MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL Local Air Quality Management Updating and Screening Assessment 2009
MAY 2009
This Report was completed by Bureau Veritas on the basis of a defined programme of work and terms and conditions agreed with Maldon District Council. Bureau Veritas confirms that in preparing this Report it has exercised all reasonable skill and care taking into account the project objectives, the agreed scope of works, prevailing site conditions and the degree of manpower and resources allocated to the project. Bureau Veritas accepts no responsibility to any parties whatsoever, following the issue of the Report, for any matters arising outside the agreed scope of the works. This Report is issued in confidence to the Maldon District Council and Bureau Veritas has no responsibility to any third parties to whom this Report may be circulated, in part or in full, and any such parties rely on the contents of the report solely at their own risk. Unless specifically assigned or transferred within the terms of the agreement, the consultant asserts and retains all Copyright, and other Intellectual Property Rights, in and over the Report and its contents. Any questions or matters arising from this Report should be addressed in the first instance to Maldon District Council.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... i LIST OF TABLES ...... iii Executive Summary...... 4 1 Introduction ...... 5 1.1 Description of Local Authority Area...... 5 1.2 Purpose of Report...... 5 1.3 Air Quality Objectives...... 6 1.4 Local Air Quality Management...... 7 1.5 Summary of Review and Assessment Undertaken by Maldon District Council...... 8 2 Updating and Screening Assessment Methodology...... 9 2.1 Input Data...... 11 2.1.1 Traffic Data...... 11 2.1.2 Background Concentrations...... 11 3 New Monitoring Data ...... 12 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 12 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 12 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 13 3.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with AQ Objectives ...... 14 3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide...... 14 4 Road Traffic Sources...... 15 4.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb...... 15 4.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic ...... 15 4.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or Heavy Goods Vehicles ...... 16 4.4 Junctions ...... 16 4.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment.....16 4.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic ...... 16 4.7 Bus and Coach Stations ...... 16 5 Other Transport Sources ...... 17 5.1 Airports 17 5.2 Railways (Diesel and Steam Trains)...... 17 5.2.1 Stationary Trains ...... 17 5.2.2 Moving Trains...... 17 5.3 Ports (Shipping) ...... 17 6 Industrial Sources...... 18 6.1 Industrial Installations...... 18 6.1.1 New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out...18 6.1.2 Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been Introduced ...... 18 6.1.3 New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment ...... 18
6.2 Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots ...... 19 6.3 Petrol Stations...... 19 6.4 Poultry Farms...... 19 7 Commercial and Domestic Sources...... 20 7.1 Biomass Combustion ...... 20 7.1.1 Biomass Combustion - Individual Installations ...... 20
7.1.2 Biomass Combustion – Combined Impacts (PM10 Emissions)...... 20 7.2 Domestic Solid-fuel Burning (Sulphur Dioxide Emissions) ...... 20 8 Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources ...... 21 9 Conclusions and Proposed Actions ...... 22 9.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data...... 22 9.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources ...... 22 9.2.1 Road Sources ...... 22 9.2.2 Other Sources ...... 22 9.3 Proposed Actions...... 22 10 References...... 23 APPENDICES ...... 24 Appendix 1 - Traffic Data ...... 24 Appendix 2 - Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tube Results 2008...... 27 Appendix 3 - DMRB Air Quality Assessment Inputs ...... 28 Appendix 4 - DMRB Air Quality Assessment Results...... 29 Appendix 5 - List of Industrial Processes...... 30
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1– Air Quality Objectives Included in the Air Quality Regulations for the Purpose of Local Air Quality Management ...... 7 Table 2 – Summary of Emission Sources and Relevant Pollutants to be Considered as Part of the Updating and Screening Assessment ...... 10 Table 3 – Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 13 Table 4 – Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes (µg/m3) ...... 14
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 – Air Quality Monitoring Locations in Maldon, 2008 ...... 12
MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Executive Summary Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 places a statutory duty on local authorities to review and assess the air quality within their area and take account of Government Guidance when undertaking such work. The Updating and Screening Assessment provides an update with respect to air quality issues within the District. There have been a number of changes since the last (third) round of review and assessments which have been taken into account in this assessment; including revised Local Air Quality Management Guidance, modelled background concentration maps, updated NOX:NO2 conversion calculator, updated future year calculation tools and updates on specific sources (rail, poultry farms, biomass). The Updating and Screening Assessment has included consideration of new monitoring data and emissions sources, in addition to any significant changes to existing emission sources identified in the previous rounds. The Updating and Screening Assessment considers the seven priority health based air quality objectives as laid down in Regulations and assesses the likelihood that the air quality objectives will be met by their target dates. If the air quality objectives are unlikely to be met, a detailed assessment will be required. The Updating and Screening Assessment concludes that no Detailed Assessment is required for the seven priority objectives of benzene, 1, 3-butadiene, carbon monoxide, lead, sulphur dioxide, particles and nitrogen dioxide. The Updating and Screening Assessment has identified one new industrial process, an animal carcass incineration process operated by P.J. Shramm that has the potential for a significant emissions release with respect to the air quality objectives. At present, the Council does not have sufficient data to complete an assessment of the process but stack emissions monitoring is awaited as part of the sites permit conditions. The Council will report on any air quality impacts as part of the next progress report submission when sufficient information has been obtained from the operator. Proposed actions arising from the USA are as follows: Proceed to an Annual Progress Report in 2010 to assess new monitoring data, developments and industrial sources; Complete a screening assessment for the P.J. Shramm animal carcass incineration process once sufficient emissions data is available to do so; Continue diffusion tube monitoring in order to identify future changes in pollutant concentrations in Maldon.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Description of Local Authority Area Maldon District Council is predominantly rural in character with over 70 miles of coastline, located on the East Coast, approximately 60 miles from London The area encompasses the Dengie Peninsula and an area to the north of the Blackwater Peninsula over 36,000 hectares. The main towns are Maldon, Heybridge, Southminster, Burnham on Crouch and the District has a population of 62,400 (ONS, 2008).
1.2 Purpose of Report This report fulfils the requirements of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) process as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995); the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007; and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents. The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where exceedences are considered likely, the local authority must then declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. Bureau Veritas has been commissioned by Maldon District Council to undertake the Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) 2009, as part of the fourth round of LAQM Review and Assessment. The following information has been considered within this assessment: Relevant legislative background Maldon District Council Review and Assessment of air quality under the LAQM regime Traffic data provided by Essex County Council; For the purposes of the USA, the Highways Agency’s DMRB1 air quality model has been used to assess traffic data Industrial, domestic and other non-traffic related source data provided by Maldon District Council Monitoring data for 2008 provided by Maldon District Council Defra maps of modelled background concentrations Technical guidance and tools provided by Defra2 This report sets out the relevant air quality legislation for air quality, provides a review of LAQM within the administrative area, assesses the air quality for all relevant sources and then summarises the findings of the assessment and potential need for further detailed assessment work.
1 Highways Agency’s Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Volume 11, Section 3, Part 1 Air Quality, May 2007, and accompanying spreadsheet DMRB Screening Method V1,03.xls. July 2007 2 Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09). February 2009. Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland
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1.3 Air Quality Objectives The significance of existing and future pollutant levels are assessed in relation to the national air quality standards and objectives, established by Government. The revised Air Quality Strategy (AQS)3 for the UK (released in July 2007) provides the over-arching strategic framework for air quality in the UK and contains national air quality standards and objectives established by the UK Government and devolved administrations to protect human health. The air quality objectives incorporated in the AQS and the UK Legislation are derived from the Limit Values prescribed in the EU Directives transposed into national legislation by member states. The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme was initiated in the late 1990s to draw together previous directives into a single EU Directive on air quality. The Directive 2008/50/EC4 introduces new obligatory standards for PM2.5 for Government but places no statutory duty on local Government to work towards achievement. The Air Quality Standards (England) Regulations 20075 came into force on 15th February 2007 in order to align and bring together in one statutory instrument the Governments obligations to fulfil the requirements of the CAFE Directive. The objectives for ten pollutants (benzene, 1,3-butadiene, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) particulates (PM10 and PM2.5) ozone and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH’s)) have been prescribed within the Air Quality Strategy3 based on The Air Quality Standards (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002. This assessment focuses on those pollutants included in Air Quality (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2002 for the purpose of LAQM, in respect of pollutant sources affecting air quality within the Council’s administrative area. The objectives set out in the AQS for these pollutants are presented in the table below. The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations have also set new national air quality objectives for PM2.5. These objectives have not been incorporated into LAQM Regulations, and authorities have no statutory obligation to review and assess air quality against them, therefore PM2.5 has been excluded within the scope of this report. The locations where the AQS objectives apply are defined in the AQS as locations outside buildings or other natural or man-made structures above or below ground where members of the public are regularly present and might reasonably be expected to be exposed [to pollutant concentrations] over the relevant averaging period of the AQS objective. Typically these include residential properties and schools/care homes for longer period (i.e. annual mean) pollutant objectives and high streets for short-term (i.e. 1-hour) pollutant objectives.
3 The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2007), Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland 4 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe 5 The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007, Statutory Instrument No 64, The Stationary Office Limited
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Table 1– Air Quality Objectives Included in the Air Quality Regulations for the Purpose of Local Air Quality Management Date to be Concentration Achieved Pollutant Objective Measured As By and Maintained Thereafter
Benzene 3 running annual 16.25 μg/m 31.12.2003 All authorities mean
Authorities in England and Wales 5.00 μg/m3 annual mean 31.12.2010 only 1,3 Butadiene 3 running annual 2.25 μg/m 31.12.2003 All authorities mean Carbon monoxide maximum daily Authorities in 3 10.0 μg/m running 8-hour 31.12.2003 England, Wales and mean Northern Ireland only 0.5 μg/m3 annual mean 31.12.2004 Lead All authorities 0.25 μg/m3 annual mean 31.12.2008 200 µg/m3, not to be exceeded a hourly mean 31.12.2005 NO2 more than 18 times a year All authorities 40 µg/m3 annual mean 31.12.2005 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded Particles (PM ) 24 hour mean 31.12.2004 10 more than 35 times a year (gravimetric) b All authorities 40 µg/m3 annual mean 31.12.2004 350 μg/m3 not to be exceeded 1 hour mean 31.12.2004 more than 24 times a year SO 125 μg/m3 not to be exceeded 2 24 hour mean 31.12.2004 All authorities more than 3 times a year 266 μg/m3 not to be exceeded 15 minute mean 31.12.2005 more than 35 times a year a EU Limit values in respect of NO2 to be achieved by 1st January 2010. There are, in addition, separate EU limit values for carbon monoxide, SO2, lead and PM10, to be achieved by 2005, and benzene by 2010. b Measured using the European gravimetric transfer sampler or equivalent.
1.4 Local Air Quality Management As established by the Environment Act 1995 Part IV, all local authorities in the UK are under a statutory duty to undertake an air quality assessment within their area and determine whether they are likely to meet the air quality objectives set down by Government for a number of pollutants. The process of review and assessment of air quality undertaken by local authorities is set out under the LAQM regime and involves a phased three yearly assessment of local air quality. Where the results of the review and assessment process highlight that problems in the attainment of health-based objectives for air quality will arise, the authority is required to declare an AQMA – a geographic area defined by high levels of pollution and exceedences of AQS objectives.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
The LAQM regime was first set down in the 1997 National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS)6 and introduced the idea of local authority ‘Review and Assessment’. The Government subsequently published policy and technical guidance related to the review and assessment processes in 1998. This guidance has since been reviewed and the latest documents include Policy Guidance (LAQM.PG (09))7 and Technical Guidance (LAQM.TG (09))8. The guidance lays down a progressive, but continuous, framework for the local authorities to carry out their statutory duties to monitor, assess and review air quality in their area and produce action plans to meet the air quality objectives. Defra and the Devolved Administrations released the latest Policy and Technical Guidance in February 2009, in anticipation of the fourth round of review and assessment. The fourth round begins with this USA, required to be completed by local authorities by the end of April 2009, and builds upon the Council’s previous work in the first three rounds.
1.5 Summary of Review and Assessment Undertaken by Maldon District Council Maldon District Council carried out their first round review and assessment of air quality between 1999 and 2000. The first round assessments concluded that air quality objectives for all pollutants would be achieved by their target date, and that no AQMA’s would be necessary at that time. The second round of review and assessment, the USA, was undertaken from 2003 to 2005 and provided an update with respect to seven LAQM pollutants within the district of Maldon. The USA concluded that objectives would be met by their target dates with no exceedences; however, it was recommended that the diffusion tube monitoring programme be expanded to include receptors close to busy road junctions in order to confirm the findings of the USA with respect to NO2. The 2005 Progress Report (Maldon, 2005) concluded that Maldon Council was continuing to meet the air quality objectives and that detailed assessments were not necessary. The 2006 USA revised the previous results and again found there was no risk of exceedence of air quality objectives within the Maldon District, and therefore concluded that a Detailed Assessment was not required. In 2007 Maldon District Council undertook a short term monitoring study at Beckingham Business Park to check for exceedences of NO2 resulting from transport activity at the site. NO2 diffusion tubes deployed at the site illustrate concentrations well below the annual mean objective, therefore continued monitoring was considered unnecessary and diffusion tubes were removed at the end of the 2007 financial year. This was followed by the 2008 Progress Report, which again concluded that there was no risk of exceeding air quality objectives by the relevant target dates, and that there was no requirement for any detailed assessments.
6 DoE, 1997, ‘The United Kingdom National Air Quality Strategy’, The Stationary Office 7 Policy Guidance LAQM.PG(09) (2009), Part IV of the Environment Act 1995, Local Air Quality Management, Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland, The Stationery Office 8 Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09) (2009), Part IV of the Environment Act 1995, Local Air Quality Management, Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland, The Stationery Office
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
2 Updating and Screening Assessment Methodology The USA is intended to identify any significant changes that may have occurred since the previous rounds of Review and Assessment were completed. This includes new monitoring data, new or changed emissions sources (either locally or in neighbouring authorities), or any other local changes that might affect air quality e.g. new relevant exposure. The assessment builds on the previous Review and Assessment work undertaken by local authorities.
The USA involves a checklist approach that considers all significant emissions sources relevant to the Air Quality Objectives. The checklists are broadly the same as in the previous rounds, but have been re-ordered so that they follow a source-by-source rather than pollutant-by-pollutant approach. This is to reduce repetition within the screening process for those local authorities that do not have all the listed sources within their area. These can more easily be discounted at an early stage.
A summary of the emission source categories for the USA checklists is provided below. The detailed checklists for each source type are then set out in the following sections, as per the methodology provided in Chapter 5 of the Technical Guidance LAQM.TG (09).
The air quality assessment for road traffic emissions sources has been undertaken using the 1 Highways Agency’s DMRB air quality model. NO2 concentrations have been calculated based on the updated NOX:NO2 conversion method provided on behalf of Defra as part of the LAQM.TG(09) tools.
For other sources, the checklist approach to screening and relevant LAQM.TG(09) nomograms have been utilised.
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Table 2– Summary of Emission Sources and Relevant Pollutants to be Considered as Part of the Updating and Screening Assessment Reference No. Emission Sources to be Assessed Relevant Pollutants A. Road Transport Sources Narrow congested streets with residential A.1 NO properties close to the kerb 2 Busy streets where people may spend 1-hour A.2 NO or more close to traffic 2 Roads with a high flow of buses and/or A.3 NO , PM HGVs. 2 10
A.4 Junctions NO2, PM10 New roads constructed since the last round of A.5 NO , PM review and assessment 2 10 Roads/junctions identified as being close to A.6 the objective during the previous round of NO2, PM10 review and assessment
A.7 Roads with significantly changed traffic flows NO2, PM10
A.8 Bus and coach stations NO2
B: Other Transport Sources
B.1 Airports NO2
B.2 Railway (diesel and steam trains) SO2, NO2
B.3 Ports (shipping) SO2
C: Industrial Sources Industrial processes (new processes and Benzene, 1,3-butadiene, C.1 those with significantly increased emissions) lead, NO2, SO2, PM10 C.2 Major petrol storage depots Benzene
C.3 Petrol Stations Benzene
C.4 Poultry farms PM10
D: Commercial and Domestic Sources
D.1 Biomass combustion NO2, PM10
D.2 Domestic solid-fuel burning SO2
E: Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources Quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal mining, E.1 waste transfer sites, materials handling (i.e. PM10 ports, major construction sites)
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
2.1 Input Data
2.1.1 Traffic Data Essex County Council provided the annual average daily traffic flows (AADT), number of heavy duty vehicles (HDV) and speed data used in this assessment, including relevant projection factors to the baseline year 2008. Where speed data was not available, speeds have been based on speed limits, modified according to local conditions to take account of congestion and stop/start vehicle movements at junctions. Speeds were reduced at busy junctions to 20 kph to reflect the higher emissions of queuing traffic in accordance with LAQM.TG (09). Appendix 1 contains the tabular summary of traffic data provided by Essex County Council and / or Department for Transport (DfT) traffic data statistics. Where speed or %HDV was not available then the corresponding entry has been left blank. Essex County Council provided all available %HDV data for the roads in the district of Maldon. Where the DMRB air quality model is required and no %HDV data was available for the qualifying roads, an average %HDV value has been calculated for urban and rural roads by Bureau Veritas from the data available for Maldon. This approach and the corresponding %HDV values have been agreed with Essex County Council.
2.1.2 Background Concentrations
The DMRB air quality model calculates the pollutant concentrations at specified receptor locations based on road traffic emissions and background pollutant concentrations. The background concentrations can be obtained either from appropriate monitoring stations or from Defra maps of modelled background pollutant concentrations. These maps are available at a resolution of 1x1 km for the entire UK. Maps are provided for future years’ background pollutant concentrations. The maps can be obtained from the UK Air Quality Information Archive9. The maps have been updated from the previous round of review and assessment as part of the LAQM.TG (09) tools released in February 2009. Background concentrations used in the DMRB air quality model runs are shown in Appendix 3.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
3 New Monitoring Data Section 3 reviews and assesses all new monitoring data in order to determine whether the air quality objectives are at risk of exceedence.
3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken A map displaying the location of all air quality monitoring conducted in Maldon in 2008 can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1 – Air Quality Monitoring Locations in Maldon, 2008
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites Maldon District Council does not currently operate any continuous air quality monitoring sites within the District. 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Details of the non-automatic monitoring undertaken in the district are shown below.
Table 3– Details of Non- Automatic Monitoring Sites
Relevant Distance To Exposure? Kerb Of (Y/N with Site Pollutant In Nearest Location X Y distance No. Monitored AQMA? Road (m) (m) to (N/A if not relevant applicable) exposure)
MAL 1 Chelmsford Rd (A414) 580645 204820 NO2 No Y - 15.9 10.7
MAL 2 Wycke Hill, Maldon 583930 205745 NO2 No Y - 0 19.1
Heybridge Approach, MAL 3 584763 208107 NO2 No Y - 17.9 3.7 Maldon Heybridge Street/ MAL 4 585465 208071 NO2 No Y - 20.1 1.3 Causeway Colchester Rd/ MAL 5 585906 208123 NO2 No Y - 15.6 3.9 Heybridge St Market Hill/ MAL 6 585072 207080 NO2 No Y - 0 2.1 High St Wantz Rd/ MAL 7 585307 206943 NO2 No Y - 1.9 1.6 High St Latchingdon Rd/ MAL 8 588575 200492 NO2 No Y - 11.6 0.4 Burnham Rd
MAL 9 The Roothings 585636 208297 NO2 No Y - 7.6 23.4
Maldon District Council undertook monitoring at 9 NO2 diffusion tubes sites in 2008. The diffusion tubes are supplied and analysed by Bureau Veritas utilising the 10% Triethanolamine (TEA) in water preparation method. With regard to the application of a bias adjustment factor for the diffusion tubes, the LAQM.TG (09) and Review and Assessment Helpdesk recommends the use of a local bias adjustment factor where available and relevant to diffusion tube sites. Maldon District Council does not operate any continuous NO2 monitoring sites in the city and therefore a local bias adjustment factor cannot be calculated. In the absence of a local bias correction factor, the default bias correction factor for Bureau Veritas analysis using the 10% TEA in water method has been used. This factor, calculated as 0.83 for 2008 based on 13 studies has been obtained from the University of the West of England (UWE) website9.
9 http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aqm/review/R&Asupport/
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
3.2 Comparison of Monitoring Results with Air Quality Objectives 3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide
3.2.1.1 Diffusion Tube Monitoring Data
The NO2 diffusion tube data are summarised in the Table 4. The full dataset (monthly mean values) are included in Appendix 2. The 2008 diffusion tube results indicate that there are no exceedences of the annual mean AQS objective for NO2 in Maldon.
With respect to the hourly NO2 objective, there are no diffusion tubes sites with annual mean NO2 concentrations in excess of 60μg/m3 in Maldon and therefore it is unlikely that there will be any exceedences of the hourly NO2 objective. Table 4– Results of Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tubes (µg/m3)
Annual Mean Concentrations (μg/m3) Data Adjusted for Bias Within Capture Location Site ID AQMA? 2008 2006 2007 2008 % (Bias Factor: (Bias (Bias 0.87) Factor: 0.90) Factor: 0.83)
MAL 1 Chelmsford Rd (A414) N 100 34.2 33.5 31.1
MAL 2 Wycke Hill, Maldon N 100 33.9 35.2 32.6
Heybridge Approach, MAL 3 N 100 31.2 32.3 34.4 Maldon Heybridge Street/ MAL 4 N 100 32.7 34.5 30.9 Causeway Colchester Rd/ MAL 5 N 100 29.1 30.5 29.7 Heybridge St Market Hill/ MAL 6 N 91.7 28.3 35.3 35.1 High St Wantz Rd/ MAL 7 N 100 33.1 32.3 34.8 High St Latchingdon Rd/ MAL 8 N 100 35.4 31.9 28.2 Burnham Rd
MAL 9 The Roothings N 91.7 24.5 23.7 22.6
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
4 Road Traffic Sources The air quality assessment for road traffic emissions sources has been undertaken using the Highways Agency’s DMRB1 air quality model. The DMRB inputs and results are shown in Appendices 3 - 4. 4.1 Narrow Congested Streets with Residential Properties Close to the Kerb The criteria for assessment has changed since the previous round of Review and Assessment, this source has been reassessed. The criteria are listed below: Daily traffic flow (AADT) should be around 5,000 vehicles/day or more. A congested street will be one with slow moving traffic that is frequently stopping and starting due to pedestrian crossings, parked vehicles etc throughout much of the day (not just during rush hours). The average speed is likely to be less than about 25 kph (15 mph). A narrow street will be one with residential properties within 2 m of the kerb, and buildings on both sides of the road (the buildings on the other side of the road can be further from the road than 2 m).
Maldon District Council have identified Maldon High Street as a congested street with a flow above 5,000 vehicles per day and residential properties close to the kerb. DMRB air quality modelling of this street has been undertaken. Results suggest that NO2 and PM10 concentrations at nearby receptors are well below the AQS objectives for these pollutants. NO2 diffusion tube monitoring on Maldon High Street also confirms compliance with the annual mean objective.
4.2 Busy Streets Where People May Spend 1-hour or More Close to Traffic
Maldon District Council have identified three streets where individuals may spend 1-hour or more within 5 m of the kerb of a busy street (>10,000 AADT). The three streets assessed are: Maldon High Street, Maldon The Causeway, Heybridge B1018 The Street Latchingdon Maldon District Council has assessed new/newly identified busy streets where people may spend 1- hour or more close to traffic, that were not assessed in previous rounds of Review and Assessment, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
4.3 Roads with a High Flow of Buses and/or Heavy Goods Vehicles Traffic data assessed for the USA show no roads with high flows of buses and heavy goods vehicles >20%.
Essex County Council provided all available HDV data for Maldon although data was unavailable for a number of roads in the district. As such, Maldon District Council has not been able to fully complete this section of the assessment. It is recommended that Maldon District Council obtains additional HDV data for the roads in their local authority area for future assessments.
4.4 Junctions
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified busy junctions/busy roads.
4.5 New Roads Constructed or Proposed Since the Last Round of Review and Assessment
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no new/proposed roads.
4.6 Roads with Significantly Changed Traffic Traffic data assessed for the USA show no roads with significantly changed traffic flows of more than 25%.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no new/newly identified roads with significantly changed traffic flows.
4.7 Bus and Coach Stations
The assessment considers both NO2 and PM10 emissions at bus stations that are not enclosed with >2500 movements per day. There are no bus stations in Maldon which fulfil these criteria.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no relevant bus stations in their Local Authority area.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
5 Other Transport Sources
5.1 Airports
The assessment for airports considers NO2. If there are no airports in the Local Authority area, there is no need to proceed further with this part.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no airports in their Local Authority area.
5.2 Railways (Diesel and Steam Trains)
The assessment for stationary trains considers SO2 emissions, while the assessment for moving diesel trains considers NO2 emissions. If there are no railways carrying diesel or steam trains in the Local Authority area, there is no need to proceed further with this part.
5.2.1 Stationary Trains
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no locations where diesel or steam trains are regularly stationary for periods of 15 minutes or more, with potential for relevant exposure within 15 m.
5.2.2 Moving Trains
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no locations with a large number of movements of diesel locomotives, and potential long-term relevant exposure within 30 m.
5.3 Ports (Shipping)
The assessment for shipping considers SO2 emissions at busy ports with 5,000 and 15,000 movements per year and relevant exposure within 250 m. If there are no ports or shipping, there is no need to proceed further with this part.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no ports or shipping that meet the specified criteria within their Local Authority area.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
6 Industrial Sources
6.1 Industrial Installations The assessment of industrial installations considers all of the regulated pollutants, although those most at risk of requiring further work are SO2, NO2, PM10 and benzene. A list of industrial processes in the district is provided in Appendix 5.
6.1.1 New or Proposed Installations for which an Air Quality Assessment has been Carried Out
There are no new permitted processes for which an Air Quality Assessment has been carried out in Maldon since the previous USA in 2006.
Maldon District Council has assessed new/proposed industrial installations, and concluded that it will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment.
6.1.2 Existing Installations where Emissions have Increased Substantially or New Relevant Exposure has been Introduced
Maldon District Council has identified one modified process, Dengie Crops vegetable matter drying, which has changed its energy source from recovered fuel oil to coal. Stack emissions monitoring data has been provided for the Dengie Crops drying process. Results of the stack emissions monitoring suggest that emissions of NOX, PM10, CO and SO2 are all below the emissions limit values for each pollutant. Monitoring of coal fired dryers suggest that the coal fired dryers produce lower emissions of SO2 than the recovered fuel oil dryers do. The dryers are seasonal and as such operate only for a few months each year. It is therefore concluded that this process will not require a Detailed Assessment for any AQS objective pollutant.
6.1.3 New or Significantly Changed Installations with No Previous Air Quality Assessment
There are eight new Part B processes permitted by Maldon Borough Council since the last round of review and assessment. These include an animal carcass incinerator and three dry cleaners. There are no significant emission releases from the dry cleaning processes relevant to the AQS objectives, but the animal carcass incinerator, operated by P.J. Shramm, does represent a potentially significant source with respect to the air quality objectives. At present, no emission data is available to screen this process. Maldon District Council confirms this process will be reviewed on receipt of suitable data and reported in the next Progress Report. It will not be necessary to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for this process at this time.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
6.2 Major Fuel (Petrol) Storage Depots The assessment considers benzene, with respect to the 2010 objective.
There are no major fuel (petrol) storage depots within their Local Authority area.
6.3 Petrol Stations The assessment considers benzene, with respect to the 2010 objective. Large petrol stations, where annual throughput is more than 2000 m3 of petrol (2 million litres per annum), and with a busy road nearby of >30000 annual average daily traffic flows, require consideration with respect to relevant exposure where within 10m of the pumps. All petrol stations have been screened and none meet the above criteria.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no petrol stations meeting these specified criteria.
6.4 Poultry Farms Farms housing in excess of: 400,000 birds if mechanically ventilated, 200,000 birds if naturally ventilated, and 100,000 birds for any turkey unit, require consideration in this assessment, to establish whether there is relevant exposure within 100 m of the poultry units. The assessment needs to consider only PM10.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no poultry farms in their local authority area meeting the specified criteria.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
7 Commercial and Domestic Sources
7.1 Biomass Combustion 7.1.1 Biomass Combustion - Individual Installations
The assessment considers both PM10 and NO2 objectives.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no individual biomass combustion processes in their Local Authority area which require assessment.
7.1.2 Biomass Combustion – Combined Impacts (PM10 Emissions)
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no biomass combustion plants in their Local Authority area which meet this criteria.
7.2 Domestic Solid-fuel Burning (Sulphur Dioxide Emissions)
The assessment considers SO2 emissions (only) from significant areas of residential properties that use solid fuel to heat their houses. ‘Significant’ areas are those of about 500 x 500 m with more than 50 houses burning coal/smokeless fuel as their primary source of heating. PM10 from domestic solid fuel burning is covered under the Biomass combustion – combined impacts section above.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no areas of significant domestic solid fuel use in their local authority area.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
8 Fugitive or Uncontrolled Sources
The assessment of fugitive and uncontrolled sources considers the PM10 objectives. This included consideration to quarries, landfill sites, opencast coal mining, waste transfer sites, and materials handling (i.e. ports, major construction sites). Only locations not covered by previous rounds of review and assessment, or where there is new relevant exposure, require consideration. In the case of proposed new sources, these are only required to be considered if planning approval has been granted.
Maldon District Council confirms that there are no potential sources of fugitive particulate matter emissions in their Local Authority area.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
9 Conclusions and Proposed Actions
9.1 Conclusions from New Monitoring Data The USA review of new monitoring data, has shown that there are no exceedences of the air quality objectives in Maldon in 2008. On the basis of the 2008 monitoring data, there is no requirement to proceed to a Detailed Assessment for any pollutant.
9.2 Conclusions from Assessment of Sources This USA has reviewed new and significantly changed sources in the district, in accordance with the requirement in LAQM.TG09.
9.2.1 Road Sources Maldon Borough Council has identified three locations which require assessment using the DMRB air quality model. DMRB modelling of these roads and junctions, displayed in Appendix 3 and Appendix 4, suggests no exceedences of the AQS objectives for NO2 or PM10.
9.2.2 Other Sources There are nine new Part B processes in Maldon since the previous round of Review and Assessment. The Part B processes consist of an animal carcass incinerator, three dry cleaners, one petrol station, two concrete crushers and two small waste oil burners. These processes have been assessed and it is concluded that the P.J. Shramm animal carcass incinerator has the potential to release significant emissions with respect to the air quality objectives. Insufficient data is currently available to screen the animal carcass incinerator and so the Council will review emissions from this process in the 2010 Annual Progress Report, when the operator has made sufficient emissions data available. There is no requirement to proceed to a Detailed Assessment at this time. Maldon District Council has also identified one modified process, Dengie Crops vegetable matter drying, which has changed its energy source from recovered fuel oil to coal. Stack emissions monitoring data has been provided for the Dengie Crops drying process. Results of the stack emissions monitoring suggest that emissions of NOX, PM10, CO and SO2 are all below the emissions limit values for each pollutant. Monitoring of coal fired dryers suggest that the coal fired dryers produce lower emissions of SO2 than the recovered fuel oil dryers do. The dryers are seasonal and as such only operate a few months each year. It is therefore concluded that this process will not require a Detailed Assessment for any AQS objective pollutants.
9.3 Proposed Actions Proposed actions arising from the USA are as follows: • Proceed to an Annual Progress Report in 2010 to assess new monitoring data, developments and industrial sources; • Complete a screening assessment for the P.J. Shramm animal carcass incineration process once sufficient emissions data is available to do so; • Continue diffusion tube monitoring in order to identify future changes in pollutant concentrations in Maldon.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
10 References
• Highways Agency’s Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Volume 11, Section 3, Part 1 Air Quality, May 2007, and accompanying spreadsheet DMRB Screening Method V1,03.xls. July 2007 • Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM.TG(09). February 2009. Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland • Local Air Quality Management Policy Guidance LAQM.PG(09). February 2009. Published by Defra in partnership with the Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Department of the Environment Northern Ireland • Maldon District Council 2008 Local Air Quality Management Annual Progress Report • Maldon District Council 2006 Local Air Quality Management USA.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
APPENDICES Appendix 1 - Traffic Data
Assessed Reason Data Previously in USA Site %HDV AADT for Sou Location Speed Assessed 2009 * 2008 Assess Ref rce ? Using ment DMRB? 967 ECC A414 Maldon Bypass - - 19441 Y - - B1010 Fambridge Road S Of Baron's Lane 1118 ECC - - 10413 Y - - Mundon B1019 Hatfield Road Nw Of B1018 1498 ECC - - 9026 Y - - Langford B1018 Station Rd W Of Langford Rd 1499 ECC - - 2967 Y - - Wickham Bishops B1010 Barons Ln,W Of Old Railway 1504 ECC - - 2736 Y - - Bridge,Purleigh B1010 Maldon Road W Of Springfield Road 1508 ECC - - 7792 Y - - Burnham B1021 Church Road S Of B1010 Burnham 1509 ECC - - 12467 Y - - On Crouch 1510 ECC B1021 Cripplegate Just N Of Southminster - - 2058 Y - - B1021 Maldon Rd S Of Village Jnc 1511 ECC - - 2468 Y - - Bradwell On Sea B1018 Burnham Rd E Of Red Lyons Farm 5007 ECC - - 6463 Y - - Latchingdon B1018 Fambridge Road S Of Limebrook 5866 ECC - - 8486 Y - - Way Maldon B1026 Maldon Road Near Cobbs Farm 6208 ECC - - 4355 Y - - Goldhanger 6402 ECC B1010 Lower Burnham Road Latchingdon - - 8736 Y - - 6474 ECC B1018 The Street Latchingdon - - 14811 Y Y Meets 1-
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
hour criteria B1012 Lower Burnham Rd W Of Church Ln 6624 ECC - - 10427 Y - - Stow Maries 7099 ECC Maypole Road N Of B1018 Heybridge - - 7685 Y - - Bradwell Rd E Of Bradwell Wick Nursery 7105 ECC - - 1922 Y - - Bradwell 7147 ECC B1022 Gt Totham Rd Broad Street Green - - 7075 Y - -
7150 ECC London Road W Of Abbey Turning Maldon - - 1102 Y - - 7151 ECC Fullbridge Sw Of Station Road Maldon - - 16251 Y - - 7177 ECC Mundon Rd S Of Limebrook Way Maldon - - 4932 Y - -
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 1 (continued) - Traffic Data
Assessed Reason Data Previously in USA Site %HDV AADT for Sou Location Speed Assessed 2009 * 2008 Assess Ref rce ? Using ment DMRB? 7188 ECC On Summerhill N Of Highfield Althorne - - 3427 Y - - 7297 ECC B1018 Heybridge Approach Heybridge - - 14450 Y - - B1018 Langford Rd East Of Witham Rd 8998 ECC - - 11540 Y - - Maldon B1022 Ne Of Beckingham Road Great 9002 ECC - - 7307 Y - - Totham B1023 Kelvedon Rd Nw Of South St 9062 ECC - - 2445 Y - - Tolleshunt D'arcy
57101 Dft Maldon Road 5.6 - 15865 Y - - 77172 Dft A414 5.6 - 17622 Y - - Meets narrow congest - ECC Maldon High Street 5.6 48.3 9216 Y Y ed street criteria Meets - ECC A414 The Causeway 5.6 48.3 23251 Y Y 1-hour criteria
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 2 - Nitrogen Dioxide Diffusion Tube Results 2008
Site Bias Corrected Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Ref Annual Mean 2008
MAL 1 Chelmsford Rd (A414) 18 48 35 34 7 35 32 25 43 40 42 46 33.8 28.0 MAL 2 Wycke Hill, Maldon 36 46 37 35 50 32 45 42 42 43 52 45 42.1 34.9 Heybridge Approach, MAL 3 37 45 39 34 26 33 41 37 36 48 64 51 40.9 34.0 Maldon Heybridge MAL 4 42 51 40 48 44 24 38 36 11 43 43 47 38.9 32.3 Street/Causeway Colchester Rd/Heybridge MAL 5 44 39 48 35 33 19 34 32 27 42 46 44 36.9 30.6 St
MAL 6 Market Hill/High St 39 48 41 44 30 34 35 - 46 45 49 50 41.9 34.8 MAL 7 Wantz Rd/High St 41 75 46 43 42 25 36 31 44 44 43 50 43.3 36.0 Latchingdon Rd/Burnham MAL 8 28 68 27 31 39 20 28 28 37 39 39 42 35.5 29.5 Rd
MAL 9 The Roothings 35 32 31 22 - 15 18 - 36 30 27 39 28.5 23.7 Exceedences of the annual mean objective are highlighted in bold.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 3 - DMRB Air Quality Assessment Inputs
Distance Background Concentrations Roads Affecting to AADT % Speed Street Receptor Receptor Receptor (2008) HDV (kph) Canyon? 2008 NO2 2008 PM10 (m) Annual Mean Annual Mean (µg/m3) (µg/m3) B1018, 20 The Street B1018 5.4 14811 5.6 57.9 N 12.9 18.5 Latchingdon Maldon High Street High St 4.3 9216 5.6 48.3 Y 16.1 17.7
The Causeway A414 7.9 23251 5.6 48.3 N 16.8 18.0
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 4 - DMRB Air Quality Assessment Results
DMRB Assessment Results Detailed Receptor Roads Affecting Receptor 2008 Road 2008 NO * 2008 PM 2008 Number of Assessment 2 10 Required? NOX Annual Annual Mean Annual Mean Exceedences of 3 3 3 Mean (µg/m ) (µg/m ) (µg/m ) 24 hour PM10 B1018, 20 The Street B1018 37.5 22.7 20.6 4 No Latchingdon Maldon High Street High St 33.0 26.5 18.9 2 No
The Causeway A414 48.4 27.85 20.7 4 No
* NO2 concentrations calculated from Road NOX using the LAQM.TG (09) NOX:NO2 conversion calculator.
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 5 - List of Industrial Processes New Potentially Existing Nomogram Source Substantial Significant Detailed PG Process Screening Process Name Process Type X Y Since Change Release with Complaints? Assessment Note with New Assessment USA >30%? Respect to Required? Exposure? Required? 2006? AQOs? B G Appletons Concrete crusher 3/16 588560 213110 N N N N N N N B T Cullum Small waste oil burner 1/1 590760 214960 N N N N N N N Champion Motors Small waste oil burner 1/1 584230 206140 N N N N N N N Chris Baker Autos Small waste oil burner 1/1 594850 196410 N N N N N N N Classic Dry Cleaners Dry cleaning 6/46 585470 206850 Y N/A N/A N N N N Vegetable matter drying Dengie Crops Ltd 6/27 597890 201370 N N N N N N N process Flag Paints Paint manufacture 6/44 594370 196420 N N N N N N N Hire Plus Ltd Small waste oil burner 1/1 587760 210860 N N N N N N N Maldon Car Bodies Vehicle respraying 6/34 584840 207120 N N N N N N N Maldon Demolition Concrete crusher 3/16 585310 207480 N N N N N N N Maldon Demolition Concrete crusher 3/17 585310 207480 N N N N N N N Mayland Garage Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 591186 201437 N N N N N N N Morrisons Petrol Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 584120 205585 N N N N N N N Station N – to be Animal carcass P J Shramm 5/3 587860 200510 Y N/A N/A Y N Y assessed once incinerator data available Pace Latchingdon Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 588028 200422 N N N N N N N Protech MOT & Service Small waste oil burner 1/1 594850 196410 N N N N N N N Centre R. J. Roe & Sons Small waste oil burner 1/1 585590 197610 N N N N N N N Richard Dewick Concrete crusher 3/16 599690 205690 N N N N N N N Demolition
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Rob Thurgood Plant Concrete crusher 3/16 587760 210860 N N N N N N N Hire Shaun Baker Car Care Small waste oil burner 1/1 585220 206980 N N N N N N N Smith & Jones Small waste oil burner 1/1 584760 206870 N N N N N N N
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MALDON DISTRICT COUNCIL LAQM UPDATING AND SCREENING ASSESSMENT 2009
Appendix 5 (Continued) - List of Industrial Processes New Potentially Existing Nomogram Source Substantial Significant Detailed Process Screening Process Name Process Type PG Note X Y Since Change Release with Complaints? Assessment with New Assessment USA >30%? Respect to Required? Exposure? Required? 2006? AQOs? Southeast Vehicle respraying 6/24 588490 200570 N N N N N N N Commercials Tavern Garage Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 585310 207750 N N N N N N N Taylor Construction Small waste oil burner 1/1 585550 207780 N N N N N N N Plant Taylor Construction Small waste oil burner 1/1 585550 207780 N N N N N N N Plant Tesco Stores Ltd Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 585080 207425 N N N N N N N The Dry Cleaning Dry cleaning 6/46 594920 195910 Y N/A N/A N N N N Co Wm Morrison Dry cleaning 6/46 584150 205760 Y N/A N/A N N N N Supermarkets Plc Woodford’s Petrol vapour recovery 1/14 593675 197395 N N N N N N N Garage Wyndeham Heron Printing process 6/16 585760 208110 N N N N N N N Maldon Concrete Crusher 3/16 585310 207480 N N N N N N N Demolition Sewage Treatment Anglian Water - - N N N N N N N Works Sewage Treatment Anglian Water - - N N N N N N N Works
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