existence as the leader of BTS,

which in this case the chairman has a capacity above the other BTS members. And the use of word “my” can be found in almost every paragraph of this speech. The pronoun “we” indicates that Kim Namjoon wants to show the involvement of other BTS members in UNICEF's #ENDviolence program campaign as well as to show BTS fans' involvement in the #ENDviolence program. The word “our fans” is also shown as a sense of belonging that BTS fans are not for himself only, but for all BTS members, so that in this text Kim Namjoon wants to involve himself with other listeners.

5. Implicature

As explained in previous chapter, according to (Levinson, 1995) implicature is an expression that has a different meaning of its literal meaning. Say in other, it is indirect expression is not reflected in the vocabulary plainly.

6. Speech Act Speech act presents their function when it is said or communicated. These are commonly taken to include acts such as apologizing, promising, answering, requesting, complaining, inviting, and so on. 1. Locutions, illocutions, and perlocutions. a. Locutions, the act of making a meaningful utterance or the act that we perform in saying something. b. Illocutions: the act that create an utterance with a hidden meaning without intending it have an effect. c. Perlocutions: the act that give reactions or effect from the hearer. Writer not find any perlocution in this speech. 2. Verbal Actions In previous chapter, according to (Searle, 1976) speech act also viewed as verbal action that accomplish something, speech act is distinguished into several types, such as: - Declarative: the act that makes the propositional content corresponds with the reality.

7. Figurative Language Figurative language that contained in Kim Namjoon’s speech text is metaphor and personification.

B. DISCUSSION According to (Gee, 2011) word usage divides into several categories namely cognitive statements, affective statements, state and action statements, ability and constraint statements, and achievement statements. 1. Cognitive statements classify to value because cognitive statement is human’s intellectual potential capacity to expand his ability that deals with knowledge, comprehension, application, and evaluation to analyze and syntheses to an object. Other say cognitive statement is a human’s ability to reflect something that she/he ever felt or been through before what she/he wants to reach. Example: “I think I was very lucky that I didn’t give it all up.”

In the sentence, it means that he is describing his experience before reaching his success. During that time, he finds an obstacle which is bullying and underestimates that he got from people on his surrounding until he realized that he deeply stirred and trapped on it. After that, he finally starts to awake and unties bring him back to the track at which he was dream of and possessed.

2. Affective statements classify to belief because affective statements are talks about desiring also affective statements understood as attitudes and values which belong to a person that he/she wants to instill to others or a person shows affective statements by talking about relationship and activities in ways that seem to have direct or indirect reference outside of themselves to achievement or success also important values comprised within on his speech is behaving more wisely in dealing with all problems, building auto criticism in each individual, presenting positive thought. Example: “If there’s anything that I’ve achieved, it was only possible because I had other BTS members by my side, and because of the love and support of our ARMY fans all over the world made for us.”

3. State and action statements classify as an assumption because state statements are defined as to declare to be fact or make known, the way to communicate an absence of reasonable doubt, and to emphasize the factual or truthful nature of communication. Meanwhile, action statement is understood as the way to communicate someone’s experiences and accomplishments effectively, in a person is used to describe someone’s skill and knowledge. Example of state and action statements: “We truly have the best fans in the world.” “We started to hear remarkable stories from our fans all over the world, how our message helped them overcome their hardship in life and start loving themselves.” The writer make the 7th statement on Kim Namjoon’s speech as state statement because function of this statement as a conclusion which this statement is presented after the factual events shown in the preceding statements.

4. Ability and constraint statements classify to assumption because ability and constraint statements are talks about being able or having to do things or descriptions about someone’s capacity and ability either description in a place where ones being insisted to do a thing. - Example of ability statements: “Last November, BTS launched the love myself campaign with UNICEF building in our belief that true love first begins with loving myself. We have been partnering with UNICEF’s #ENDViolence program to protect children and young generation all over the world from violence.” - Example of constraint statement: “I have come to love myself for who I was, who I am, and who I hope to become.” Those statements reflected abilities owned by Kim Namjoon and BTS that we know from achievement that they have got. Indeed, in one of

the statements in the table communicates that not just any group or people can invited to campaign for a program that is considered important, especially for humanitarian problems. It’s needed a figure or character that able to carry out such a noble task. And Kim Namjoon and BTS fit with it as they proven through their achievement.

5. Achievement statement classify as belief because talks about activities, desires, or effort that relate to accomplishment or distinction. Example: “Last November, BTS launched the love myself campaign with UNICEF building on our belief that true love first begins with loving myself. We have been partnering with UNICEF’s #ENDviolence program to protect children and young people all over the world from violence.

Ideology classifies as value because from explanation above, Kim Namjoon is a public figure of a group that idolized by teenagers around the world so that unconsciously their actions and behavior are made to be role models that give positive impact for their fans and also reflected in their daily lives and he want you to love and be yourself without having to think about or be fixated on what other people say about you. Ask yourself what makes you excited when doing something? Because only you know what you really are and what you like. Example: “… what excites you and makes your heart beat? Tell me your story. I want to hear your voice and I want to hear your conviction. No matter who you are, where you're from, your skin color, your gender identity, just speak yourself. Find your name and find your voice by speaking yourself.”

Discourse component writer classifies as value and assumption, those are: 1. Value: a. Coherence is understood as the connection of ideas at the idea level. The coherence divided as several discussion, such as:

➢ Beginning/abstract is marked by the appearance of greeting from the host/speaker to the audience then continued with presentation of the theme of the speech. Example: “Thank you Mr. Secretary General UNICEF Excellencies and distinguished guests from across the world. My name is Kim Namjoon, also known as RM the leader of the group BTS. It’s an incredible honor to be invited to an occasion with such significance for today’s young generation. The phrase “thank you” is often appeared as a conventional phrase to acknowledge person’s presence. And it’s found in today’s opening of a speech as a host/speaker is given time to present his/her speech.in 2nd statement “My name is Kim Namjoon also known as RM, the leader of BTS” either the 3rd statements which aimed to presence humbling and blessing. b. Temporal Temporal understood as an interrelation of one idea (information) to other idea in a context of situation, former statement/sentence to the next or on contrary. Example: “After releasing our Love Yourself albums and launching the Love Myself campaign we started to hear remarkable stories from our fans all over the world, how our message helped them overcome their hardships in life and start loving themselves. Those stories constantly remind us of our responsibility.” The interrelation which is meant here is casual relationship between of two action which done by Kim Namjoon and BTS’s member and the result of those action. First, launching their album entitled “Love Yourself” and secondly launching the campaign namely “Love Myself”. The result of those action is

they have to hear remarkable stories from their fans and they help to overcome their hardship in life. c. Cohesion means the connection of ideas at the sentence level and usually focused on the grammatical of either speaking and writing. ➢ Pronoun is a word that replaces a nominal or regular noun or phrase. I refer to Kim Namjoon himself. Example: “I would like to begin to talking about myself. I was born in Ilsan, a city near Seoul, South Korea. I spent a happy childhood and I was just an ordinary boy.”

We refer to Kim Namjoon and BTS’s member. Example:

“We have become artist performing in huge stadium and selling millions of albums.”

Their refer to ARMY (BTS fans club) and Our refer to Kim Namjoon and BTS’s member. Example:

“Our fans have become a major part of this campaign with their action and enthusiasm.” d. Conjunction are grammatical part and an undeniable word. Say in other, conjunction is a word or group of word words that functions to connect two of the same grammatical construct. Example: “I spend a happy childhood there and I was just an ordinary boy.” “Soon, I began to shut out my own voice and started to listen to the voices of others.” e. Lexical is the meaning of a word that is in accordance with the true meaning or method of choosing words that are harmonious.

Divided into three categories: synonyms, hyponyms, and equivalences. Example: “Like most people, I made many mistake in my life. I have many faults and I have many fears.”

2. Assumption a. Addition is similarly like an annexation that also understood as to attach, append, or add, or more important than the previous idea which is appeared by the speaker. It marks by word also, too, as well, moreover. Example: “Tomorrow I might be a tiny bit wiser, and that’s me too.”

b. Consequence is as the result from reason or argument which become a conclusion. Example: “But it took me a long time to hear music calling my real name.”

c. Substitution specifically an important component in expressing feelings and understands the meaning of a sentence. Substitution divided into several parts, such as: - Substitution of Conditional Clauses Conditional clause is a clause that used to express a conditional. Whose purpose to suppose something that has happened or will happen. Example: “If there’s anything that I’ve achieved, it was only possible because I had other BTS members by my side, and because of the love and support of our ARMY fans all over the world made for us.”

Word if refer to all possibilities in BTS’s achievement which caused by BTS members and their fans ARMY supports.

Power relation classify as belief because: a. The singular first-person pronoun is very widely used by Kim Namjoon. The singular first-person refer to the speaker himself. The use of the first person singular “I” indicates that Kim Namjoon stands out or shows his existence as a leader of BTS. Example: “I'd like to begin by talking about myself. I was born in Ilsan, a city near Seoul, South Korea. It is a really beautiful place, with a lake, hills and even an annual flower festival. I spent a very happy childhood there and I was just an ordinary boy. I used to look up at the night sky in wonder and I used to dream the dreams of a boy. I used to imagine that I was a superhero who could save the world. And in an intro to one of our early albums there is a line that says "my heart stopped when i was nine or ten.” b. The pronoun “we” indicates that Kim Namjoon wants to show the involvement of other BTS member in UNICEF’s #ENDviolence program campaign as well as to show ARMY’s involvement in the same program. In other word, Kim Namjoon wants to involve himself with others listener. Also, in the word “our fans” is shown as a sense of belonging that their fans are not only for him but for all BTS member. Example: “We have been partnering with UNICEF's #ENDviolence program to protect children and young people all over the world from violence. And our fans have become a major part

of this campaign with their action and with their enthusiasm. We truly have the best fans in the world.”

“And I was just an ordinary boy.” The sentence above represented when Kim Namjoon told his past before becoming a famous singer. There is social structure that emerged such as social class, status, and social identity. Kim Namjoon wants to show that initially he was ordinary person whose finally through hard struggle he could achieve his dream and able collocate himself socially equal to the audience at the UN General Assembly.

Implicature classify as assumption because in one of the statements contain implied meaning that Kim Namjoon actually wants his listeners will not depend on other people’s judgements. In that context, Kim Namjoon does not say “don’t let other people stir your life”, he really understands that the current context where his speech occurred is a very formal moment. A moment which is attended by excellencies from all across the world. Example: “There was a small voice in me that said “wake up man and listen yourself.”’

Speech act classify as assumption because on writer’s finding, speech act divided into three categories, locution, illocution and perlocution. illocution defined as the speaker intention of what is to be accomplished by the speech act. Example: “What is your name? What excites you and make your heart beat? Tell me your story.” The sentence above also contains illocution, means that Kim Namjoon indirectly motivates everyone to be proud of themselves and having capability to explore their own interests and talents.

Figurative language usually find at literature work like poetry, short story even novel. The figurative language that contains in Kim Namjoon’s speech text is personification and metaphor. Metaphor defined as a means of asserting that two things are identical in comparison rather than just similar. Meanwhile personification is figure of speech that gives human characteristics to inanimate object, animals, or ideas.

Example of metaphor:

- I spent a very happy childhood

In this sentence, Kim Namjoon’s describing the childhood which he spent at his dwelling was very pleasant and unforgettable.

- Tried to jam myself into the molds that other people made

In this sentence, he too much depending on others judgements until he didn’t realize or forget who he really is and what talents and the abilities that are in him.

- Keep stumbling and falling

In this sentence, Kim Namjoon reminds us that as human being we could fall and stumble into a problem in our life.

Example of personification:

- Making up the brightest stars in the constellation of my life.

In this sentence, every human being must have plenty mistakes in their life, but how do we make each problem as an experience that will brighten someone’s life.

It can be concluded that the metaphor based on the example above that found in Kim Namjoon’s speech is means that he describes the childhood which he spent at his dwelling was very pleasant and unforgettable. Meanwhile personification in his speech means that with plenty mistakes he made as human being could become experience and make him wiser in determining the next step and in making decision as a leader of a group.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion Based on the result of the research which writer have done by analyzing the transcript of Kim Namjoon’s speech, here are some points that are obtained, namely: 1. The use of words, divided into five parts: cognitive statements, affective statements, state and action statements, ability and constraint statements, and achievement statements. 2. Ideology that relates to that person with the person’s position in society.

B. Suggestion For reader who will take same study: 1. Students This research is expected to be able to provide knowledge related to discourse analysis and can be used as a reference to further research focused on comprehensive discourse analysis researches. 2. Lecturers This research can posit as one of reference that applied in English teaching material particularly relate to discourse analysis and expected to be beneficial to all stakeholders as well as giving contribution to readers.

REFERENCE

Austin, J. (1962). How To Do Things With Words. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. BTS SPEECH AT UNITED NATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTe4f- bBEKg Chubarova, Y., & Rezepova, N. (2016). Discourse Elements in English Academic Discourse. Journal of Language and Education, 2(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.17323/2411-7390-2016-2-1-56-64 Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (6th ed.). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing. De Saussure, F. (1974). Course in General Linguistics. Great Britain: William Collins Sons and Co. Ltd Glasgow. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Gee, J. P. (2011). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis Theory and Method (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Gee, J. P., & Handford, M. (2012). The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Third Avenue, New York: Routledge. Grant, A. (2018). Doing Excellent Social Research with Documents Practical Examples and Guidance for Qualitative Researchers. Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Heracleous, L. (2006). Discourse, Interpretation, Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press. Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method. London: SAGE Publications. Kusumawati, A. J. (2016). A Discourse Analysis Of Sby’s International Speech Text: A Study On Critical Linguistics. Journal of English and Education, 5(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.20885/jee.vol5.iss1.art1 Levinson, S. C. (1995). Pragmatics. Australia: Cambridge University Press. Milles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expended Sourcebook (2nd ed.). California: SAGE Publications Inc. Pu, C. (2007). Discourse Analysis of President Bush ’ s Speech at. Intercultural Communication Studies, xvi(1), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1.1 Searle, J. R. (1976). A classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500006837 Soukhanov, A. H. (1994). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin. Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work. New York: The Guilford Press. Wang, J. (2010). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.1.3.254-261

TABLE 4.1 ABILITY AND CONSTRAINT STATEMENT

Ability statements Constraint statements "Last November, BTS launched "I’m sure that I, and we, will the “Love Myself” campaign with keep stumbling and falling.(31st) UNICEF, building on our belief that “true love first begins with Tomorrow I might be a tiny bit loving myself.”(4th) wiser, and that’s me, too.(37th)

We have been partnering with These faults and mistakes are UNICEF’s #ENDviolence what I am, making up the program to protect children and brightest stars in the young people all over the world constellation of my life.(38th) from violence.(5th) I have come to love myself for We have become artists who I was, who I am, and who I performing in huge stadiums and hope to become.(39th) selling millions of albums.(32nd)

KIM NAMJOON’S SPEECH TEXT TRANSCRIPT

Thank you Mr. Secretary General, UNICEF Executive Director, and all the excellencies and distinguished guest from all across the world. My name is Kim Nam Joon also known as RM the leader of the group BTS. It is an incredible honor to be invited to an occasion with such significance for today's young generation. Last November, BTS launched the love myself campaign with UNICEF building on our belief that true love first begins with loving myself. We have been partnering with UNICEF's #ENDviolence program to protect children and young people all over the world from violence. And our fans have become a major part of this campaign with their action and with their enthusiasm. We truly have the best fans in the world.

And I'd like to begin by talking about myself. I was born in Ilsan, a city near Seoul, South Korea. It is a really beautiful place, with a lake, hills and even an annual flower festival. I spent a very happy childhood there and I was just an ordinary boy. I used to look up at the night sky in wonder and I used to dream the dreams of a boy. I used to imagine that I was a superhero who could save the world. And in an intro to one of our early albums there is a line that says "my heart stopped when i was nine or ten."

Looking back I think that's when I began to worry about what other people thought of me and started seeing myself through their eyes. I stopped looking up at the night skies, the stars, I stopped daydreaming. Instead, I just tried to jam myself into the moulds that other people made. Soon, I began to shut out my own voice and start to listen to the voices of others. No one called out my name and neither did I. My heart stopped and my eyes closed shut. so, like this I, we all lost our names. We became like ghosts. But I had one sanctuary and that was music. There was a small voice inside of me that said "wake up man and listen to yourself."

But it took me quite a long time to hear music calling my real name. Even after make the decision to join BTS there were a lot of hurdles. Some people might not believe it but most people thought we were hopeless. And sometimes, I just wanted to quit. But I think I was very lucky that I didn't give it all up. And I'm sure that I and we will keep stumbling and falling like this. BTS has become artists performing in those huge stadiums and selling millions of albums right now but I am still an ordinary 24 year old guy. If there's anything that I've achieved it was only possible because I have my other BTS members right by my side and because of the love and the support that our ARMY fans all over the world made for us.

And maybe I made a mistake yesterday but yesterday's me is still me. Today, I am who I am with all of my faults and my mistakes. Tomorrow, I might be a tiny bit wiser and that would be me too. These faults and mistakes are what I am making up the brightest stars in the constellation of my life. I have come to love myself for who I am, for who I was, and for who I hope to become. I'd like to say one last thing. After releasing our Love Yourself albums and launching the Love Myself campaign we started to hear remarkable stories from our fans all over the world, how our message helped them overcome their hardships in life and start loving themselves. Those stories constantly remind us of our responsibility. So, let's all take one more step. We have learned to love ourselves. So now I urge you to "speak yourself".

I'd like to ask all of you what is your name? what excites you and makes your heart beat? Tell me your story. I want to hear your voice and I want to hear your conviction. No matter who you are, where you're from, your skin color, your gender identity, just speak yourself. Find your name and find your voice by speaking yourself. I'm Kim Nam Joon and also RM of BTS. I'm an idol and I'm an artist from a small town in Korea. Like most people I've made many and plenty mistakes in my life. I have many faults and I have many more fears but I'm going

to embrace myself as hard as I can and I'm starting to love myself, gradually, just little by little. What is your name? Speak yourself. Thank you very much.