Index

2020 Strategy 36–7 Ashton, Catherine 174, 249 Asian financial crisis 327, 375 Abrams, P.K. 26 -Pacific Economic Cooperation 161, Access to Medicines movement 143 359–60 ACP countries 266 Associated African States 29 ActionAid 142 Association Agreements 49, 88, 195–7, 200, activism 3, 12, 57, 62, 70, 128, 135, 138, 141–3, 270, 273, 302–3 145, 147–8, 249, 253, 270, 286, 289, 334–9. Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5, 29, See also lobbying 82, 161, 183, 211, 249, 263, 266, 271–5, Adidas 160 328, 337, 359–61, 363 Adriaensen, Johan 3, 70 ARISE project 266 AETR case 43–6 Australia 10, 84, 94, 289, 298–9, 358, 360 Africa, Caribbean, Pacific group 4–5, 11, Austria 25–6, 127, 299, 319–20 29–30, 49, 67, 81, 140, 145, 180, 206–20, Autonomous Trade Preferences 302 252–3, 263–5, 268–71, 275, 287, 289. See Azarov, Mykola 198 also individual countries Azerbaijan 191 African Union 264, 266, 269 Azevêdo, Roberto 379 Aggarwal, V. 275 Azmeh, S. 304 aggressive legalism 334 agriculture 27, 31, 65, 111, 135, 140, 142–3, Bahrain 343 146, 152, 157, 159, 193, 286–7, 320, 334, Balassa, B. 21, 317 361, 370 Baldwin, R. 327 Aid for Trade 81, 288, 291 Bangladesh 258, 291, 309, 343, 354, 368 AIDS crisis 143 Bangladesh Sustainability Compact 285, 291 Aitken, N. 26 Barcelona Declaration 304 Albania 29 Barrientos, S. 308–9 Algeria 29, 89, 267–8, 303 barriers to trade. See trade barriers Alliance for Affordable Solar Energy 162 Barroso, José Manuel 80, 246, 248–9 Alons, Gerry 111–12 Barzel, Yoram 355 Amazon 392 Battle in Seattle 117, 138, 248, 289 Amsterdam Treaty 42, 60, 79, 86, 119 Bauer, M. 391 Andean Community 5, 29, 263, 266, 270–73, Bayoumi, T. 26 275 behind-the-border regulations 32, 58, 80, 82, ANDESTAD 266 161, 163, 298, 303 Andorra 396 Belarus 191, 194 Android 395 Belgium 8, 39, 152, 208, 299 Angola 215, 218 Benin 215 Ansip, Andrus 393 Bergstrand, J.H. 26 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement 70, 113, Better Regulation Agenda 84, 92–3 118, 123–4, 126, 128, 130 beyond the border 305 anti-dumping 27, 65, 101, 154, 158, 161–2, Bidegain, Zalba 125, 131 267, 315, 321, 324–5, 327, 339–40, 342–7, big data 386, 392 370 bilateralism 5–6, 28–30, 33–4, 37, 46, 58, 68, APIR 266 79–84, 90–91, 93, 100–101, 107, 112–13, APRIS I 266 117, 124, 126, 137, 154–5, 161, 173, 176, Arab Spring 182, 304 183, 225, 228, 232–8, 247, 249, 263–4, Argentina 90, 396 266–8, 270, 273–6, 289–90, 309, 322–3, Armenia 191 326, 328, 336, 380, 386

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Bolivia 234–5, 273 Civil Society Dialogue 60, 71, 85, 92–3, Botswana 215, 217–18, 269 138–44, 147 Brada, J.C. 26 civil society organisations 135–48 Brazil 28, 83, 89–90, 143, 180–81, 183, 249, classical economics 1, 243, 245, 316–17 264, 296, 326, 334, 336, 345 Clean Clothes Campaign 308 Bretton Woods agreements 1 Clinton, Bill 28 Brexit 7–12, 17, 33, 48, 72, 112, 258, 269 Clinton, Hillary 8, 255 BRICS countries 26, 28, 33, 249, 264, 326, 345. cloud computing 386–7, 391–2, 397 See also individual countries Coase, Ronald 355 Brittan, Leon 138, 246–8 co-decision procedure. See Ordinary Brunei 274, 343, 359–60 Legislative Procedure Bulgaria 17, 26, 267, 299, 320 Coe, N. 306 Burkina Faso 215 Cold War 173, 182 Burma. See Myanmar College of Commissioners 79, 92 Burundi 215, 269 collusive delegation 63, 65, 70, 243 Bush, George W. 28, 334 Colombia 90, 93, 101, 125–6, 228, 234, 236, 272–3, 289 Cambodia 274, 343, 354, 359 colonialism 11, 29–30, 180, 207–8, 252, 287 Cameroon 215, 217, 272 Committee of European Economic Co- Canada 8, 10, 29, 39, 70, 81, 86, 90–91, 93, operation 18 117, 126, 147, 180, 254, 289, 291, 328–9, Committee of Permanent Representatives 62, 333, 358, 360, 362–3, 367, 374, 396. See 105 also Comprehensive Economic and Trade Committee on Application of Standards Agreement 230–31 Canada-US Trade Agreement 374, 377 Committee on International Trade. See capacity building 212, 220, 232, 237–8 International Trade Committee Cape Verde 215 Common Accord 102, 109–10 capitalism 1, 66, 72, 142, 144–5, 190, 297–8 Common Agricultural Policy 26, 120, 142, car industry 124–5, 130, 253 362 CARIFORUM 232, 271, 309 Common Commercial Policy 24, 36–9, CARIS 236 41–2, 44–5, 49–53, 57, 99–101, 103, Carstensen, Martin 253 106–7, 109–10, 118, 171, 229, 315, Casas-Cortes, M. 303 319–21, 328–30. See also EU trade Catholic Agency for Overseas Development policy 142 Common Economic Space 192 Catholic Institute for International Relations common external tariff 22, 29 137 Common Fisheries Policy 143 Central African Republic 215 Common Foreign and Security Policy 49, 175, Chad 215 179 Chaisse, J. 47–8 Common Market of Eastern and Southern Cheung, Steven 355 Africa 213, 218, 266, 269 Cheysson, Claude 209 Common Security and Defence Policy 175, child labour 226, 230, 357 179 Chile 29, 84, 94, 158, 195, 263, 270, Common Transport Policy 44 359–60 Community of Latin American and Caribbean 1, 6–8, 10–11, 17, 26, 28, 32, 34, 41–2, States 270 65, 68, 82–3, 86, 89–90, 112, 162, 173, 175, Comoros 215, 217 178, 180–81, 184, 190, 192–5, 198, 249, competences 38–9, 44–5, 47–9, 53–4, 99, 102, 256–7, 263–4, 268, 274, 296, 299, 321–30, 109–10 333–4, 338–40, 343–7, 354–5, 358–60, 368, competition 1, 4, 6–7, 64–5, 67, 82, 95, 110, 397, 399 140, 152, 156, 163, 172, 178, 181, 189–90, Choukroune, Leïla 7, 9 199, 206, 210, 245–7, 257, 274, 285, 289, Christian, M. 306 305, 308, 315–30, 367–8, 375–7, 380–81, Christian Aid 137 394. See also Singapore issues Cipollina, M. 95 compradors 353–4, 357

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Comprehensive Economic and Trade democracy 10, 41, 51, 67–8, 81, 121, 177, 196, Agreement 8, 10–12, 39, 48, 70, 81, 256 109–10, 152–3, 157, 159, 163, 254, 289, Denmark 25, 299, 301, 319–21, 392 328, 333, 362–3, 367 Derbez, L.E. 372 conflict diamonds 284 DEVCO 176 Congo 216–17 developing countries 4, 7, 11–12, 31, 43, 47, consumer protection 86, 256, 387, 398 50, 62, 67, 101, 103, 143, 180–81, 206–20, Convention Against Torture 235 228, 288–9, 333, 335–7, 339, 346–7, 368, Convention on the Rights of the Child 370–71, 373–81. See also Least Developed 235 Countries; individual countries Cooper, Richards 171 development aid 62, 137, 180, 209, 239, 266, Copeland, David 190 273 Core Labour Standards 225–7, 229–30, 233, DG DEVCO 37 236, 238, 257 DG Enterprise and Industry 106 corporate social responsibility 82, 136–7, 282, DG Trade 60–61, 64, 68, 70–71, 88, 106, 108, 284–5, 292 128, 138–41, 154, 172–4, 176, 178, 200, corruption 30, 83, 356–8, 378 216, 290–91, 307 Cotonou Agreement 11, 30, 180, 183, 206, Dicaprio, A. 289 210–13, 216, 219, 228, 271, 276, 287 dictatorships 25 COTRA 106 Digital Single Market 7, 384–99 Council of Ministers 154, 174, 208 dignity 32, 67, 190 Council of the European Union 3, 61, 79–80, dispute settlement 7, 81, 90–91, 161, 234, 247, 86–8, 91, 94, 99–114, 117–19, 122–31, 155, 333–47 231–2, 273, 291, 321 Dispute Settlement Body 337–8, 344, 346 Court of Justice of the European Union 36, Investor-State Dispute Settlement 48, 54, 38, 42–6, 48–51, 53, 99, 109, 390, 396 90–91, 126–7, 256–7, 306–7 AETR case 43–6 division of labour 60, 245, 301 Kramer case 44 Djibouti 215 Open Skies case 46 Doha Round 1, 24, 28, 33, 66, 81–2, 140, 183, Rhine Navigation case 44–6 210, 226, 328, 336–7, 368, 371, 373, 379 Cremona, Marisa 41 due diligence 284 Crimea 177, 180, 182, 195 Duke University Global Value Chain Initiative Croatia 299 297 crony capitalism 376, 378 Dür, Andreas 65, 70, 158 culture 39, 49, 60, 192, 353–4, 357 customs union 11, 18–23, 57, 112, 182, 198, Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew 3 213, 264, 266, 272, 305, 361, 384 East African Community 215–19, 266, 269, Cyprus 26, 299, 321 271 Czech Republic 26, 299, 301 Eastern Partnership 182, 191, 194, 196–7 Eckhardt, Jappe 4, 7, 9, 111 Dahlsrud, A. 284 e-commerce 305, 384, 386, 394–5. See also Damro, Chad 9, 63, 68–9, 177–8 Digital Single Market data localisation 389, 391–3, 399 Economic and Monetary Union 386 data protection 128–9, 384, 389–92 Economic Assessment of the Negotiated De Gucht, Karel 60, 66, 122, 249, 251, 256, Outcome 93 289, 298, 325, 362 Economic Community for West African States De Lombaerde, Philippe 5, 209, 211, 214 266, 269, 271 De Ville, Ferdi 5, 12, 39, 62, 253–4 Economic Partnership Agreements 4–5, 11, Deardorff, A.V. 159 29–30, 49, 66, 81, 86, 145, 183, 206–7, death penalty 178, 291 213–18, 232, 252–3, 266, 272, 287, 310, Dec, P. 26 328–9 Decent Work Agenda 226–7 Ecuador 93, 272–3, 289 Deep and Comprehensive FTA 4, 182, 191, education 39, 58, 60, 192, 356–7 196–8, 200–201, 302, 304–5 Eeckhout, P. 288 deep integration 28, 264, 303 Egypt 89, 215, 267, 345

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Eichengreen, B. 26 Europe 2020 36–7 El Salvador 232, 234–5 European Citizen Initiative 127 Ellinas, A.A. 117 European Coal and Steel Community 17–18, embedded liberalism 1, 244–5, 248, 250–51, 22 254, 258, 285 European Commission 3, 5–6, 12, 27, 58–61, emerging economies 10, 17, 236, 264, 273, 335, 63–6, 68, 70–71, 99–102, 106–10, 112, 117, 399 119, 121–4, 126–7, 130–31, 137–9, 141, Emissions Trading Scheme 250 143, 153–5, 158, 161, 173–5, 184, 189, energy 22, 82, 86, 174, 201, 255 209, 213–14, 216–17, 219, 229, 231–2, 237, Entitlement Theory 286 244, 246–7, 250–57, 267, 288, 291, 297–8, Environmental Goods Agreement 32, 250 309–10, 319, 323–5, 328, 330, 386, 391–6, environmental issues 2, 29, 32, 39, 51–2, 58, 398 66–8, 71, 82–3, 86, 92–4, 124, 126–7, and EU law 36–7, 44, 48 138–40, 142, 154, 162, 174–6, 225, 228, role in trade policy 79–95 233–4, 236–7, 246–7, 250, 256–8, 284, 286, European Community of West African States 290–91, 309–11, 324, 335 218 ePrivacy Regulation 391, 395 European Consensus on Development 50, 52 Eritrea 215 European Council 58, 61, 63–4, 141, 172 Estonia 26, 299 European Court of Human Rights 45 Ethiopia 215 European Court of Justice 11, 58–61, 69, 89, EU law 36–54. See also Treaties 109, 119–20, 124, 128, 290 EU ProSun 324–5 European Cyber Security Organisation 394 EU trade policy 2–7, 24–32. See also Common European Development Fund 30, 208, 269 Commercial Policy European Economic and Social Committee assessing the impact of 91–3 60–61 business-government relations in 152–63 European Economic Area 25–6, 29, 267, 385 competitiveness 315–30 European Economic Community 17, 22–4, constructivist approaches to the study of 29–30, 171, 208, 266, 300–301, 315, 384–5 251–4 European External Action Service 4, 37, 108, and the Council of the EU 99–114. See also 172–4, 178, 231 Council of the European Union European Free Trade Association 86, 267 and the European Commission 79–95. See European Fund for Strategic Investments 47 also European Commission European Investment Bank 30 and the European Parliament 117–31. See European Neighbourhood Policy 182, 191, also European Parliament 194 fair trade policy. See fair trade European Open Science Cloud 392, 397 and foreign policy 171–85. See also foreign European Parliament 2–3, 6, 10, 12, 39–40, 58, policy 60–62, 64, 66, 71, 79–80, 86–8, 94, 101–3, future of 7–12 106, 113, 117–31, 141, 154–5, 176, 228, and global value chains 296–311 231–2, 236, 238, 246, 253, 256, 288, 291, and the interregional preference 263–76. See 333 also interregionalism European Partnership Agreements 29, 145 and law 36–54 European Political Cooperation 171 legitimacy of 12–13 European Recovery Programme 18 multidisciplinary nature of 1–2 European Security Strategy 172 objectives of 80–81 European Social Model 251 paradigms of 244–51 European Solidarity Towards Equal political science perspective 57–73 Participation of People 137 role of ideas in legitimating 243–58 European Union, historical overview 17–24. scope of 81–2 See also European Economic Community social trade 5, 224–39 Euroscepticism 8 Eurasian Customs Union 197–8 Eurozone 8–9 Eurasian Economic Union 182, 194, 197–8 Evenett, S.J. 161 Euromed agreements 29 Everything but Arms 31, 101, 123, 180–81, Euro-Mediterranean Partnership 263 207, 217–18, 229, 288

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exchange rate 318 EU-Korea 49, 81, 87–8, 94–5, 123–6, 130, exclusivity 40–47 144, 228, 253–4, 289–90, 309, 328 export barriers 181, 249 EU-Mexico 180 ex-post evaluations 93–4 EU-Moldova 305–6 EU-Morocco 53 fair trade 5–6, 246, 256, 258, 281–93, 340 EU-Singapore 7, 39, 41, 48, 60, 68–9, 89, EU Fair Trade policy 287–92 289, 361–4, 380 Fair Trade 6, 281–3, 285–90, 292 EU-Vietnam 333 fair trade 292 Tripartite Free Trade Agreement 269 Fair Trade 293 TTIP. See Transatlantic Trade and fairtrade 282–6, 290–91 Investment Partnership Faroe Islands 304, 396 free trade area 18, 23, 25, 29, 158 Farole, T. 318 Friends of the Earth 142 Farrell, H. 120 Fröbel, F. 301 Fiji 272 Füle, Stefan 198 Filadoro, Mario 5, 209, 211, 214 full employment 245 financial crisis (2008) 1, 7, 47, 72, 224, 253, 323 Finger, J.M. 371 G77 285 Finland 25–6, 299, 319–21 Gabon 216–17 Firm Interests 252 Gabriel, Sigmar 8, 256 Fischler, Franz 143 Gali, J. 26 Focus on the Global South 142 Gammage, Clair 3, 58, 100, 109, 129 Fogarty, E. 275 García, María 3, 39 Fogh-Rasmussen, Anders 255 Gaulier, G. 317 forced labour 230–31, 237 General Affairs Council 58 Ford, Lucy 66 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1, 27, Foreign Affairs Council 102, 104–5, 107–8 31–2, 49, 59, 111, 137, 145, 173, 206–7, foreign direct investment 10, 36, 41, 47–9, 60, 209–10, 212, 228, 254, 334, 336, 339–40, 79, 82, 84, 109, 302, 307, 315, 327–8, 330, 345–7, 368–70, 372, 376, 378 374–5 General Agreement on Trade in Services 27, foreign policy 2, 4–5, 8, 37, 53, 62, 66–70, 32, 336, 369–70, 375, 384 171–85, 244–6, 251, 254–6, 274–5 General Data Protection Regulation 389–92, Ukraine crisis 4, 188–202 394, 396–7 Fortress Europe 25 Generalised Scheme of Preferences 5, 30–31, four freedoms 23–5, 384–5 62, 67, 81, 83, 101, 106, 123, 180, 206–7, Fox, Liam 112 211, 216, 225, 229–32, 234, 236, 268, fracking 255 287–8, 304, 336 France 18, 22, 30, 111, 137, 148, 208, 256, 299, GSP+ 31, 62, 67, 82, 103, 176–7, 180, 225, 301, 321, 358 227, 229–32, 235–6, 238, 288, 290, 302, Frankel, J. 26 306, 309 free trade 1, 5, 29, 86–9, 243–5, 247–8, 250–55, genetically modified crops 152 257, 265, 283, 286–9, 292, 321, 329 geographic indication 69, 361–2 free trade agreements 3, 7, 9–11, 17, 25, 29, 39, Georgia 108, 191, 289, 302, 305 48–9, 54, 60, 66, 71, 79–84, 86–8, 92–5, Gereffi, G. 160, 297 101, 112, 124, 126, 177, 180, 183, 206, Germany 18, 22, 26, 30, 111, 127, 137, 148, 208, 212, 218, 225, 228, 249, 263, 266–8, 256, 299, 301, 320–21, 325, 375, 392 270, 273–4, 289, 291–2, 304, 306, 309–10, Ghana 217 327, 329–30, 335, 384, 398–9. See also Gil, S. 26 Economic Partnership Agreements Glaziev, Sergei 197 CETA. See Comprehensive Economic and Global Europe 5, 27, 82, 124, 143, 172, 232, Trade Agreement 248–9, 264, 274, 289, 298, 311, 328 Deep and Comprehensive FTA 4, 182, 191, global production networks 297 196–8, 200–201, 302, 304–5 Global Strategy 174, 183 EU-Colombia/Peru 125–6, 228, 236, 272–3, global value chains 1–2, 4, 6, 27, 32, 94, 289 159–63, 250, 282, 296–311, 315, 329

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globalisation 1–2, 7, 32, 66, 72, 121, 138, 159, 299, 326, 328–9, 333–4, 336–7, 339, 343–5, 163, 174–5, 190, 244, 246–9, 253, 256, 258, 354, 368, 371, 375, 380, 391 285, 289, 297, 300, 309, 311, 326–7, 330, Indonesia 90, 94, 180, 272, 274, 289, 328, 340, 398 343, 345, 354, 359–60, 368, 379 Google 395 Industrial Revolution 1 government procurement 26, 29, 32, 206, 246, Industry External Trade, Research and Energy 267, 336, 367–8, 371–3, 377–81. See also Committee 122 Singapore issues inflation rate 318 GRANADUA 266 Informal Technical Meeting 107 Grand Bargain 370, 378 Information Technology Agreement 336–7 Greece 25, 299, 319, 321 intellectual property rights 7, 26–7, 29, 39, Green, Duncan 145–6 41, 47, 49, 58, 82–3, 89, 94, 107, 109, Green Room 372 117, 135, 140, 143, 274, 305, 328, 330, Greenpeace 143 339, 355, 370–71. See also Trade-Related gross domestic product 9, 17, 25–6, 79, 87, 192, Intellectual Property Rights 199, 255, 322, 336, 387 interest groups 3, 63, 65, 70, 92, 111, 117, Guatamala 231–2 124–5, 130, 153–5, 159–60, 163, 189, 252 Guernsey 396 Intergovernmental Authority on Development Guinea-Bissau 215 266 Gulf Cooperation Council 29, 86 Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development 213 Häge, F.M. 108 International Bank for Reconstruction and Hall, R.L. 159 Development. See World Bank Hanson, Brian 153–4 International Cooperation for Development Havana Charter 375–6 and Solidarity 137 health care 58, 60, 143, 250, 256–8, 335 International Covenant on Civial and Political Hegel, George Hegel 136 Rights 235 Heron, Tony 4–5, 9, 11, 67, 301 International Investment Agreements 335 Hértier, A. 120 International Labour Organization 45–6, 62, high-performance computing 393, 397 67, 143–4, 224–7, 229–35, 237–9, 247, 257, Hill, Jonathan 256 291, 296 Hiscox, M.J. 156 international law 36–54, 335, 337 Hobbes, Thomas 189 International Monetary Fund 9–10, 369 Hobbs, Jill 355 international political economy 4, 63–4, 111, Hollande, François 8 153, 160, 171, 189–90 Holmes, T. 26 International Rubber Agreement 42–3 Hong Kong 84, 353, 358–9, 363 International Trade Centre 95, 317 Hopkins, T. 297 International Trade Committee 61, 89, 113, Hotung, Robert 353 122–3, 127–8, 141 Howse, Robert 137 International Trade Organization 369, 375–6 HSBC Holdings Plc 44 International Trade Rules Enforcement human rights 30, 37, 50–51, 62, 67–8, 94, 124, Regulation 90 129–30, 143, 175–7, 180, 196, 224–5, International Trade Union Confederation 236 227–9, 233, 235–6, 238, 247, 281, 284, Internet of Things 386, 391–2 288–90, 333, 335 interregionalism 5–6, 182, 207, 209–13, Humphrey, J. 160 263–76 Hungary 26, 299, 301 Investment Court System 256 Hurt, Stephen 66 Investment Plan for Europe 47 Investor-State Dispute Settlement 48, 54, Iceland 29 90–91, 126–7, 256–7, 306–7 Ilko, Ihor 66 iPhones 1–2 immigration 86, 196 Iran 174, 176–7, 179 impact assessments 3, 85, 87, 91–3 Ireland 25, 299, 319–20 India 17, 26, 28–9, 34, 50, 82–3, 86, 89–90, 94, Isle of Man 396 147, 180–81, 195, 249, 263–4, 273–4, 289, Israel 29, 267, 336, 396

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Italy 18, 208, 299, 321 Lesotho 215, 217–18, 269 Ivory Coast 215, 217 liberalisation 1, 3, 5, 7, 24, 32, 57–8, 63, 65, 68, 72, 86, 88, 95, 111, 124, 152–3, 157, 160, Jacoby, W. 248–9 163, 196, 206, 210–11, 216–17, 225, 232, Jadot, Yannick 127 245–6, 250–52, 267, 273–4, 289, 298, 300, Jančić, Davor, 70 302, 305–7, 315, 321, 335, 359 10, 17, 25, 29, 83, 86, 93, 106, 147, 180, Liberia 215 249, 274, 289, 298–9, 327–9, 334, 376–7, Lindeque, Johan 72 391 Lipsey, R.J. 18, 21 Jersey 396 Lisbon Strategy 248–9 Johansson, H. 136 Lisbon Treaty 2–3, 9, 12, 36–41, 47–51, 53, 58, joint ventures 303, 308, 354 60, 62, 64, 67, 69–70, 79, 86, 101, 103–4, Jordan 29, 267, 343 108–10, 113, 117–18, 120–22, 124, 141, July Package 373, 378–80 155, 172–3, 175, 188–9, 201, 224, 228, 265, Juncker, Jean-Claude 10, 80–81, 84, 108–9, 288, 293, 307 250, 276 List, Friedrich 243, 245, 248, 251 Lithuania 26, 299 Kalm, S. 136 Liz Claiborne 160 Kant, Immanuel 189 lobbying 4, 61, 64–5, 117, 125, 136, 139–40, Kennedy Round 27 146, 152–9, 161–3, 253, 265, 315, 325. See Kenya 215, 218, 269 also activism Keohane, R.O. 190 Lomé agreements 30, 180, 206–12, 216, 263, Kerr, William 7, 210 269, 287 Keukeleire, Stephan 181 Luns-Weserterp procedure 119 Kharkiv Accords 197 Luxembourg 17, 299 Khor, M. 372, 377 Khorana, Sangeeta 7, 380 Maastricht Treaty 79, 86, 119, 171, 175, 189, Kiang, L. 362 210, 384 Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 284 Macao 343 Klein, Benjamin 355 Machiavelli, Niccolo 189 Korzeniewicz, M. 297 Madagascar 29, 215, 217, 271 Koutrakos, Panos 50 Make Trade Fair 146 Kramer case 44 Malawi 215 Krygyz Republic 343 Malaysia 162, 272, 274, 289, 327–8, 339, 343, Kühnhardt, Ludger 5, 209, 211, 214 353–4, 359–60, 364 Kuwait 343 Malaysian Airlines MH17 195 Maldives 343 La Pergola, Antonio Mario 51 Mali 215 Labour Action Plan 236 Malmström, Cecilia 10, 70, 83, 174, 250–51, labour standards 5, 9, 31, 62, 83, 124, 126–7, 255–6, 291, 296 130, 135, 139, 143–4, 162, 175, 224–9, Malta 26, 299, 321 231–4, 236–9, 246–7, 257, 284, 288, Mandelson, Peter 66, 124, 248–9, 251, 298, 290–91, 309–11, 327, 335, 354 323–4 laissez-faire 245 Manners, Ian 67, 177–8, 252, 288 Lakatos, C. 95 manufacturing 6, 8, 25, 27–9, 31, 33, 63, 160, Lamy, Pascal 66, 121, 138, 246, 248, 251, 379 193, 301–6, 315, 327 Lange, Bernd 123, 125 Market Access Regulation 216 Lao PDR 343 Market Access Strategy 82, 89–90, 246–8 Laos 274, 359 Market Power Europe 9–10, 12, 63, 68–9, Latin America 5, 108, 181–3, 263, 270, 272 177–8, 184, 252, 386–9, 395, 399 Latvia 26, 299 Marshall Aid 18 Least Developed Countries 206–7, 210, 212, Martens, Deborah 6 216–18, 229, 286, 288–9, 379 Mateo, Gemma 70 Lebanon 29, 267 Mauritius 215, 217, 271 Lee-Makiyama, H. 391 May, Theresa 11

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McGuire, Steven 72 Niger 215 Mckenzie, Lachlan 68 Nigeria 216, 218 Meade, J.E. 18, 21 Nike 160 media 71, 146 Nilsson, Lars 3, 95 Meissner, Katherina 68, 128 non-agricultural market access 28 Members of European Parliament 12, 62, non-governmental organisations 8, 28, 62, 117–18, 120–21, 124–5, 127–30 70–71, 137, 140–43, 145, 147–8, 232, 235, Mendez, J.A. 26 252–3 mercantilism 189–90, 244–6, 248, 251 non-tariff barriers 27, 80, 82–3, 88, 90, 93–5, Mercosur 29, 86, 93, 140, 182, 211, 263, 270, 137, 139, 255, 272, 274, 286, 302, 305–6, 272, 289, 391 352, 361, 388 Meunier, Sophie 63, 66, 190, 248–9 Norman, P. 120 Mexico 29, 65, 84, 94, 158, 180, 263, 270, 289, Normative Power Europe 177–8, 184, 251–2, 334, 360, 362, 374 258 Microsoft 392 North, Douglas 355 mixity 3, 47–53, 109 North American Free Trade Agreement 8, 29, Mogherini, Federica 174 65, 158, 179, 360, 374, 377 Moldova 108, 191, 289, 302, 305–6, 308 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 192, 255 Mongolia 232, 343 Norway 25–6, 29, 334 Montreal Protocol 257 Norwegian solution/Norwegian blue 33 moral hazard 358 Nozick, R. 286 Moreira, Vital 122 Nye, J.S. 190 Morocco 29, 53, 113, 267–8, 303, 306 Most Favoured Nation 11, 31, 95, 217, 287, Obama, Barack 255–6, 360 336–7 Oehri, M. 310 Mozambique 217–18, 269 Okudo, T. 327 Multi-Fibre Agreement 24, 323, 370 Olson, Mancur 156–7 Multilateral Agreement on Investment 137–8, Oman 343 248, 374 Open Skies case 46 multilateralism 27–8, 80–84, 90–93, 101, Orbie, Jan 6, 144, 253–4 121, 154–5, 174, 176, 178, 181, 183, 185, Ordinary Legislative Procedure 100–101, 106, 210–12, 225, 232–3, 246–8, 327, 335, 338, 113, 118, 123–4 346–7, 367–8, 370 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and multinational corporations 28, 159–60, 175, Development 24, 32, 161, 237, 248–9, 285, 251, 253 296, 298, 317–18, 374 Murray-Evans, Peg 4–5, 9, 11, 67 Understanding on the Local Cost Standard Myanmar 231, 274, 328, 343, 354, 359 42 Organisation for European Economic Co- Namibia 217, 269 operation 18, 22 National Institute of Standards and organised crime 196 Technology 399 Osram 324, 326 National Treatment 87, 337, 341, 373, 375–7 Ostry, Sylvia 370 nationalism 147 Outward Processing Trade 300–303, 307–8 neoliberalism 6, 49, 66, 70, 190, 209, 254, 258, Oxfam International 135, 137, 142, 144–7, 282, 284–93 282 Nepal 343 Netherlands 30, 137, 208, 299, 301, 321 Pakistan 90, 231–2, 336, 339–40, 343, 345 network and information systems 393–4 Palestine 29 Neufeld, N. 379 Papua New Guinea 272 New International Economic Order 208–9, parallelism 37, 41, 46 283, 285, 289, 292 Pareto, V. 157 New Zealand 10, 84, 94, 289, 334, 358–60, 396 Paris Agreement 257 Nice Treaty 60, 79 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 192, Nicolaïdis, Kalypso 63, 190 196 Nielsen, J.U.-M. 321 Passos, Ricardo 124, 129

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Pekkanen, Saadia M. 334 regionalism 5, 207, 211–14, 218–19, 263–4, 347 Perdikis, Laurie 3, 224, 229, 319 Registered Exporter Scheme 268 Perdikis, Nicholas 3, 224, 229, 319 Regulatory Scrutiny Board 92 Peru 93, 101, 125–6, 195, 228, 236, 272–3, 289, Reis, J.G. 318 360 RELEX Group 184 Peterson, J. 172, 298, 305 renewable energy 32, 162 Philippines 90, 94, 272, 274, 289, 328, 343, 354, revolutionary fair trade 285–7 359 rewards 4, 176–7 Philips 324, 326 Rhine Navigation case 44–6 Pickles, J. 300–301, 307 Ricardo, David 243, 245, 316–17 plurilateralism 31–3, 70, 81, 84, 93, 100, 336–7, right to be forgotten 390 367, 377 Roederer-Rynning, C. 120 Poland 26, 299, 301 Romania 26, 267, 299, 308, 320 Polisario, Frente 53 Rome Treaty 17, 22–4, 27, 29, 33, 41, 57, political action committees 155 69, 118–19, 121, 173, 208, 384–5. See political science 3, 57–73 also Treaty on the Functioning of the politicisation 4, 8, 12–13, 18, 69–71, 99, 105, European Union 110, 113–14, 117–18, 126, 130, 137, 153, Rosamond, Ben 252 155, 161–2, 173, 175–6, 183–4, 250, 254, Rosén, Guri 3, 12 256, 258, 290, 316, 321, 376–7 Rossi, A. 308 Poroshenko, Petro 198 rule of law 30, 41, 62, 67–8, 143, 196, 256, 335, portfolio investment 47–8, 60, 89, 109, 374–5 337, 341, 356, 364 Portugal 25, 50–52, 266, 299, 319, 321 rules of origin 95, 267–9, 304–6, 360, 363 positive-sum games 189, 201 Russia 4, 8, 24, 28, 68, 83, 86, 89–90, 112, poverty 31, 50, 52, 139, 229, 266, 289 176–7, 179–80, 182, 185, 188–202, 249, power 6, 60, 63–4, 68, 70–72, 138, 142, 177–9, 264, 298–9, 326. See also USSR 184–5, 192, 243, 245, 252, 310–11, 320 Rwanda 269 precautionary principle 257 preferential trade agreements 152, 157–8, 161, safeguarding mechanisms 24, 101, 125–6, 267, 380 315, 334, 339 principal-agent model 3, 63–5, 70–71, 110, 112 Sainjion report 228 Privacy Shield 390 Sakharov prize 129 privatisation 303 Salvatici, L. 95 Prodi Commission 248 sanctions 4, 24, 62, 64, 68, 171, 174, 176–7, production and processing methods 361 180, 198, 230, 358, 370–71 proportionality 39 sanitary and phytosanitary standards 82, 86, Prosun 162 94, 112, 274, 305, 336–7, 361 protectionism 1, 8, 10, 63, 65, 67, 83, 89, Saudi Arabia 343 153–4, 156–7, 163, 226, 228, 247, 249, 253, Schade, D. 273 286, 315, 319, 321, 324, 328 Scharpf, Fritz 12–13 public opinion 71–2, 118, 124, 333 Schimmelfennig, F. 120 public procurement 7, 25, 28, 79, 82–3, 89, 101, Schmidt, Vivien 252–3 284, 290, 292, 305 Schulz, Martin 127 Putin, Vladimir 200, 255 Seattle to Brussels Network 147 security 7, 84, 171–8, 192, 201, 255, 265, 315, Qatar 343 337, 385, 399 qualified majority voting 103, 118 data security 393–4 quotas 23–4, 28, 30, 127, 196, 207, 210, 229, September 11 attacks 28 243, 245, 247, 265, 267, 287–8, 296, 301–2, services 7, 28, 41, 45, 49, 58, 79, 82–3, 94, 109, 306, 323–4, 342, 346, 370, 375 117, 274 Services Directive 385–8 Regional Comprehensive Economic Seychelles 217, 271 Partnership 335 Sharpston, Eleanor V.E. 39 Regional Economic Communities 266, 269 Shu, Min 6–7 regional trade agreements 267, 274 Sierra Club 142

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Siles-Brügge, Gabriel 5, 12, 39, 62, 66, 253 subsidies 25–6, 28, 39, 59, 103, 137, 142–3, Singapore 7, 39, 41, 48, 60, 68–9, 86, 89, 146, 159, 162, 181, 284, 286, 305, 315, 317, 93, 126, 183, 272, 274, 289, 328–9, 343, 324–7, 337, 340, 343–4 352–64, 380 Suleiman, E. 117 Singapore issues 28, 206, 210, 246–7, 249, supply chains 1, 65, 284, 290–91, 320, 354–5 367–81 sustainability impact assessments 92–3 Single European Act 119, 153, 171 sustainable development 6, 82, 103, 130, 140, single market 3, 7, 11, 24–5, 29, 33, 57, 62–3, 224, 238, 246–7, 257, 281, 288–90, 293, 192, 211, 246–7, 254, 275, 302–3, 305, 298, 300, 309–10. See also trade and 367, 384–6. See also Digital Single sustainable development Market Sustainable Development Goals 270, 275, Single Market Programme 243, 246–7, 252 309 Slovak Republic 299 Svendsen, G.T. 321 Slovenia 26, 299 Swaziland 217, 269 small and medium-sized enterprises 32, 37, 70, Sweden 25–6, 299, 319–21 83, 94, 255, 387–9 SWIFT 113 Smith, Adam 189, 243, 245 Switzerland 25, 29, 33, 44, 89, 334, 396 Smith, Adrian 6, 224, 300–301, 307–8, 326 Syria 267 Smith, Michael 4, 62, 189, 246 SYSIM 30 social conditionality 224 social justice 121, 145, 232, 249 Taiwan 84, 162, 327, 334, 343, 354, 360 social media 71 Tanzania 215, 269, 368 social trade 5, 224–39 tariffs 26, 28–9, 31, 57, 62, 65, 90, 93, 107, 123, socialism 125, 127, 301–3, 307–8, 338, 340–41, 125, 127, 130, 158, 161–3, 196, 213, 218, 377 225, 229, 243, 245, 247, 250, 265, 267, 274, solar panels 162, 323–7 284, 286, 298, 300–303, 306, 317, 325, 327, Soloaga, I. 26 352, 369–70, 384 South Africa 28, 143, 180, 218, 263–4, 269, taxation 11, 25, 334, 374, 377, 385, 387, 392 326, 336, 362 technical barriers to trade 336, 361 11, 29, 49, 81–2, 84, 86–8, 93–5, terrorism 175, 196 123–6, 130, 144, 180, 195, 228, 234, 249, Thailand 90, 272, 274, 289, 328, 336–7, 339, 253–4, 263, 273–4, 289–90, 309, 328–9, 343, 354, 359–60 334, 343, 360, 362, 376, 391 Thucydides 189 Southern Africa Development Community Timmermans, Frans 84 215–18, 266, 269, 271 Togan, S. 306 Southern Africa Development Coordination Tokyo Round 27 Conference 213 torture 101, 235, 291 Southern African Customs Union 269 tourism 39, 306 sovereignty 23, 37, 44, 58, 213–14, 216, 218–19, Trade, Growth and Jobs 27 250, 345 Trade, Growth and World Affairs 83, 224, 249, Soviet Union. See USSR 298 Spaak report 22 Trade and Development Cooperation Spain 25, 108, 266, 299, 319–21 Agreement 216 special and differential treatment 212, 338–9, trade and sustainable development 82, 89, 125, 379, 381 233–4, 236–7, 290, 300, 309–11 Special Committee on Agriculture 106 trade barriers 22, 26–7, 67, 79–80, 82, 89–91, Sri Lanka 234–5, 343, 354 93, 154, 181, 198, 216, 218, 243, 247, 249, St Lucia 11 255, 267, 318, 337, 359, 368, 377, 385, STABEX 30, 208, 287 398–9 standards of living 2 trade competitiveness map 317 state-centred explanations 153–5 trade defence 65, 82, 101, 103, 113, 118, 154–5, Strategic Partners 4 158, 161, 281, 315 Sturgeon, T. 160 trade diversion 18, 20–22, 25, 29, 158 Stuttgart declaration 119 trade facilitation 28, 206, 246, 274, 305, 318, subsidiarity 39 336–7, 368, 372–3, 378, 380

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Trade Facilitation Agreement 336–7, 379 TRTA I 266 Trade for All 5–6, 10, 12, 27, 32, 37, 70, 83, Trudeau, Justin 152 172, 183, 224, 250, 257, 264, 281, 290, 293, Trump, Donald 8, 10, 33, 72, 147, 179–80, 183, 296–8, 300, 304–7, 309 254, 258 Trade in Services Agreement 32, 147–8, 386, Tunisia 29, 267–8, 303–6 396, 398 Turkey 29, 84, 86, 94, 182, 194, 299, 305, 343 Trade Policy Committee 58, 62, 64, 68, 101–2, 105–8, 113–14 Uganda 269 Trade Related Assistance 81 Ukraine 4, 108, 289, 302, 305, 308 trade unions 60, 117, 136, 139, 141, 144, 236 Ukraine crisis 4, 188–202 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights 26, unilateralism 5, 30–31, 101, 225, 229–30, 28–9, 45, 59–60, 79, 143, 336–7, 369–72, 234–8 374 Union Customs Code 268 Trade-Related Investment Measures 26 United Arab Emirates 343 transaction costs 23, 352–6, 358–9, 364 United Kingdom 25, 30, 44, 148, 179, 208, 249, Transatlantic Trade and Investment 299, 301, 319–21, 354, 358, 364, 368, 377 Partnership 2–3, 8, 11–12, 17, 29, 39, 48, Brexit 7–12, 17, 33, 72, 112, 258, 269 62, 69–71, 80–81, 91, 102, 104, 108, 110, United Nations 31, 37, 53, 67, 175, 207, 232, 118, 126–30, 135, 140, 147–8, 163, 179, 234–5, 284–5, 288, 309, 368–9, 372 244, 249–50, 254–8, 289–90, 307, 335, Conference on Trade and Development 31, 362–3, 386, 398–9 43, 285, 296, 336 Transpacific Partnership 8 United States 1–2, 7–8, 10, 17–18, 25, 27, 29, Trans-Pacific Partnership 256, 359–60, 386 33, 46–7, 69–72, 80–81, 83, 86, 88, 90, Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership 94, 110, 113, 117–18, 126–7, 129, 135, Agreement 359 147, 155, 158–9, 171, 174, 178–80, 183, transparency 12, 28, 70–71, 82–4, 92, 130, 139, 192, 225, 228, 230–31, 234, 236, 238, 249, 141, 231, 236, 284, 286, 291, 310, 337, 254–7, 264, 272–4, 289, 291, 298–9, 327–9, 344–5, 356, 395, 397 334–6, 339, 344, 358–60, 363, 368, 371, Transparency Register 139 374, 386, 388, 390, 392, 395–7, 399. See transport 22, 32, 39, 47, 49, 51–2, 86, 89, 127, also Transatlantic Trade and Investment 154, 193 Partnership AETR case 43–6 Brexit 48 Open Skies case 46 Uruguay Round 24, 27–8, 33, 44, 59, 80, 111, Trans-Regional EU-ASEAN Trade Initiative 119, 225, 246–7, 336, 368–72, 381, 396 274 USSR 173–4, 179, 182, 190, 306–7. See also Treaties 59–61, 63–4, 79, 128, 172–3, 175, 384 Russia Amsterdam 42, 60, 79, 86, 119 Lisbon 2–3, 9, 12, 36–41, 47–51, 53, 58, 60, value chains. See global value chains 62, 64, 67, 69–70, 79, 86, 101, 103–4, Van den Hoven, A. 157 108–10, 113, 117–18, 120–22, 124, 141, Van den Putte, Lore 5, 9, 62, 144, 245, 310 155, 172–3, 175, 188–9, 201, 224, 228, van der Marel, E. 391 265, 288, 293, 307 Velluti, Samantha 5, 9, 62, 245 Maastricht 79, 86, 119, 171, 175, 189, 210, Venezuela 272 384 Verdoorn, P.J. 21 Nice 60, 79 Verheugen, Günter 324 Rome 17, 22–4, 27, 29, 33, 41, 57, 69, Vermulst, E. 161 118–19, 121, 173, 208, 384–5 Verschelde, B. 391 TFEU 39–44, 46–54, 57, 59, 79, 100–103, Vienna Summit 272–3 105, 224, 288, 315 Vietnam 29, 65, 86, 93, 272, 274, 289, 321, Treaty on the Functioning of the European 328–9, 333, 338, 343, 354, 359–60 Union 39–44, 46–54, 57, 59, 79, 100–103, Viner, J. 18–19, 21 105, 224, 288, 315. See also Rome Treaty Vogt, J. 229, 232 trilateralism 198–9 voluntary export restraints 24 Tripartite Free Trade Agreement 269 Voss, Gregory 7 Trommer, S. 289 vulnerability 31

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Wagner, R.H. 195 189, 195–6, 209–12, 216–18, 224, 226–8, Wallerstein, I. 297 232, 235, 243, 246, 253–4, 265, 273, 275, Wallonia Parliament 8, 12, 39, 70, 109, 152 282, 286, 288–9, 296, 322, 327, 333, 361, Walt, S.M. 200 367–73, 375–7, 379–81, 384, 398 Walton, A. 285 and dispute settlement 7, 81, 161, 247, 330, Watkins, Kevin 145 334–46. See also Dispute Settlement Williamson, Oliver 355 Body Wilson, Woodrow 189 WWF 143 Winters, L.A. 26 Wonka, A. 154 Yan, S. 155 Working Party on Trade Questions 105–6, 113 Yanukovych, Viktor 194–5 World Bank 31, 95, 296, 318, 369 Yaoundé Conventions 30, 208, 266, 269, 287 Structural Adjustment Programme 1 Young, A. 172, 298, 304–5 World Commission on the Social Dimension of 227 Zambia 217 World Economic Forum 296, 318, 321 zero-sum games 189, 196, 200–201 1, 4–7, 11, 24, 26–7, Zhu Rongji 337 31–3, 44, 47, 58–60, 65–6, 68–9, 79–81, Zimbabwe 217, 271 83, 90, 100, 110, 112, 117–18, 121, 137–8, Zimmerman, Hubert 112 140, 142–3, 148, 161, 173–4, 176, 183, 185, Zoellick, Robert B. 334

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