Jojari Revival and Protection River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

cGanga Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies © cGanga and NMCG, 2020 Jojari Revival and Protection River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

December 2020

cGanga Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies © cGanga and NMCG, 2020 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) NMCG is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was setup in October 2016 under the River Ganga Authority order 2016. Initially NMCG was registered as a society on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act 1860. It acted as implementation arm of National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) which was constituted under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA) 1986. NGRBA has since been dissolved with effect from the 7th October 2016, consequent to constitution of National Council for Restoration, Protection and Management of River Ganga (referred to as National Ganga Council). Preface www.nmcg.in Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) National River Ganga has been at the center of river system were brought into focus for restorative cGanga is a think tank formed under the aegis of NMCG, and one of its stated objectives is to make a world leader in river and water the government’s multi-decadal efforts to restore action because they could be restored and science. The Centre is headquartered at IIT Kanpur and has representation from most leading science and technological institutes of the country. and conserve degraded Indian rivers. The Ganga conserved independently and cohesively in the cGanga’s mandate is to serve as think-tank in implementation and dynamic evolution of Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) prepared by the Consortium of 7 IITs. In addition to this it is also responsible for introducing new technologies, innovations and solutions into India. River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) submitted entire Ganga basin, thereby leading to a cascading www.cganga.org to the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), impact on River Ganga as a whole. This approach Local Executive Bodies, Government of India in the year 2015 by a Consortium was embodied in the Concise Manual and Guide for The Jodhpur Municipal Corporation is the official body of the Jodhpur city located in the western region of . The democratically of 7 IITs (“Indian Institute of Technology”s) set River Restoration presented by cGanga and NMCG elected members, through this body, undertake the management of the city's infrastructure and public services under the leadership of a clear direction and action-framework for this during the India Water Impact Summit (IWIS) in the Mayor. At present, the municipal area of ​​Jodhpur is divided into Jodhpur South (80 wards) and Jodhpur North (80 wards). The Jodhpur Municipal Corporation was established in 1992, which is spread over 3 assembly constituencies. In addition to the Municipal Corporation, the purpose, but progress on its implementation was 2019. Adopting the strategy outlined in the manual, development works in Jodhpur are done through the Jodhpur Development Authority, enacted under the Jodhpur Development Authority, tardy, partly due to the GRBMP recommendations the present Vision Document for River Jojari lays Authority Act, 2009 (Act No. 2 of 2009), under the Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Rajasthan . The Jodhpur Development Authority was set up to plan, coordinate and oversee the proper, orderly and rapid development of the Jodhpur region and being broad-based strategic measures to some down the restoration needs and strategy for the to implement plans, projects and plans for development. The Department of Water Supply, Government of Rajasthan is responsible for the extent. Therefore, after the Centre for Ganga River river given its socio-cultural and ecological status water supply in the Jodhpur region and later on, through the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal brought up to Jodhpur, the water supply from the river for drinking water and other needs. Basin Management and Studies (“cGanga”) was – both historical and modern– and the urban and The Jodhpur Municipal Corporation is the official body of the Jodhpur city located in the western region of Rajasthan. The democratically created through a Memorandum of Understanding rural socio-economic needs of present times. The elected members, through this body, undertake the management of the city's infrastructure and public services under the leadership of the Mayor. At present, the municipal area of ​​Jodhpur is divided into Jodhpur South (80 wards) and Jodhpur North (80 wards). The Jodhpur between MoWR, RD&GR (now Ministry of Jal Shakti), document does not lay down the nuts and bolts Municipal Corporation was established in 1992, which is spread over 3 assembly constituencies. In addition to the Municipal Corporation, the the Government of India, and IIT Kanpur in April of the restoration plan but is a first step at defining development works in Jodhpur are done through the Jodhpur Development Authority, enacted under the Jodhpur Development Authority, Authority Act, 2009 (Act No. 2 of 2009), under the Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Rajasthan . The Jodhpur 2016, cGanga conducted many field and in-house them by taking cognizance of the physical, social, Development Authority was set up to plan, coordinate and oversee the proper, orderly and rapid development of the Jodhpur region and studies as well as workshops and consultations and management status of the Jojari river. to implement plans, projects and plans for development. The Department of Water Supply, Government of Rajasthan is responsible for the water supply in the Jodhpur region and later on, through the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal brought up to Jodhpur, the water supply from the Sutlej with stakeholders, executive bodies, monitoring river for drinking water and other needs. agencies and experts on various components This document was prepared by dedicated Acknowledgment of GRBMP and its implementation. Based on members of cGanga through the gathering of This document is a collective effort of many experts, institutes, and organizations of the country and the state, we thank them for their these activities over the past few years, a clearer information, analyses, and discussions with various cooperation and guidance with the dedicated members of cGanga. We especially express our gratitude to the people who contributed understanding emerged on some of the major agencies and individuals. Key stakeholders, the necessary data, photographs, and pictures for this document. implementation challenges of GRBMP, especially experts, and community representatives of the Suggested Citation the difficulty in restoring a very large and complex Jojari river basin also interacted with cGanga © cGanga, JoDA, PHED, NNJo & NMCG, 2020 river system like River Ganga. This led to a more members and gave their valuable inputs Contacts refined and detailed strategic implementation unreservedly on many aspects of the document. Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga) procedure that combines robust scientific This document is, therefore, the outcome of a joint Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India or methods with a socio-economically, culturally, effort of Team cGanga with dedicated members of National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and administratively aligned policy framework. the Jojari river basin. Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, New Delhi 110 002, India

Authors The revised strategy that evolved was essentially Vinod Tare, cGanga Founding Head & Professor, IIT Kanpur a bottom-up approach to Ganga river conservation Vinod Tare Qamar ul Zaman Chaudhary, Commissioner, Jodhpur Development Authority Rohitashva Singh Tomar, Commissioner, Jodhpur Nagar Nigam where relatively small, low-order streams that Professor & Founding Head, cGanga Suresh Kr Gurjar, cGanga, IIT Kanpur comprise the main source streams of the Ganga IIT Kanpur Mahesh Sharma, Ret. S E, PHED, Govt. of Rajasthan Suresh Kumar Singh, Professor, MBM Engineering College, JNVU, Jodhpur Dinesh Periwal, ACE, PHED, Jodhpur Adarsh Malviya, cGanga, IIT Kanpur Photo-contributor: Mr Mahesh Sharma and EGIS-India 3 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Aerial view of Feeder Canal (used for rainwater harvesting) and Jojari River River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

many places, and the flow is eventually thus, in dire need of systematic revival. A 1. River Jojari – A key however, originate at lower elevations obstructed, with the river ceasing to exist brief overview of the Jojari river basin is tributary of the “Desert such as the desert rivers of Rajasthan. beyond this point with waters spilling presented in Table 1. Ganga” Luni River Prominent among these is the Luni river, over onto low-lying lands. On the other Rivers in India originate from and traverse often referred to as the “Maru Ganga” (i.e. hand, the polluted waters from industrial 2. Desert Rivers – In a a variety of landscapes like mountains, “Desert Ganga”) on account of its vital and residential areas affect not only the class of their own plateaus, plains, and even deserts. Most life-giving importance in the arid regions river, but also the productivity of the Rivers, large and small, flowing through large rivers like the Ganga, , of Rajasthan. Originating near in the surrounding lands and groundwater different geographical areas, have unique Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari and , Luni ends in the Rann of quality. The present-day Jojari river is, characteristics that set them apart from originate as small source streams Kutch. Though is a saltwater river and a in mountain ranges and flow down the seasonal one that, River Luni fulfils vital plains towards the sea as they join several domestic and irrigation water needs, Table 1: Brief Information about the tributaries on the way. Many small rivers, and is thus the lifeline of arid water- starved regions of Rajasthan – just as the Jojari River basin perennial freshwater Ganga serves as the Length of Main Catchment River Shrinkage of lifeline of water-rich states of North India. Basin Area Notable among the tributaries of the Luni Stream Area Spread Segments Basin Area is the Jojari river, which flows through the districts of Jodhpur and Barmer before draining into Luni.

The catchment area of Jojari River is spread over three of the driest districts of Rajasthan, namely, Nagaur, Jodhpur Includes, From the THE TOTAL THE RIVER can THE LENGTH hills, alluvial place of origin catchment area be divided into 5 and catchment and Barmer (Figure 1). The headwaters soil, agricultural Ustara to Banad of 10222 sq.km segments based area of the of Jojari river originate from the Ustara land, urban and (76 km), Banad is spread over on the changes river has been and Birai areas of . It rural centers to Salavas (35 254 sq. Km in in hydrology, reduced by 92 enters Jodhpur city through Banad in the and industrial km), Salavas to , water quality and km and about north-eastern part of the city and flows areas. Doli Rajguron 7846 sq. Km in topography. 50 percent for about 35 km southward till Salawas, (43 km), Doli Jodhpur district 1. Banad from the respectively. where it exits the city limits. Traditionally Rajguron to and 1922 sq. point of origin The Jojari River Luni to Sangam Km. in Barmer (entering Jodhpur lost its right to a seasonal river, the present flow in the (85 km) having district. city) meet with the river in Jodhpur is, however, depleted a total length of 2. Salavas from Luni River at and severely polluted by sewage and 239 km. Banad (exit from Blotra. effluent inflows caused by unplanned Jodhpur's urban population growth, inadequate sewage area) collection and treatment facilities, and 3. Saliwas to Doli Rajguron (NH 25 unregulated industrialization. Moreover, ends the river) due to construction of a national highway 4. Doli Rajguron to Figure 1: River Jojari and its catchment covering three from Araba located below Jodhpur, the Pachapadra districts of Rajasthan path of the river has been disrupted at 5. Lunar to Pachpadra

Jojari Revival and Protection 7 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

one another. Ancient Indian scriptures also allude to different rivers having different 78% of its total basin area of about 10 and disjointed water management significances thus: thousand sq. Km lies in Jodhpur district. practices of Jodhpur in the backdrop of Currently it drains into River Luni, but its previous water resource development some archaeologists consider Jojari to and the geology of the region. For What the above verse suggests is that all rivers may be important and sacred for humans, be a tributary of the extinct Saraswati instance, a survey conducted by the but different rivers should be approached differently and treated differently because each river (India Water Portal, Hindi). Since School of Desert Science (1989) found the establishment of Jodhpur city and that Jodhpur has many Bere (wells), 8 f=fHk% lkjLora rks;a lIrkgsu rq ;keque~A until the 19th century, many harvesting Jhalare (step-wells), 48 Bawdi (pools) l|% iqukfr xkaxs; n’kZuknso ukenZe~ and water storage structures were 46 ponds (only 40 found in existence at built from time to time in the Jojari present. 25 naadis (dug-out ponds), many ¼erL; iqjk.k ƒŠ‡/ƒå&ƒƒ½ catchment to meet the water needs of tanks, and 5 lakes (Figure 2) which have the ruling family and residents of the been used as water sources from time ljLorh unh esa rhu fnu Luku djus ls] ;equk esa lkr fnu Luku djds ,oa xaxk esa dsoy ,d Luku ls ifo=rk çkIr gksrh gS central region of Jodhpur city. These to time. These distributed water storage ijUrq ueZnk ds n’kZu ek= ls euq"; ifo= gks tkrk gSA water harvesting structures were a devices remain largely outside the fold of great boon for the city’s growth and, water resource planning. [Bathing for three days in River Saraswati, seven days in River Yamuna, and only one day in River Ganga bestows sacredness, but humans become sacred merely by the sight of River Narmada. indirectly, also a partial source of flow in the Jojari river. But the state and utility Western Rajasthan generally lies in Matsya Purana, 185/10-11] of these structures have changed over low rainfall area, due to which water for time, thereby affecting River Jojari and domestic, agricultural (irrigation) and its catchment conditions. industrial use is supplied with the help river has its unique characteristics in terms may even flow only once in several of canals connected to water sources in of topography, catchment characteristics, years when monsoon rainfall is plenty. 4. Current Water other parts of the country. Of the total 595 geomorphology and geochemistry, At the same time, even such monsoonal Problems in the Jojari groundwater-zones (regions/ divisions) hydrology and hydraulics, water quality, rivers may flood the surrounding lands River Basin of Rajasthan, 268 zones have been and ecology. Thus, the restoration and when heavy showers occur. A second At present, the major problems of River identified as gray or dark zones, and only conservation of different rivers should distinguishing feature of desert rivers is Jojari are directly related to unplanned 3516.9 MCM groundwater is available in be addressed with differentiation that, due to the high amount of salt in the desert region of Rajasthan. From 1870 commensurate with their different their catchment soils, saline water flows to 1936, the water supply of Jodhpur city characteristics. are common in such rivers, due to which was met from the rainwater harvested the river ecosystem is characteristically in hilly areas around Jodhpur city. In desert areas with low rainfall and rare different from those of freshwater rivers. Jodhpur has Construction of 27 small dams spread surface storages or soil moisture, the Despite these differences and apparent many distributed over 92 sq. Km., feeder canals of 80 km groundwater table is often far below shortcomings, however, desert rivers water storage length, and construction of Balsamand, ground level. Hence, there is virtually are a unique source of vitality for local Kayalana and Ummed Sagar dams and no contribution of groundwater to river habitations and the ecology. devices, but these other water storage structures took place baseflows. Thus desert rivers, unless remain largely during this period. These structures are fed by perennial water sources like 3. Historical Significance estimated to store about 3.4 MCM (120 perennial lakes, are often seasonal or of River Jojari outside the fold MCFT) and 8.16 MCM (288 MCFT) of ephemeral, flowing only or mainly during The Jojari river flows through some of of water resource water during an average annual rainfall in the monsoon season. Some rivers the driest areas of the country. About of 35 cm (14 in) and above-average management. rainfall of 50 cm (20 in ), respectively. This

Jojari Revival and Protection 9 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

mostly pumped out onto nearby roads management, faces formidable water- by the mine owners. Between 1996 and related problem as discussed below. 2000, a plan of new feeder canals by way of small drains was being implemented 4.1 Pollution from Industrial and for pumping water from the mining pits Residential areas in Jojari river to water storage structures, but it did not There are more than 400 industrial units in prove very useful due to being limited to Jodhpur region, which include more than small areas. Moreover, due to the altered 300 textile mills and 90 steel re-rolling mills land use of residential colonies coming located in the industrial area of Jodhpur. A up in the catchments of the dams, the CETP was constructed for the treatment of rainwater coming from urban parts of the industrial effluents, but most of the effluent city is mixed with untreated sewage and remains untreated in the absence of a solid wastes, and is unsuitable for the proper collection and treatment system, water harvesting system. Thus, the city's and it flows via the RIICO drain into the rainwater has to be disposed of in the Jojari river (Singh, 2018). wastewater drains. The sewerage network of Jodhpur is also With the abundance of water brought by grossly inadequate. Thus, due to limited the Rajiv Gandhi Lift Canal from stored sewage collection, only a part (75-80 MLD) waters of Punjab rivers to Jodhpur city, of the sewage coming from the residential the water consumption of Jodhpur- areas of Jodhpur city reaches STP, while a dwellers have also become excessive, large portion of the sewage directly flows with 17-60% more water supply than through various drains into River Jojari national standards (NIH 2011). Increased (Singh, 2018). Table 2 lists the main drains of water usage has also increased the Jodhpur, and some of the main drains which amount of polluted water generation. run through Jodhpur city and discharge into Due to the lack of a proper sewerage Jojari are shown in Figure 3. A proposal to system in the city and the geological link the thirteen main drains of Jodhpur with substrate of Jodhpur, a significant part of Jojari by means of six drainage channels has the wastewater probably seeps into the been made. Recently, it was also proposed groundwater, resulting in groundwater to connect two nalas (Bhairav Nala and Figure 2: Existing water harvesting structures of the historical water harvesting system in Jodhpur pollution and rising groundwater levels. Mata Ka Than Nalla) with Jojari. Though In addition, the rainwater harvested or all these drains are important for drainage rainwater harvesting system has been catchment into mining pits that capture flowing in natural drains also mixes with during the rainy season, in the remaining considered to be one of the best water runoff which may have otherwise run into industrial effluents before discharging part of the year it is sewage that mainly harvesting systems in the world. the existing water harvesting structures. into River Jojari. Due to these multiple flows in these drains and reaches River Along with this, the feeder canals have reasons, Jodhpur, which was once Jojari. Thus, since Jojari is not a perennial During the 1970s, mining activities in the also got damaged. Thus, every year known for the importance given to river, untreated and semi-treated municipal catchment areas of the canals converted during the rainy season, rainwater water, development of local water sewage flows comprise the main flow of large swathes of the present hill collects in the mining pits, which is storage facilities, and judicious water River Jojari except during the rainy season.

Jojari Revival and Protection 11 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Table 2 : Information related to main drains for the drainage of Jodhpur city

S. No. Drain Route Total Length (Km)

1-1 Sojati Gate - Anand Cinema - Old Power House - Central Jail - Shiva 2.2 temple - Ratanada 2-2 Diagnostic Center (Rog Nidan Kendra) Jalori Gate - Jalori Bari - MG 1.2 Hospital - Jaswant Sarai - Railway Reservation Office - Anand Cinema 3-3 From Bamba Mohalla (Old Stadium) - Darpan Cinema - Gaushala Ground 2.6 - Ajit Colony - Shiva Temple - Ratanada 4-4 From Ratanada Junction Point - Engineering College - Sansi Colony - Civil 6.8 Airport Pabupura 5-5 Nakati Pulia - MDM Circle - Pal Road - Khema Kuan 3.7 6-6 From Sur Sagar - Chandana Bhakar - Kamla Nehru Nagar - Lal Pulia - Chopasini Housing Board - Khema Kuan - Ambika Nagar - Sobhavat 18.5 ki Dhani 7-7 From Udaya Mandir - Baldev Mirdha Circle - Paota Circle - Rasala Road - Prithvipura - Jaipur Road Cantonment - Digri Saran Village - Army Area - 9.7 Jojari River Fig 3: Proposed and Existing Drains flowing through Jodhpur City 8-8 From Krishi Mandi Nala - Bhadwasia - Vishwakarma Nagar - Vidya Nagar 8.0 - RTO Office - Gulab Nagar - Sirkaria Beri 9-9 From Balsamand Overflow - Sanghvi School (Mandore Road) - School of history 1933 1996-97 present 6.4 Mandavato - Phool Bagh to Surpura Tank - Jojari 10-10 Bhakat Sagar - Nehru Park - Medical College - MDM Hospital - Section 7 - Bhagat Ki Kothi - Mahaveer Nagar - Polytechnic College - Golf Course 10.9 Water Harvesting Groundwater usage Lift Canal Issues - Air Force Area • • about 1922 handpumps • Kaylana Lake (4339 ML • Jodhpur Lift Canal 11-11 Basni Bandh - Mata Ka Than - Central Academy - Khokharia - Jojari 10.1 • Takhat Sagar • 109 tubewells/open wells Live Storage) Project Phase-III • Umaid Sagar • 4 main baoris • Takhat Sagar (5253 ML proposed (in 2020) 12-12 Ummed Sagar - Meera Colony - Gaurav Pond - Joshi Colony - Chandna • 27 small dams • Chopani Filter Plant Live Storage) for water supply 5.8 Bhakar - Suthala Village - Jwala Vihar - Ummed Sagar • 80 Km Feeder (1935) • Change in lifestyle and till year 2051 Canal • Water Supply to Jodhpur excess consumption • Increasing 13-13 Balsamand - Janta Colony - Indira Colony - Mirasi Colony - Bagar - 9.7 • Pipe Supply town from Sumedh of water grounwater level Gulab Sagar started in 1925 Sagar Dam through a • Transfer of water • Reduced flow in canal (1938) through Rajiv Gandhi Jojari • Water supply with Lift Canal (205 km) • Disintegrating the help of rainwater • Jodhpur Lift Canal water harvesting 4.2 Obstructed River Flow all its sewage-contaminated waters harvested in Stepwells Project Phase-II (2005) structures Tthe construction of National Highway accumulate in low-lying areas near Doli and Bawdis • Subsequent neglect • Integrated 25 passing near Araba blocked the Rajaguran. Due to this inflowing sewage, • Construction of Jawai- of local rainwater water resources route of Jojari river at this point, and not only have the river and surrounding Hemwas Canal and harvesting structures management water supply from Jawai resulting in Dam to Jodhpur (172 km) disintegration of their in 1958 condition Jojari Revival and Protection 13 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

ecosystem changed, but the use of this High Court Colony, Outer Chand Pol area, ponded water in downstream areas and Bhadasia. Increased groundwater has affected the quality of soil and levels have escalated water logging agricultural products there, a likely hazard in the basements, added to moisture for human health. in buildings, reduced the capacity of sanitation pits, deep drains and 4.3 Rising Groundwater Levels and septic tanks, and caused an upsurge Groundwater Pollution in pollution in open wells, step-wells, The groundwater level has been steadily and ponds. Since the 1960s, the water increasing in some areas of Jodhpur of about 60 wells in Salavas village has city in recent times. About 40 percent of also become polluted and no longer the urban area is affected by this fast- potable due to the flow of industrial and growing problem, due to which water residential waste into the Jojari River has been seeping into the basements of (CAZRI, 2016). houses and shops since the late 1990s, with the building foundations becoming While rising groundwater table can be weak and increasing possibility of generally attributed to increased water/ building collapses. As a result there wastewater discharges, some specific is greater likelihood of weakening of causes of increasing groundwater foundations and building collapses, levels and pollution in the inner areas and hence their construction and of the city have been attributed to the maintenance expenses have increased. following factors (NGRI, 2010, NIH, 2011 Besides, the seepage of polluted waters and CGWB, 2015): creates undesirable humidity and poses 1. Increased leakages from the water the threat of spread of water-borne supply system, as indicated by diseases. high amounts of chlorine found in groundwater. The problem of rising groundwater levels 2. Increased leakage from sewerage in Jodhpur city was observed to happen system as indicated by high nitrate with the increase in water supply to levels in groundwater. Jodhpur region after commissioning of 3. Possible leakage from the Kaylana- the Rajiv Gandhi lift canal. Groundwater Takhtasagar lakes though so far studies seepage in basements was first detected have not found any direct correlation between 1998–2000 in some areas of of the increased water level of the city the old city such as New Road, Hathi with the lakes. Ram Ka Oda, Tripolia, Public Park, Ship House, Laxmi Nagar, and Fatehsagar Among the three points mentioned above, area. The problem has now spread to the 2nd point is probably the main reason areas outside the city limits, such as Ajit for higher and more polluted groundwater Colony, Raatanada, Panchvati Colony, levels in Jodhpur city.

Jojari Revival and Protection 15 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

5. Importance of restoration strategy.. The pertinent location Restoration and of the River Jojari and its usefulness (for Conservation of agriculture, ecosystems, water resources, River Jojari etc.) of western Rajasthan makes it an The Centre for Ganga River Basin important desert river that needs speedy Management and Studies (cGanga), revival. In line with the criteria outlined based on its expertise gained through in the RRC Manual, the main reasons for the preparation of GRBMP and extensive selecting the Jojari river for restoration and research, had formulated a reliable conservation are the following: method to revive and preserve degraded rivers, expressed through its documents 5.1 Low-Order River such as “Vision Ganga” and “A Concise Before entering the urban area of Jodhpur, Manual and Guide for Restoration and the Jojari river transforms from a second Conservation of Rivers (RRC Manual)”. In order to a third order river above Banad. consonance with its mandate, cGanga – Near Charlai Khurd, it joins the Luni River with the assistance of NMCG – selected to form a fourth-order river (Figure 4). some degraded rivers flowing in different Since River Jojari itself is a relatively low- geographical areas in the country as order river with few large tributaries, its priority projects for demonstrating river restoration and conservation can be done restoration and conservation. These rivers independently and comprehensively, have lost their natural pristine forms in which will also have a cascading positive various ways but had a significant role effect on River Luni. in the aquatic environment and water wealth of the region earlier. River Jojari, 5.2 Perennial Stream a major tributary of the Desert Ganga As mentioned earlier, acording to some (Maru Ganga) Luni river, is one such archaeologists, the river Jojari was a Figure 4: The third-order River Jojari that drains into the higher order River Luni river that was identified for applying the tributary of Saraswati that may have been a perennial river. The Jojari river itself, flowing in arid regions, may not itself dry season flow can not only prove environment, harmonious social life, and be naturally perennial; however, about beneficial for the Jojhari river ecosystem, generally well-managed civic facilities. 180 MLD of water (wastewater) coming but can also be utilized for other tasks like However, wastewater from industrial The strategic from industrial and residential areas of irrigation, rejuvenation of nearby water units and the changing trend of water and location of River Jojari Jodhpur city effectively convert it into a sources, etc. It may be noted that the use of its residents in this growing city perennial river, albeit a polluted one. If the fragmented water storage structures of has led to the degradation of River Jojari and its usefulness for polluted waters presently reaching Jojari Jodhpur can also play a paramount role in and imparted adverse consequences agriculture, ecosystems, are subjected to proper collection and this transformation. on groundwater in this region. If the treatment before entering the river, they wastewater generated by the city is water resources, etc. makes it have the potential to convert Jojari into a 5.3 Urban Setting properly treated before discharge, then an important desert river that perennial clean water river by maintaining Jodhpur, the second-largest city of the it can be a valuable source of freshwater needs speedy revival. a minimum flow of unpolluted water in the rapidly developing Rajasthan State, is in Jojari river. As shown in Figure 5, river during the dry season. This minimal known for its historical heritage, healthy the Jojari river presently flows partly

Jojari Revival and Protection 17 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

construction of National Highway 25 has “Length of the river has been estimated decreased the basin area by about 50 on the basis of DEM generated streams” percent. The restoration and conservation The basin area of the Jojari river, passing of Jojari river will undoubtedly contribute through a variety of geographical to the overall development of the area. formations, ranges from sandy soils to It will also be a major step to preserve rocky areas of rhyolite and sandstone the beauty of the outer Jodhpur city from which rainwater flows into this river and in maintaining the water and in different proportions. Similar to many rainwater drains for agriculture in the other river basins of the country, the water lower and southern parts of the basin. usage and hydrological dynamics of the The river can also be used to drain out Jojari basin have also changed over time, the surplus groundwater in Jodhpur, largely due to anthropogenic factors. and the economic, social and cultural This is the main reason for demarcating benefits resulting from it can mobilize Legend its citizens and stakeholders to work Jojari River Basin together concert for River Jojari’s revival Jojari Catchment area - Jodhpur City Jodhpur Municipal Boundary and conservation. The river’s regional Jojari River importance and prominence, and its Project potentially enormous contribution to River Segments regional development and welfare, are thus major factors for its restoration priority. 6. Jojari River – Anthropogenic Changes Figure 5: Jojari river and its natural catchment area along with Jodhpur Development Authority and Jodhpur Municipal Corporation areas. and Their Demarcations Along the 239 km length from its origin (A) outside the municipal area of Jodhpur. 5.4 River of Prominence at Ujra (a tributary of Jojari that flows But according to Jodhpur Development River Jojari is the most prominent river through Nagaur and joins the Jojari) and its Authority's extension plan, the major of Jodhpur and surrounding regions. It confluence with the Luni river near , part of Jojari river will pass through the flows for a length of about 35 km through River Jojari can be divided along its length middle of the residential/ urban areas Jodhpur city, and about 450 sq km area of into the following five segments, keeping of Jodhpur in future. Given the likely its drainage area from Banad to Salawas in view the various anthropogenic changes expansion of Jodhpur, early restoration lies in urban Jodhpur. Besides, there are causing water-logged and ponded areas (B) and conservation of the Jojari river are several small and big towns as well as along the river’s route (Figure 6), viz.: very much needed for the city’s water rural habitats lying the river in its basin 1. From origin Ustara to Banad = 76 km self-sufficiency and wholesome needs. that are dependent on or associated 2. Banad to Salavas = 35 km Figure 6: (a) Jojari River catchment and its boundary up Protecting the Jojari river and Jodhpur’s with the river in some way or the other. 3. Salavas to Doli Raj Guran = 43 km to Salavas (downstream of Jodhpur) heritage water conservation structures The obstruction to the current river flow 4. Doli Raj Guran to Pachpadra = 69 km (b) Jojari River flowing through the Municipal Area of the together are therefore vital. below Araba, Doli Rajaguran, due to the 5. Pachpadra to Luni River = 16 km Jodhpur Municipal Corporation

Jojari Revival and Protection 19 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

different segments of the river based on to encroachments or other reasons. The their many changes and the underlying ones left unimpeded carry sludge round Water and Wastewater Scenario factors in order to plan the river’s revival the year due to disposal of solid wastes and conservation efforts accordingly. and sewage from industrial and residential areas, increasing flood prospects in Water In each segment of the river, there have surrounding areas in the rainy season. 250 MLD Supply 35 MLD been significant changes over time, depending on its geographical location, 7. The Degraded Water land use, and soil and water properties. Situation in Jojari 200 MLD Unlike other segments, the stretch of Jojari Wastewater River Basin (80% of Supply) that lies in Jodhpur city receives much Although there are many small towns Generation contaminated water from industrial and and villages in the Jojari river basin, it is domestic areas of Jodhpur. The channel primarily the major cities and towns of width in this river segment is between Jodhpur, Balotra, and Barmer districts Wastewater 40 to 240 m. Some parts of the river have that are responsible for the degradation 119 MLD Collection also been encroached in this segment, of the Jojari river. Anthropogenic changes although the encroachment is less than on its 35 km stretch flowing in Jodhpur Domestic Industrial in many other urban rivers of the country. have significantly disrupted the flows, Hence it should be relatively easy to clear structure, and management of the Jojari Wastewater the encroachments if steps are taken river. According to data received from Treatment 90 MLD 19.3 MLD promptly. The Irrigation Department has various government institutions located in constructed eight anicuts from Banad Jodhpur, the water distribution in Jodhpur 30% of treated to Salavas in the urban part of Jojari with and the corresponding estimated sewage wastewater Reuse & a one-time filling capacity of 450-500 generation is shown in Figure 7. (for irrigation) Recycle million liters. Also, most natural drains that bring stormwater runoff from Jodhpur city Historical water storage structures: to the river have been obstructed due Historical water storage structures constructed to harvest rainwater include Groundwater Abstraction (Present) Fatehsagar, Gulab Sagar, and Umed Sagar. However, runoff water does not Current Abstraction reach these structures any more due to 32-35 MLD for Jodhpur's water encroachment on the river's floodplains 23% Additional Proposed Gardening Domestic Use Abstraction and related problems and waste disposal into canals that convey 34% Domestic Use 12 MLD water to the structures. Jodhpur's water- 20-25 MLD for Gardening Purposes can be partly resolved by related problems can be partly resolved by for RIICO 8 MLD restoring and conserving restoring and conserving these structures. 18 MLD into Sewers/Drains Many similar structures and reservoirs 43% for Industrial Use Sewer/Drains its historical water storage have been already restored through 12 MLD structures. various schemes, but the remaining ones are yet to be revived. Figure 7: Overview of Water Supply and Wastewater Generation in Jodhpur

Jojari Revival and Protection 21 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Natural River Path and Man-made now become more of a wastewater drain Disruption: The construction of National carrying sewage and industrial effluents. Highway 25 has blocked the passage of The urbanization of Jodhpur has altered the Jojari river near Araba, and the river the physico-chemical characteristic of does not drain into the Luni River any Jojari river and its basin. Thus, during more, spilling its contents into nearby the floods in 1979, a spread of about low-lying lands and causing water-logging 200-300 m was observed on either and ponding, and the quality of soil in the side of the river (WRD, GoR). In the DPR agricultural lands near Araba has degraded. prepared by WAPCOS for the riverfront Figure 8 shows the entire natural basin of development of the Jojari river, it is the Jojari river and the curtailed basin after stated that in Jodhpur, there are 7 days the river path was blocked. It is essential in every 55 years when rainfall exceeds to restore the river's path in this part of the 100 mm. About 20 square km of the city river and reassign its right to union with is likely to be flood-affected by such Figure 8: Natural (Previous) and Transformed (Present) Jojari River Basin the Luni river. This is not only necessary rainfall events, but land encroachments for the river's self-existence, but also to and unplanned development has only prevent the ill effects on land productivity, accentuated the problem. ecosystem health and human beings. During the year 2012-14, efforts were made Eight anicuts were built by Water There is also a need to maintain the by the local Water Resources Department, Resources Department (Irrigation) 8. Jojari Restoration interrupted natural flow of the river Jodhpur Municipal Corporation, and between Banad and Nandwan (d/s of Strategy: River-centric from its origin to Banad. Hence, the flow Remote Sensing Department for this task, Salavas) on the Jojari River. The total Integrated Water obstruction due to the National Highway but it was aborted halfway due to various catchment area of the river from Banad Resource Management near Araba needs to be remedied by reasons. To take up this work again, a to Salawas is about 445 sq km, and some River Jojari used to be a main water establishing the natural or a new alternate comprehensive action plan based on of the water coming from this area can be source for the city of Jodhpur but has route of the river downstream of Araba. detailed land survey is needed. stored in the anicuts or similar harvesting

Jojari Revival and Protection 23 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

structures with a storage total capacity jurisdiction, land use, environmental of about 0.5 MCM; which can be a good quality and sensitivity, cultural and source of freshwater in future. The water economic importance, remedial works can also be brought to the river through needed in each segment, etc. Figure 9 natural rainwater drains coming from depicts an attempt at such segmentation Jodhpur city. and zonation for River Jojari. Such division requires a local river basin organization so The above measures need to be that there is uniformity and completeness formulated into a comprehensive plan for in the administrative, political and socially rejuvenation of Jojari and Jojari-centric relevance of the work. water resotrces management plan for Jodhpur to mitigate the problems of water As shown in Figure 9 and discussed in pollution and rising groundwater levels in Section 6 earlier, the Jojari river is divided the region. To achieve this, the following into five segments along its length based steps need to be taken: on the parameters mentioned above. Each segment can be further divided 8.1 Division of River into different into sub-segments or sub-sections. Thus Segments and Zones Segment 2, which is part of the river Divide the river along its length into from Banad to Salawas, is divided into different segments based on factors like four sub-sections, namely: (1) Banad to the quantity and quality of the river, water Nandari; (2) Nandari to Basni Benda; (3) use, slope of the river, other hydrological Basni Benda to Sangaria; and (4) Sangaria parameters and physical structure of to Salawas. Each subdivision can be the river, ownership of the river and its further divided into zones with its vertical riparian areas, principal land uses in the part connected. The area falling on either river basin area, etc. Thereafter, each side of the river near the stream banks segment should be divided into various or in the probable floodway of 50 or 100 zones based on the order of distance year floods should be considered the from the river, potential flood zone, land core zone. The intermediate zone, beyond the core zone, may be defined based on other parameters, otside which lies the outermost zone or external zone. Figure 9 The area falling on shows these zones in the vertical area of either side of the river or the subdivisions. in the probable 50 or 100 In the sub-segments of Segment 2, the river width varies between 40 m to 200 year floodway should m, and the urban area is considered as be considered the core the boundary for the intermediate section in the basin area bringing water to this river zone. Figure 9: Segmentation and Zonation of Jojari river

Jojari Revival and Protection 25 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

part of the river. The basin area outside 8.2.1 Precise estimation of dry season Table 3: Temporary and long-term solutions suggested for River Centric - Integrated Water Resource Management comprises the External Zone. With the flows in drains help of segmentation and zonation of At present, water from the Sutlej river is rivers, the priority of work to be carried brought through Rajiv Gandhi Canal to S. Problems Solution out for restoration and conservation supply drinking water to Jodhpur city. If No. of rivers can be easily figured out, and the municipal wastewater generated is Immediate/ Long-term/ Transit Route cGanga is drafting a detailed document treated by the four-stage water recycling temporary permanent for this purpose to determining the zones process, it can be utilized for the revival of and sections keeping in view the river’s Jojari as a perennial clean water river. The 1 Physical Jojari and its tributary rivers’ 1. Re-creation of natural flow route through individuality. linking of rainwater drains of Jodhpur to deformation right to union with Luni shall satellite images Jojari is also indispensable for this. There of river remain the ultimate solution to 2. Construction of the path of the river roughly 8.2 Maintaining balance between are six such big nalas in Jodhpur that this problem parallel to the highway according to Water Supply, Water Conservation bring contaminated water from different geographical conditions and keeping the and Groundwater Exploitation areas of the city to Jojari river. Apart from highway as it is. For sustainable utilization of water rainwater, only treated wastewater should resources, a balanced roadmap is flow through these drains. As shown in 3. Balanced use of both above needed to reduce canal water import, to Figure 10, through the four-stage treatment rehabilitate water conservation structures, system and by connecting it to the local 2 Rising Temporary Complete 1. The contaminated water (on the surface) and to control groundwater rise in Jodhpur. wetlands and reservoirs, the Jojari river can groundwater system for check on should be separated from rainwater drains and Hence, feasible and acceptable solutions be thus transformed into a reliable round- level and abstraction contamination these drains should be used only for rainwater like regulation of per capita water supply, the-year source of freshwater. The precise declining of increased of groundwater drainage; alternatively, selected drains from regulation of unbridled water use and estimation/ measurement of wastewater groundwater groundwater among these to be developed as perennial wastewater generation by industries, and runoff discharges is a prerequisite quality and road map waterways. for its overall use of surplus groundwater for irrigation for achieving this end. With the judicious 2. The treated water from the decentralized use to achieve and industry, restoration of dry reservoirs management of water, the ecology and purification facility can be discharged into the long term (optionally postponed till canals are aesthetics of the drains, reservoirs and rainwater drains or reused on site (after proper goal revived), etc. need to be adopted. the Jojari river itself can be restored and ground water leakage prevention system) enriched in an integrated manner. 3. To find out other reasons for rising ground water In addition to the above, some immediate level and constant research for its prevention and temporary solutions and some long- 8.2.2 Planned utilization of term or permanent solutions may be water sources adopted to address the current problems In addition to the balanced use of water 3 Pollution of Utilization of Complete 1. Improvement/ upgradation of the CETP or its taking into consideration the need for sources, to limit the rising groundwater level, waterbodies full capacity prevention reconstruction economic progress and sustainable the import and storage of water in the basin also of STPs and of all types 2. Construction of proposed small treatment development in the Jojari river basin area. need to be managed judiciously. In the ideal ETPs of solid systems waste and These are briefly described in Table 3. case, any leakage into groundwater should 3. Strengthening solid waste management be stopped, but as an immediate solution, the contaminated 4. Construction of decentralized STPs for As evident from Table 3, it is necessary to abstraction of groundwater seems to be the water/ treatment of residential contaminated water pay attention to the following aspects on only way out. A complete action plan should be effluent priority basis: chalked out to make good use of this water. discharge.

Jojari Revival and Protection 27 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Treated water, coming from the treatment plants and stored in anicuts built in the river, may be released gradually to maintain the required flow rates in the dry season.

8.2.3 Unification and aesthetics of directly helpful in the purification of water resources runoff water, besides reducing runoff All the water sources, streams, rates and soil erosion and promoting and drains in the Jojari catchment terrestrial fauna. Healthy river ecology area should be hydraulically and also needs aquatic animals like fishes hydrologically interconnected. and macroinvertebrates. The abundance Especially, such links as existing earlier, of indigenous aquatic animals thus should be restored and harmonized with reflects on the good quality of river the river. Also, the natural drains carrying waters. Hence, efforts should be made monsoon runoffs should be beautified as to reproduce suitable species of aquatic a means to reach the river. flora and fauna that existed naturally in River Jojari earlier or exist in other rivers 8.2.4 Structural changes to maintain and surface water bodies of the region. water quantity and quality To keep the Jojari flowing as a perennial 8.3 Record Management and Choice river, it is necessary to maintain minimum of Technology water levels during the dry season. The For restoration and conservation plans, treated water coming from the treatment it is essential to record all the works and plants and stored in some of the anicuts interventions being carried out along built in the river, may be released with their timelines, and their possible gradually to maintain the required flow effects should be evaluated. In Jodhpur, rates, while they can dampen flood flows decentralized treatment plants are being in the wet season. About eight such set up by concerned institutions (Table 4), anicuts presently exist, but more anicuts through which the contaminated water and embankments can be constructed as presently going to the drains will be per requirement to protect the river banks brought to these treatment units located and riparian areas in times of high rainfall. along the river. Some of these treatment plants are using wetlands as treatment 8.2.5 Healthy river ecology systems. If some treatment plants, which Both aquatic and terrestrial vegetation make a balanced use of wetlands or are essential for the river and its electromagnetic treatment systems are catchment. Catchment vegetation is to be installed on the banks of the drains Figure 10: Four-layer Treatment Cycle Treatment 10: Four-layer Figure

Jojari Revival and Protection 29 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Table 4: Proposed Decentralized STPs in Jodhpur To prevent the river from the pollution influx from industrial areas, there is a need Location Capacity The natural flow path to create new CETPs and to improve or Unchiar 10 MLD rebuild the existing CETPs in Jodhpur. of Jojari river needs to be Vivek Vihar 15 MLD Only the treated water remaining after re-established, or an artificial Jhalmand 10 MLD reuse should be allowed to flow into the Jojari river. new path for the river from Banad 2 MLD Impact: Prevention of industrial pollutant Araba to its confluence with Shobhovaton ki Dhani 2 MLD discharges into the river will not only Polytechnic College 2 MLD improve the the river water quality and the Luni is needed. its ecosystem, but the deterioration of groundwater quality due to industrial and the treated water reaches the river natural flow path of the river needs to be effluent in Salavas and the areas below will River Jojari through the proposed drain flowing through these drains, they can be re-established if possible; if not, then an also be checked. Use of this contaminated through Jhalamand. relatively easy to set up and inexpensive in artificial new path (or a combination of water in agriculture will also stop, which Impact: With the above measure, the the long run. Hence, preference should be partially new and partially old paths) for will improve the soil and human health of Satluj-Jojari rivers can be indirectly given to such plants. the river from near the National Highway the affected areas linked along with the prevention of at Araba to its confluence with the Luni Probable expenditure: A provision of sewage pollution of groundwater. With 8.4 Establishment of Accounts and is needed. about 150 crore rupees may be made for a decentralized treatment facility, the Information Centre Impact: Fulfilling the right of the river this work. treated water can be discharged into Due to inadequate information at present, to union with River Luni, remedying the rainwater drains (after proper groundwater the maintenance of various drains, inconveniences caused to Araba and 8.5.3 Improvement of Jodhpur drain leakage prevention system). The treated reservoirs, and rivers are inefficient. Hence its adjoining areas due to the river spill, water quality water can be used by farmers, for city it is essential to establish a center that preventing the degradation of quality Groundwater is also getting affected beautification works, and/ or also utilized holds comprehensive information of all agricultural land, and improving the water along with drains and rivers due to at the Pachpadra Refinery. the water resource components present and environmental benefits in the Araba sewage coming through various city Potential Expenditure: For this work, in the Jojari catchment, and from where and its downstream regions. drains. Therefore, sewage going into the some small decentralized STPs can be relevant information about the historical Potential Expenditure: The expenditure rainwater drains must be separated and constructed, and drains and rivers can and present water harvesting structures, of measures envisioned under this head treated, and only selected drains should be made perennial with the help of the natural drains and the river can be will depend on the requirement and be made perennial by feeding the treated treated water from these STPs. A provision obtained by stakeholders, policymakers availability of land, river diversion route wastewater. Boating along with walkway of about 150 crore rupees can be made for and executive agencies. from the highway, research and field from the drain to the river should be also this work. survey of land slope and other factors, developed. For example, of about 50 MLD 8.5 Some possible works for River- etc. A provision of Rs 2 to 3 crores may be of sewage flows in the drains (Figure 3) 8.5.4 Renovation and conservation of Centric Integrated Water Resource made for the survey and preparation of passing through the engineering college water harvesting structures Management DPR to estimate the expenditure; however, near Ratanada, a part of it, say 15-20 MLD, Feeder canals and their catchment 8.5.1 Uninterrupted flow of Jojari as a rough estimate, about Rs 120 crores can be diverted to the Polytechnic College areas that bring water to the storage River flows that have been disrupted can be assigned for this work. drain through a Four Layer Treatment structures of Jodhpur have been blocked or obstructed by human interventions facilities (as shown in Figure 9) near the or damaged by various anthropogenic need to be corrected or compensated 8.5.2 Prevention of industrial pollution university. The treated water can be activities and neglect. The restoration for this error. In the case of Jojari the coming into the river either reused locally or transported to and utilization of these structures are

Jojari Revival and Protection 31 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Table 5: Expected expense heads for Jojari River Restoration and Conservation and Revenue possible with the help of the treated • The JRBO’s decisions must conform generation from the rejuvenated Jojari: water. Treated water and the potential with State and Central laws Expenses Revenue use of surplus groundwater can also • JRBO must ensure comprehensive and help improve the water availability in the continuous knowledge update. Withdrawal, treatment and disposal of Improvement in ground water quality and public city. The restoration and conservation • JRBO must establish a knowledge surplus/ contaminated ground water by health; reduction in risk of structural damages/ of other water storage structures/ bank about the river, its water pumping (into river or nearest water body) strength of buildings; reservoirs like Umed Sagar are, structures, reservoirs, groundwater Repair and maintenance of existing water and Increase in freshwater availability with the help of therefore, very essential. and other water bodies, and their sewer network RWH (Rain Water Harvesting) and minimum loss of Impact: After controlling the temporary ecosystem characteristics. municipal water and polluting leakages. problem of increasing groundwater of Restoration/ maintenance of existing step Reduction in dependence and costs on Jodhpur, the local water resources can In addition to government representatives wells, jhalra, tanks, lakes and other similar transportation of water from distant sources for be properly utilized by the balanced use and subject matter experts from executive water harvesting structures and installation of self-reliant (“atmanirbhar”) Jodhpur. of groundwater, imported water (brought institutions, a good representation of new RWH structures by canal), and the harvested rainwater in local people and common stakeholders Decentralized water treatment plants and Reduced treatment and transportation costs. these structures. should be included in the JRBO to enable wastewater treatment plants Expenditure: A provision of about 70 crore mass participation and support. The River floor/ surface cleaning and mud Promoted recreational activities like boating, fishing rupees can be made for this work. potential role of various stakeholders disposal and riverside activities has been discussed in detail in the RRC 8.6 Governance and Stakeholders Manual (2019). Figure 11 depicts the role of Solid waste management plan for the city Reduced public health expenses, and increased A dedicated Jojari River Basin Organization stakeholders along with the list of potential tourism revenues and employment opportunities (JRBO) or equivalent body should be stakeholders to join the JRBO. for local people constituted to make the process of Last stage of wastewater treatment by Fuel, organic fertilizers and other value-added restoration and conservation effective 8.7 Knowledge and wetlands products from harvested wetland biomass and successful. According to the River Information Gaps Improving drainage conditions by maintaining Beekeeping, floriculture, fisheries and commercial Restoration and Conservation Manual Several important steps have been taken in intermediation in the river and maintaining pisciculture (cGanga and NMCG, 2019), the principles the backdrop of the orders and guidelines minimum water depth and reducing the risk and actions adopted by JRBO should be of the Hon. National Green Tribunal (NGT) of flooding as follows: and the efforts of local administration Removing encroachments from the river and Agriculture / Area specific commercial farming and institutions with public awareness to its banks • JRBO as a custodian of the Jojari river resolve various water-related problems Planting of trees and other vegetation in river Increased revenue generation through Pop-up shall be its primary function of Jodhpur. However, it is necessary to floodplain and riparian areas. Plazas, Shopping Malls, Commercial Establishments, • ●Stakeholder-based participation and properly visualize the plan and gather Open Gymnasiums, Cycling Tracks, Sports, representation is a must in JRBO and cross-check additional information Children’s Play Areas, Water Sports, Water Jet Landing/ Ports, Amphitheatres, Art Galleries, etc. Connecting the river to nearby water sources/ Jal Vidya Mandir water harvesting structures Apart from government representatives and Development of walkways, bathing ghats, Crematorium usage and economically beneficial institutional experts, local people and stakeholders crematoriums and other civic amenities along riparian activities. river / drains/ lakes should be well represented in the JRBO. River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Implementation Challenge: • RUDSICO, GoR De-aligned Interests Coordination • PWD, GoR The major implementation • WRD, GoR • GWD, PHED, GoR challenge of River Basin Plans is the • Rajasthan State Industrial & divergence of interests and outlook Politicians, Bureaucrats Investment Corporation Ltd. of different actors and the short • Dept. of Agriculture, GoR and variable residence time of the & Technocrats • Directorate of Horticulture, GoR • The World Bank Group agents of implementation. How can • Japan International Cooperation • Rural Development & Panchayati this problem be overcome? Approach Agency Raj Department, GoR International • Asian Development Bank • Forest Department, GoR River Basin Management as an • Internation Fund for Agriculture • Tourism Development Corporation, Embedded Cyclic Process Groups & Development (IFAD) Legal Businesses • Agency Francaise De GoR Development (AFD) • Dept. of Environment, GoR • KfW (German agency) • Dept. of Finance, GoR Ministry of Finance MoHUA Academicians & • New Development Bank Researchers • Dept. of Industries, GoR

• cGanga Central • IIT Jodhpur Government • MBM Engineering State CSO, Activists Maharaja Gaj Singh College Jodhpur & (Founder of Jal Bhagirathi Government Faith Leaders Foundation) Ministry of Ministry of Jal Shakti Tourism (NMCG, CWC, CGWB, NWM, NWDA and NIH) RSPCB

MoEF&CC TPD DLSGUD (CPCB, FRI, WII ) & GoR

RHB District Administration Consultants, Executing Contractors & Agencies Vendors Jodhpur Development District Collector Authority Commissioner Urban Local Common Media (Print, Mayor Bodies Person Broadcast, Jodhpur Municipal Figure 11: Stakeholders for the Internet etc.) Corporation restoration and conservation of Jojari river 35 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

to effectively make the plan sound and is now indirectly linked to the distant easily implementable, such as (1) the actual Sutlej river, which further enhances its Expenditure Revenue natural form and local topography of the importance and potentially transforms it on Generating river below Araba; into a perennial clean-water river. This vision Interventions Functions (2) a complete survey of the units present document outlines the basic framework for in the industrial area so that their present revitalizing the river as an important low- Actual Government condition can be estimated (accurate order perennial stream and its conservation Scenario Funding knowledge of potential water use and at the focus of Jodhpur’s water resources. quantity of effluent generated per unit); (3) The problems of rising groundwater table, estimation of the exact amount of water surface water and groundwater pollution, supply and sewage generated, its collection water-logging in agricultural areas, and treatment; (4) the amount of sewage unchecked monsoon runoff, water-related Major Revenue flowing into rainwater drains and other tourism and recreational bottlenecks, Interventions Generating open drains which discharge into the Jojari and regional ecological constraints can Functions 1. Groundwater abstraction without any treatment; (5) capacity of water all be overcome by the holistic revival 2. Restoration of Water 1. Water Supply harvesting reservoirs water harvesting; of the river proposed herein. In keeping Harvesting Structures 2. Treated Water Supply 3. Water Treatment 3. Waste to Energy (6) the state of fauna and flora in the river with the aspirations of the people of 4. Sewage Treatment 4. Recreational Activities Jojari and its surrounding area; (7) Correct Jodhpur, cGanga remains committed to 5. Solid Waste Management 5. Commercial Activities on 6. Wetlands River Banks estimate of gauge-discharge relationship help and advice local organisations and 7. Catchment Improvement 6. Tourism at suitable measuring sites in Jojari river; (8) development agencies in to further develop 8. River Works 7. Real Estate Development/ 9. Buffer Storage Reservoirs (Escalation in Land Cost) Compilation and study of historical changes and implement the proposed revival and related to water sources of Jojari river and conservation plan of Jojari river. Jodhpur; (9) Rigorous scientific review of causes of rising groundwater of Jodhpur. References 1. CAZRI , Desert Environment Newsletter, Conclusion Volume 18 (2), 2016 River Jojari is a relatively small and 2. cGanga & NMCG, River Restoration and inherently ephemeral river of India, lying Conservation Manual, December 2019 mostly in the state of Rajasthan. But its 3. CGWB, Rising Water Level Problems in social, ecological and economic importance Jodhpur City Area, Rajasthan, June 2015 is on account of its strategic geographic 4. India Water Portal Hindi, Saraswati : The location in the desert region of Rajasthan Last River of the (Accessed River Jojari is now indirectly linked to and its life-giving historical value in and on April 08, 2020) around Jodhpur – enhanced by the water- 5. NIH, Study on Rising Groundwater the distant Sutlej river, which enhances its harvesting schemes in the Jojari catchment Table in Jodhpur City, and to Evolve a that underpinned the development of Management Plan for Containing the importance and potentially transforms it into a Jodhpur city and agricultural activity over Rising Trend, May 2011 perennial river. the past centuries. Though the river had 6. Singh A. P., Status Report on CETPs, degraded in recent decades due to adverse STPs and Industrial Pollution in Jojari anthropogenic factors and mismanagement River, A Report Submitted to the of the local water resources, River Jojari Honorable NGT, May 2018.

Jojari Revival and Protection 37 River Focused - Integrated and Composite Water Resources Management

Jojari Revival and Protection 39 cGanga Centre for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies