Managing the IPO Process
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Subnational Debt of China: the Politics-Finance Nexus*
Subnational Debt of China: The Politics-Finance Nexus* HAOYU GAO, HONG RU and DRAGON YONGJUN TANG September 12, 2017 Abstract Using comprehensive proprietary loan-level data, we analyze the borrowing and defaults of local governments in China. Contrary to conventional wisdom, policy bank loans to local governments have significantly lower default rates than commercial bank loans with similar characteristics. Policy bank loans are relatively more important for local politician’s career advancement. Distressed local governments often strategically choose to default on loans from commercial banks. This selection is more pronounced after the abrupt ending of the “four trillion” stimulus when China started tightening local government borrowing. Our findings shed light on potential approach to hardening budget constraint for local government. JEL Codes: G21, G32, H74 * Haoyu Gao, Central University of Finance and Economics, 39 South College Road, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100081, China; [email protected]. Hong Ru, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798; [email protected]. Dragon Yongjun Tang, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong; [email protected]. We thank Warren Bailey, Patrick Bolton, Anna Cieslak, Jinquan Duan, Di Gong, Brett Green, Zhiguo He, Harrison Hong, Sheng Huang, Liangliang Jiang, Bo Li, Hao Liang, Jose Liberti, Ruichang Lu, Wenlan Qian, Jay Ritter, Jose Scheinkman, Victor Shih, Michael Song, Mark Spiegel, Chenggang Xu, Xiaoyun Yu, Weina Zhang, Li-An Zhou, Hao Zhou, staff at China Development -
Convertible Financing Bonds As Backdoor Equity
Journal of Financial Economics 32 (1992) 3-21. North-Holland Convertible bonds as backdoor equity financing Jeremy C. Stein* Massachusetts Insrirure of Technology. Cambridge, .MA 021.59. LISA Received September 1991, final version received March 1992 This paper argues that corporations may use convertible bonds as an indirect way to get equity into their capital structures when adverse-selection problems make a conventional stock issue unattrac- tive. Unlike other theories of convertible bond issuance. the model here highlights: 1) the importance of call provisions on convertibles and 2) the significance of costs of financial distress to the information content of a convertible issue. 1. Introduction Convertible bonds are an important source of financing for many corpora- tions. According to data presented in Essig (1991), more than 10% of all COMPUSTAT companies had ratios of convertible debt to total debt exceeding 33% during the period 1963-1984. A good deal of research effort has been devoted to developing pricing models for convertibles,’ as well as to the issues surrounding corporations’ policies for calling them.2 Somewhat less work has addressed the fundamental question of why companies issue convertibles in the first place. This paper develops a rationale for the use of convertible debt. I argue that companies may use convertible bonds to get equity into their capital structures Correspondence to: Jeremy C. Stein, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139. USA. *This research is supported by a Batterymarch Fellowship and by the International Financial Services Research Center at MIT. I thank Paul Asquith, Kenneth Froot, Steven Kaplan, Wayne Mikkelson (the referee). -
Talent Agenting in the Age of Conglomerates
6 Talent Agenting in the Age of Conglomerates Violaine Roussel “Now, everything in the talent agency business is different forever,” commented a talent agent I interviewed after the announcement, in late 2013, of the acquisi- tion of the sports marketing giant IMG (International Management Group) by the major agency WME (William Morris Endeavor). Indeed, in the past decade, Hollywood talent agencies have had to undergo drastic changes, for which they are also largely responsible. These changes are intrinsically connected to transforma- tions that have simultaneously affected and been generated by the studios, who are the agencies’ counterparts on the production side. This organizational mutation creates consequences in creative terms: it directly affects what “doing one’s job” as an agent means and, inseparably and subsequently, how agents contribute to making cultural products and artistic careers. In a tumultuous time of rapid pro- fessional reconfiguration, work situations feel more precarious to creative work- ers and, inseparably, more uncertain to their agents. This chapter addresses such transformations. Talent representatives in the United States are divided into four main types of professionals: talent agents, managers, publicists, and entertainment lawyers. Unlike managers, who have only recently developed as an organized occupa- tion, agents are closely regulated by the state in which they work. They also hold a legal monopoly over the right to seek and procure employment for their clients, a service for which the agency receives 10 percent of the amount negotiated in the artist’s contracts. Agents scout and “sign” talent (although not always in formal written form, especially in the large agencies), work at placing them in jobs, and negotiate deals with producers and studios. -
Capital Markets
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities Capital Markets OCTOBER 2017 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities Capital Markets Report to President Donald J. Trump Executive Order 13772 on Core Principles for Regulating the United States Financial System Steven T. Mnuchin Secretary Craig S. Phillips Counselor to the Secretary Staff Acknowledgments Secretary Mnuchin and Counselor Phillips would like to thank Treasury staff members for their contributions to this report. The staff’s work on the report was led by Brian Smith and Amyn Moolji, and included contributions from Chloe Cabot, John Dolan, Rebekah Goshorn, Alexander Jackson, W. Moses Kim, John McGrail, Mark Nelson, Peter Nickoloff, Bill Pelton, Fred Pietrangeli, Frank Ragusa, Jessica Renier, Lori Santamorena, Christopher Siderys, James Sonne, Nicholas Steele, Mark Uyeda, and Darren Vieira. iii A Financial System That Creates Economic Opportunities • Capital Markets Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Scope of This Report 3 Review of the Process for This Report 4 The U.S. Capital Markets 4 Summary of Issues and Recommendations 6 Capital Markets Overview 11 Introduction 13 Key Asset Classes 13 Key Regulators 18 Access to Capital 19 Overview and Regulatory Landscape 21 Issues and Recommendations 25 Equity Market Structure 47 Overview and Regulatory Landscape 49 Issues and Recommendations 59 The Treasury Market 69 Overview and Regulatory Landscape 71 Issues and Recommendations 79 -
The Importance of the Capital Structure in Credit Investments: Why Being at the Top (In Loans) Is a Better Risk Position
Understanding the importance of the capital structure in credit investments: Why being at the top (in loans) is a better risk position Before making any investment decision, whether it’s in equity, fixed income or property it’s important to consider whether you are adequately compensated for the risks you are taking. Understanding where your investment sits in the capital structure will help you recognise the potential downside that could result in permanent loss of capital. Within a typical business there are various financing securities used to fund existing operations and growth. Most companies will use a combination of both debt and equity. The debt may come in different forms including senior secured loans and unsecured bonds, while equity typically comes as preference or ordinary shares. The exact combination of these instruments forms the company’s “capital structure”, and is usually designed to suit the underlying cash flows and assets of the business as well as investor and management risk appetites. The most fundamental aspect for debt investors in any capital structure is seniority and security in the capital structure which is reflected in the level of leverage and impacts the amount an investor should recover if a company fails to meet its financial obligations. Seniority refers to where an instrument ranks in priority of payment. Creditors (debt holders) normally have a legal right to be paid both interest and principal in priority to shareholders. Amongst creditors, “senior” creditors will be paid in priority to “junior” creditors. Security refers to a creditor’s right to take a “mortgage” or “lien” over property and other assets of a company in a default scenario. -
Off the Record
About the Center for Public Integrity The CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY, founded in 1989 by a group of concerned Americans, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt educational organization created so that important national issues can be investigated and analyzed over a period of months without the normal time or space limitations. Since its inception, the Center has investigated and disseminated a wide array of information in more than sixty Center reports. The Center's books and studies are resources for journalists, academics, and the general public, with databases, backup files, government documents, and other information available as well. The Center is funded by foundations, individuals, revenue from the sale of publications and editorial consulting with news organizations. The Joyce Foundation and the Town Creek Foundation provided financial support for this project. The Center gratefully acknowledges the support provided by: Carnegie Corporation of New York The Florence & John Schumann Foundation The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The New York Community Trust This report, and the views expressed herein, do not necessarily reflect the views of the individual members of the Center for Public Integrity's Board of Directors or Advisory Board. THE CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY 910 17th Street, N.W. Seventh Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 466-1300 Facsimile: (202)466-1101 E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2000 The Center for Public Integrity All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information and retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Center for Public Integrity. -
Vantage Towers AG
Prospectus dated March 8, 2021 Prospectus for the public offering in the Federal Republic of Germany of 88,888,889 existing ordinary registered shares with no par value (Namensaktien ohne Nennbetrag) from the holdings of the Existing Shareholder, of 22,222,222 existing ordinary registered shares with no par value (Namensaktien ohne Nennbetrag) from the holdings of the Existing Shareholder, with the number of shares to be actually placed with investors subject to the exercise of an Upsize Option upon the decision of the Existing Shareholder, in agreement with the Joint Global Coordinators, on the date of pricing, and of 13,333,333 existing ordinary registered shares with no par value (Namensaktien ohne Nennbetrag) from the holdings of the Existing Shareholder in connection with a possible over-allotment, and at the same time for the admission to trading on the regulated market (regulierter Markt) of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) with simultaneous admission to the sub- segment of the regulated market with additional post-admission obligations (Prime Standard) of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) of 505,782,265 existing ordinary registered shares with no par value (Namensaktien ohne Nennbetrag) (existing share capital), each such share with a notional value of EUR 1.00 in the Company’s share capital and full dividend rights as of April 1, 2020 of Vantage Towers AG Düsseldorf, Germany Price Range: EUR 22.50 – EUR 29.00 International Securities Identification Number (ISIN): DE000A3H3LL2 German Securities Code (Wertpapierkennnummer, WKN): A3H 3LL Common Code: 230832161 Ticker Symbol: VTWR Joint Global Coordinators BofA Securities Morgan Stanley UBS Joint Bookrunners Barclays Berenberg BNP PARIBAS Deutsche Bank Goldman Sachs Jefferies TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. -
Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure;
University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Department of Economics and Finance Working Papers, 1991-2006 Department of Economics and Finance 2005 Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure; Sudha Krishnaswami University of New Orleans Devrim Yaman Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/econ_wp Recommended Citation Krishnaswami, Sudha and Yaman, Devrim, "Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure;" (2005). Department of Economics and Finance Working Papers, 1991-2006. Paper 37. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/econ_wp/37 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Economics and Finance at ScholarWorks@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Economics and Finance Working Papers, 1991-2006 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure Sudha Krishnaswami* Department of Economics & Finance College of Business Administration University of New Orleans New Orleans, LA 70148 (504) 280-6488 [email protected] Devrim Yaman Department of Finance & Commercial Law Haworth College of Business Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 49008 (269) 387-5749 [email protected] _______________________________ * Corresponding author. We thank Ranjan D’Mello, Tarun Mukherjee, Oranee Tawatnuntachai, Oscar Varela, Gerald Whitney, and seminar participants at the University of New Orleans, the 2002 Financial Management Association Meetings, and the 2004 European Financial Management Association Meetings for their comments and suggestions. Devrim Yaman acknowledges funding support from the Faculty Research and Creative Activities Support Fund at Western Michigan University. All errors remain our responsibility. Determinants of Convertible Bond Structure Abstract Theoretical research argues that convertible bonds mitigate the contracting costs of moral hazard, adverse selection, and financial distress. -
American Broadcasting Company from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search for the Australian TV Network, See Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Scholarship applications are invited for Wiki Conference India being held from 18- <="" 20 November, 2011 in Mumbai. Apply here. Last date for application is August 15, > 2011. American Broadcasting Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the Australian TV network, see Australian Broadcasting Corporation. For the Philippine TV network, see Associated Broadcasting Company. For the former British ITV contractor, see Associated British Corporation. American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Radio Network Type Television Network "America's Branding Broadcasting Company" Country United States Availability National Slogan Start Here Owner Independent (divested from NBC, 1943–1953) United Paramount Theatres (1953– 1965) Independent (1965–1985) Capital Cities Communications (1985–1996) The Walt Disney Company (1997– present) Edward Noble Robert Iger Anne Sweeney Key people David Westin Paul Lee George Bodenheimer October 12, 1943 (Radio) Launch date April 19, 1948 (Television) Former NBC Blue names Network Picture 480i (16:9 SDTV) format 720p (HDTV) Official abc.go.com Website The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcasting television network. Created in 1943 from the former NBC Blue radio network, ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Company and is part of Disney-ABC Television Group. Its first broadcast on television was in 1948. As one of the Big Three television networks, its programming has contributed to American popular culture. Corporate headquarters is in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City,[1] while programming offices are in Burbank, California adjacent to the Walt Disney Studios and the corporate headquarters of The Walt Disney Company. The formal name of the operation is American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., and that name appears on copyright notices for its in-house network productions and on all official documents of the company, including paychecks and contracts. -
Note on Intercreditor Priority How Subordination and Security Affect Credit Structure
Note on Intercreditor Priority How subordination and security affect credit structure The Basics of Priority A company in financial distress may not have enough cash or other assets to satisfy all of its creditors. Creditors are not necessarily treated equally in this situation; some may be repaid fully in cash, others may receive new debt or equity securities in satisfaction of their claims, and others may receive nothing at all. Intercreditor priority is the order in which creditors’ claims are satisfied using a company’s cash and other assets in times of distress, such as a corporate liquidation or reorganization. Chart 1: Intercreditor priority ��������������� � ���������������� �������������������� �� �������� �������������������� ��������������� ������������ �������� Note: Senior debt can be structured as loans or bonds, senior subordinated debt is typically high yield bonds, and junior subordinated debt is often referred to as mezzanine finance. The methods for establishing intercreditor priority are generally determined by the laws of the states and countries in which a company operates or has assets. Bankrupt- cy laws and laws surrounding the pledging of collateral vary from country to country or even within countries. Given this variation, it is important to obtain legal advice when executing or evaluating transactions involving different classes of creditors. ©2005 FINANCIAL TRAINING PARTNERS www.fintrain.com 1 Though the intricacies of the law may differ by jurisdiction, generally there are five methods used to establish or determine priority. Contractual Subordination This requires a subordination agreement between a company and one or more of its creditors. Structural Subordination This is done through the company’s legal organization; it typically involves a holding company and operating subsidiaries, and the appropriate placement of debt within that structure. -
The Financial Channels of Labor Rigidities: Evidence from Portugal∗
The Financial Channels of Labor Rigidities: Evidence from Portugal∗ Edoardo M. Acabbi Harvard University JOB MARKET PAPER Ettore Panetti Banco de Portugal, CRENoS, UECE-REM and Suerf Alessandro Sforza University of Bologna and CESifo January 29, 2020 MOST RECENT VERSION Abstract How do credit shocks affect labor market reallocation and firms’ exit, and how doestheir propagation depend on labor rigidities at the firm level? To answer these questions, we match administrative data on worker, firms, banks and credit relationships in Portugal, and conduct an event study of the interbank market freeze at the end of 2008. Consistent with other empirical literature, we provide novel evidence that the credit shock had significant effects on employment and assets dynamics and firms’ survival. These findings areentirely driven by the interaction of the credit shock with labor market frictions, determined by rigidities in labor costs and exposure to working-capital financing, which we label “labor-as- leverage” and “labor-as-investment” financial channels. The credit shock explains about 29 percent of the employment loss among large Portuguese firms between 2008 and 2013, and contributes to productivity losses due to increased labor misallocation. ∗Edoardo M. Acabbi thanks Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Emmanuel Farhi, Samuel G. Hanson and Jeremy Stein for their extensive advice and support. The authors thank Martina Uccioli, Andrea Alati, António Antunes, Omar Barbiero, Diana Bonfim, Andrea Caggese, Luca Citino, Andrew Garin, Edward L. Glaeser, Ana Gouveia, -
Journal of Law and Business
\\server05\productn\N\NYB\3-2\NYB201.txt unknown Seq: 1 3-JUL-07 12:45 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF LAW AND BUSINESS VOL. 3 Spring 2007 No. 2 COURT OF LAW AND COURT OF PUBLIC OPINION: SYMBIOTIC REGULATION OF THE CORPORATE MANAGEMENT DUTY OF CARE TAMAR FRANKEL* INTRODUCTION The story of the Disney Corporation, Michael Eisner, and Michael Ovitz. On August 9, 2005, the Delaware Chancery Court handed down a decision that exonerated the defendant directors of Disney Company and its top management from liability for their handling of the Ovitz Affair.1 The story is quite simple. Disney’s president died in an accident, and the corporation’s CEO, Michael Eisner, underwent a heart opera- tion. Disney needed a successor president and immediate help for its ailing CEO. Eisner, who had been courting his friend, the famous Michael Ovitz, for years, approached him again. As this was an opportune time for Ovitz as well, the deal was struck, and Ovitz moved to Disney as its president. The new president did not work out. He did not merge into the Disney culture, had difficulties in being close to the very commanding and demanding Eisner, and to two top executives, who were resentful of Ovitz, and who continued to report to Eisner. Af- ter about one year, Ovitz’s contract with Disney was termi- nated. The termination, after a year of unsatisfactory service, * Professor of Law, Michaels Faculty Scholar, Boston University School of Law. 1. In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litig., 907 A.2d 693 (Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d sub nom., Brehm v.