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Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Dynamics in Nigeria: an Appraisal of Obasanjo’S Administration, 1999 – 2003

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Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Dynamics in Nigeria: an Appraisal of Obasanjo’S Administration, 1999 – 2003 1 DOMESTIC POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY DYNAMICS IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL OF OBASANJO’S ADMINISTRATION, 1999 – 2003 BY OKAFOR, INNOCENT UWADI PG/Ph.D/99/27133 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN POLITICAL SCIENCE (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SUPERVISOR: DR. OGBAN, OGBAN-IYAM DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA JANUARY, 2009. 2 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research work titled Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Dynamics in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Obasanjo’s Administration, 1999 – 2003 was carried out by Innocent Uwadi Okafor (PG/Ph.D/99/27133). It is a pre-requisite for the award of a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) degree in Political Science of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Dr. Ogban, Ogban-Iyam Prof. Obasi Igwe SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- Prof. E. O. Ezeani External Examiner DEAN, FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 3 DEDICATION In memory of my late father, Chief Edochie Okafor for his service to humanity; and to my dear wife Vivian Nkiru and little children: Ifeoma, Oluchukwu and Ijeoma for being God’s precious gifts. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The pursuit of a doctoral degree to all intents and purposes, is usually characterized by a long period of writing, re-writing and concentrated thinking. Such a period of intense intellectual engagement can hardly be fruitful without one enjoying one’s good health. Suffice it to say, that the Almighty God in His infinite mercies granted me the good health and enabling power to go through the programme. To God, therefore, be the GLORY, HONOUR and ADORATION, forever and ever, Amen. The realization of this work would have been impossible if not for the assistance and guide from many persons, though, it is difficult to mention and thank everybody by name, some people, however, deserve special mention. I am especially grateful to my supervisor and academic mentor Dr. Ogban, Ogban- Iyam. This doyen political scientist and teacher devoted his time to read the work meticulously and provided constructive criticism. I cannot also thank him sufficiently for his hospitality and accessibility at any time I needed his attention inspite of his tight schedules. May the good Lord reward and strengthen you more and more Amen. I equally owe immense gratitude to Dr. Aforka G. Nweke who was my first supervisor before his retirement. Not only did I benefit from inculcating into us the spirit of patience and keen interest in academics but also found my long conversations with him on a number of issues as research topics very useful. In addition, my exposure to fundamental books in the political science discipline under him, provided me with an invaluable background references. I am deeply indebted to all the lecturers in the Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, especially the Ph.D assessment committee members. They include the Head of Department Prof. E. O. Ezeani, the Departmental P.G. Programme Coordinator Prof. M.O. Ikejiani-Clark, Professors Okechukwu Ibeanu, Obasi Igwe, Dr. Jona Onuoha, Dr. Aloysius-Michael Okolie, Dr. Ken Ifesinachi, P. C. Chukwu, Dr. Chuks 5 Umezurike and others. Your professional criticisms, guide and witful discussions during Ph.D seminars went a long way in making this study possible. In connection with my field work, I cannot possibly acknowledge many individuals who provided me with useful information. Nevertheless, a few must be singled out for mention. First, I wish to thank Dr. Nnaemeka Okereke (D State) of the Conflict Study Department, National Defence College, Abuja for his hospitality and assistance. Little did I know that our friendship which started as soon as we enrolled in the Ph.D programme in the department, could yield these result. Apart your hospitality during my one week stay at Abuja, you were the catalyst that facilitated the field work at the Defence Headquarters, Abuja. Secondly, I am deeply grateful to Group Captain J. N. Igboneme of the Defence Headquarters for helping me to have access to Commodore M.B. Adeniyi, the officer in charge of training and operation at the Defence Headquarters, for interview. Thirdly, to Commodore M.B. Adenyi, I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude for granting the interview, and for your patience in responding to the questions raised in the areas of military professionalism in Nigeria, and the military co-operation between Nigeria and the United States of America. Fourthly, my thanks go also to the Personnel Manager, General Cotton Mill (GCM) Onitsha, for providing me with the company’s personnel record. I equally remain grateful to Mrs. Francisca Ifedi and her husband, Barrister Jude Ifedi for providing me with the much needed information from Lagos. Some colleagues and friends during the Ph.D programme provided me with inelastic encouragement, moral support and selfless sacrifices when the programme appeared stalling. They are H.R.H. (Dr.) Greg Fombo (Fon of Njindom) Federal Republic of Cameroun, Dr. Nnaemeka Okereke, K.O. Nwachukwu, Idoko Grace (Mrs.) and others. I am highly indebted to you all for everything. Mention must also be made here of such friends like Accountant Nnamani Humphre, Ugwu, Cajethan C., Chief Ogbu, Joseph C., Kalu Emmanuel and Odo 6 Samson S., for standing by me all these years. Chief Ogbu in particular, employed his expertise knowledge in typing to produce the work with less errors inspite of my poor handwriting. I highly appreciate the assistance I got from the staff of the Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. I am also indebted to the management of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs Library, Lagos for providing me with necessary reading materials. The references and bibliography indicate the range of my indebtedness to numerous authors and publicists. Furthermore, my gratitude goes to my aged mother Mrs. A. Edochie Okafor, and siblings especially Obinna, Onwura, Daniel and Festus for boring all kinds of sufferings and inconveniences due to my “protracted educational career”. My grateful thanks is also due to my relations and friends like Engineer Ifeanasi Emmanuel and Barrister (Pharmacist) Vincent Okonkwo for being supportive at various periods in my life and career. Finally, I owe an enormous debt to my dear family. During this long period of academic pursuit, my loving wife Vivian, never ceased to remain at her best a wife, sister and friend by providing the maximum support, and taking adequate care of the family with the available little resources at her disposal. I also thank my little children: Ifeoma, Oluchukwu and Ijeoma for the understanding that “Daddy” should not be distracted while on the table reading and writing. My prayer is that we should strive to keep this “little light” of ours shining, Amen. Okafor, Innocent Uwadi Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka January 2009. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. i CERTIFICATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii DEDICATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv TABLE OF CONTENT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vii LIST OF TABLES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ix LIST OF FIGURES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. x LIST OF ACRONYMS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi ABSTRACT .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xiv CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the Problem .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 1.2 Objectives of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1.3 Significance of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 1.4 Clarification of Concepts and Terms .. .. .. .. .. 7 1.5 Literature Review .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 1.6 Theoretical Framework .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 1.7 Hypothesis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 1.8 Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 1.9 Population of Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 1.10 Sampling Procedure and Selection .. .. .. .. .. 64 1.11 Method of Data Collection .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 1.12 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 CHAPTER TWO Relationship between Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy .. .. 69 CHAPTER THREE Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Dynamics Before 1999 .. .. .. .. 78 CHAPTER FOUR : MILITARY PROFESSIONALISATION AND MILITARY ALLIANCE IN NIGERIA, 1999 – 2003 Empirical Verification I: The Impact of Military Co-operation with the United States of America on Military Professionalism in Nigeria, 1999 – 2003 .. 120 Data Presentation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125 CHAPTER FIVE : TRADE LIBERALISATION AND EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN NIGERIA, 1999 – 2003 Empirical Verification II: Trade liberalization and Employment Creation in Nigerian Textile Sector, 1999 – 2003 .. .. .. .. .. .. 143 Data Presentation and Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 145 8 CHAPTER SIX : LIBERALISATION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) AND REDUCTION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA, 1999 – 2003 Empirical Verification III: FDI and employment Generation in the Telecommunication Sector: Data Presentation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 155 Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 163 Result of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 166 CHAPTER SEVEN : SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 168 Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 173 Recommendations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 186 APPENDICES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 197 9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1a: Decomposition of Economic Growth 1985 .. .. .. .. 29 Table 1b: Employment by Gender and
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