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The Scheduled Castes of Colonial Bengal in Historiographical Perspective1

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The Scheduled Castes of Colonial Bengal in Historiographical Perspective1 . FROM ‘ETHNOGRAPHIC SUBJECTS’ TO SELF-RESPECT MOVEMENT: THE SCHEDULED CASTES OF COLONIAL BENGAL IN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE1 Rup Kumar Barman* ABSTRACT Historical researches on the lower caste communities of Bengal have already completed two centuries. Initially they were taken up as a subject of ethnography by the colonial rulers. Later, academic sociologists and historians paid adequate attention to the construction of social history of caste with a few theoretical models. With the beginning of the postcolonial researches, theoretical models of late colonial India have been refined and re- structured both by Indian and non-Indian scholars. Thus ‘gradual Brahmanising of the casteless tribes’, ‘sanskritization’, ‘method of absorption of the noncaste /casteless people’, etc., are being reinterpreted with new assumptions. Again with the growth of Subaltern School, historiography of caste and ‘social mobility’ of the Scheduled Castes of Bengal (particularly ‘from their low status to the higher status) has been further enriched. Historical and sociological studies relating to the theoretical models of caste mobility for attaining dignity; and social, cultural and political history of caste in colonial Bengal have been examined in this article. Political participation of the Scheduled Castes and their control over pre-partition Bengal politics, and their transition to the nationalist and class-based political struggle have also been analysed in the present paper in historiographical. Keywords: Sanskritization, Ethnography, Lower castes of Bengal, Social mobility, Caste politics, Historiography, Social history. INTRODUCTION Historians’ engagements with modern history of India’ have contributed significantly to the reconstruction/deconstruction of colonial history with post-colonial approaches. Colonial history 1 This article is the outcome of the UGC sponsored Major Research Project titled From Self-Respect to Political Bargaining: The Scheduled Castes of Bengal from 1872-1947. The author is indebted to the University Grants Commission (New Delhi) for its financial assistance. * Associate Professor, Department of History, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, (West Bengal Email:[email protected] 84 Rup Kumar Barman of India thus is being frequently re-interpreted / re-investigated to deal with the ‘post-colonial needs’ and for testing the theoretical models developed by the social scientists on both Indian and non-Indian history. On the other hand, historiography of post-colonial Indian history is fattening its shape with new researches having strong influences of colonial interpretations. Among different themes of contemporary researches on colonial and post-colonial Indian history, ‘caste’ has been a significant one because of ‘post-colonial need’. Contemporary researches have thus subscribed substantially to the growth of historiography of caste. Being most significant province of colonial India, Bengal and its people of various caste groups had received wide attention of the colonial ethnographers in the nineteenth century. This trend eventually induced the Indian academic scholars to construct the history of caste of pre- colonial and colonial India. With the beginning of the postcolonial researches, theoretical models of late colonial India have been refined and re- structured both by Indian and non-Indian Indian scholars. Thus ‘gradual Brahmanising of the casteless tribes’, ‘sanskritization’, ‘method of absorption of the non-caste /casteless people’, etc., are being reinterpreted with new assumptions. Again with the growth of Subaltern School, historiography of caste and ‘social mobility’ of the Scheduled Castes of Bengal (particularly ‘from their low status to the higher status) has been further enriched. In this article, I’ll briefly examine the historical and sociological studies relating to the theoretical models of caste mobility for attaining dignity; social, cultural and political history of caste of colonial Bengal. Nature of political participation of the Scheduled Castes of Bengal, their control over pre-partition politics, and their transition to the nationalist and class- based political struggle are also to be analyzed in this are article COLONIAL STUDIES ON THE CASTE COMMUNITIES OF BENGAL. Truly speaking, historical study on the caste communities was initiated by the colonial ethnographers. From the early nineteenth to the early twentieth century, they left occasional references about the lower caste communities of Bengal. First writing of this kind in Bengal was the survey of Buchanan (Francis) Hamilton (1762-1829). Buchanan carried out a survey during the period between 1807 and 1814 in Dinajpur, Rangpur, Purnea, Bhagalpur, Sahabad, Patna, and Gorakhpur districts of Bengal. This survey report was published in 1838 by Montgomery Martin(Martin: 1838). In the Volume III and V, Buchanan codified the socioeconomic condition of Rajbanshis, Koches, Khyenas, Kaibartyas, Kalus, Malos, Patnis, Dhobas, Bhuinmalis, Yogis(Jugis), Malis, etc; along with other people of Bengal. With the expansion of the British rule in India, ethnographical research on the Indian caste communities was further extended due to the contribution of ethnographers like James Tailor (Tailor: 1840), E.T.Dalton (Dalton: 1872), M.A. Shering (Shering: 1872-1881), W.W. Hunter (Hunter: 1876), James Wise (Wise: 1883), H.H. Risley (Rislely: 1891), J.A. Vase (Vase: 1911), J.F. Grunning (Grunning: 1921), L.S.O. Molley (Molley: 1932) and J. H. Hutton (Hotton: 1946). In his work (‘A sketch of the Topography and statistics of Dacca’) James Tailor (Tailor: 1840) had critically analysed the population composition of Dacca Division where Hindu castes including the Brahmins, Baidyas, Kayasthyas, Chandals, Kaibartyas, Rajbanshis and other low castes got their place. Statistical method of analysis of Indian population particularly ‘caste wise stratification’ got prominent place in the census reports compiled by the colonial Government. In regards to Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2016 From ‘Ethnographic Subjects’ to Self-Respect Movement... 85 Bengal, Report on the Census of Bengal (Beverley: 1872) compiled by H. Beverley is a reliable one. Beverley found that population composition of Bengal is very much complex. According to him, “There is certainly no part of India perhaps there is no country in the world….which contains so wide a variety of races and tribes as we find in Bengal. The nationality of the inhabitants is in truth, of the most heterogeneous description.”(Beverley: 1872: 152). Beverley had successfully classified the complex population of Bengal with a few parameters such as tribes, castes, race, nationality, aborigine and ‘semi-Hinduised aborigines’. He even coined a new term called ‘Semi-Hinduised aborigines’. He wrote: “Between Hindus and aborigines no hard and fast line can be drawn. Like the colours in the rainbow, the jungle tribes draw steadily nearer and nearer to the Hindus, and the Hindus of lower caste as staidly mingle with the Hinduised jungle tribes. By introducing a class of Semi-Hinduised aborigines we avoid the necessity of talking of Aryans and non-Aryan people, which now is, as the four-fold division of castes was formerly, the great obstacle to a rational consideration of the castes of Hindustan” (Beveley: 1872: 160-161). Beverly has given detailed description of each caste and community of semi-hinduised aborigines. Among such communities, history and social status of the Bagdis, Bauris, Bhuiyans, Bahalias, Chandals, Chains, Chamars, Chunaris, Dhanuks, Doms, Dosadhas, Doais, Hadis, Jelia Kaibartyas, Kadars, Koches, Lohars, Mallas, Malos, Musahars, Pasis, Pods, Rajwars, Sunris, Sutradhars and Tiyors have been critically examined by him. Beverley had often branded these communities as ‘semi-civilized’ and ‘half-civilized’ too (Beverley: 1872:153-161). In the context of statistical analysis of caste, works of W.W. Hunter are considered to be more noteworthy. Hunter initiated ethnographic survey on Bengal with the publication of Annals of Rural Bengal (Hunter: 1868). He produced A Statistical Account of Bengal (in 20 Volumes) in 1875-76 where administration, natural resources and population composition have been narrated with statistical data. Most significant feature of Hunter’s account is that he constructed the history of origin, social customs and economic status of almost all lower caste communities of Bengal with the help of available sources. Caste, continued to be a parameter of social classification in the census of 1881. This time caste communities of Bengal were classified in the official records according to their social positition (Dirks: 2002: 207). ‘Official recognition of caste’ and ‘interpretation on official position with Sanskrit texts’ had generated a trend among many caste communities of Bengal (both higher and lower) for obtaining respectable place in the official records. On the other hand, institution of caste was intermingled with ‘race’ with the beginning of racial classification of Indian population. ‘Notes on the Races, Castes and Trades of Eastern Bengal (1883)’ of James Wise is considered to be the beginning of racial analysis of caste communities of Bengal. With a firsthand knowledge through observation and interaction with the people of Dacca, Dr. Wise has compiled a history of different caste communities including the Muslims, Hindus and low caste Hindus (Wise: 1883). Theory of race rose to its zenith in the last decade of the nineteenth century particularly for the contribution of official-cum-ethnographers
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