Organizational and Economic Forms of Cross-Border Cooperation of a Region

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 1395-1407. Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_135 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=2 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC FORMS OF CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION OF A REGION

I.N. Sycheva I.I. Polzunov Altai state technical university, Barnaul, Russian Federation

N. M. Miheeva Saint-Petersburg State University, North-West Institute of Management — branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration,S-Petersburg, Russia

A.N. Dunets Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia

N.E. Ivanova Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia

V.N. Nemtsev Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russia

R.B. Gabdulkhakov Birsk branch of Bashkir State University, Birsk, Russia

ABSTRACT The paper is devoted to the development of the Altai Territory (the Russian Federation) as a border region with the involvement of production potential and capabilities of the neighboring region – East Kazakhstan Region (the Republic of Kazakhstan). The authors performed a SWOT analysis of the regions as a "cross- border growth pole". The study also examines the development of a border region in the context of the theory of integration and clustering. The authors suggest an algorithm for creating a local development axis in the territory of a border region. Agricultural engineering is presented as the main branch of cooperation between the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region. Moreover, the paper examines the form of enterprise management within the local development axis and the effect of these enterprises functioning

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Keywords: border areas; economic integration; the Altai Territory; agricultural engineering. Cite this Article: I.N. Sycheva, N. M. Miheeva, A.N. Dunets, N.E. Ivanova, V.N. Nemtsev and R.B. Gabdulkhakov, Organizational and Economic Forms of Cross- Border Cooperation of a Region, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 1395-1407. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=2

1. INTRODUCTION The Altai Territory, which occupies a significant area of the Eurasian continent in the structure of Russia, creates a special geopolitical position, linking actively integrating Europe with the rapidly developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region. At the same time, neighboring border regions play an important role in its development due to significant natural, material, production, technical, and labor potential and large market opportunities. Being an agro-industrial region, the Altai Territory has traditionally developed engineering and agricultural engineering in particular. However, the region has lost its position in the production of expensive sophisticated technological equipment, such as tractors and combines, while supplying cheaper mounted and trailed equipment on the market. The industry with a wide range of high-tech products mainly develops in the western part of Russia, while the eastern regions, including the agro-industrial Altai Territory, remain on the periphery of progressive development [1-9]. Among the neighboring regions, the East Kazakhstan Region (EKR) is one of the largest trading partners of the Altai Territory. Thus, one-third of the regional turnover accounts for Kazakhstan, and seventy percent of this turnover – for East Kazakhstan Region. This is largely due to the interest of administration in establishing new and strengthening already existing relations with the border regions. Thus, several agreements on trade, economic, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation were signed between the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region. Cross-border cooperation of the Altai Territory with the East Kazakhstan Region takes place within the framework of the interstate program "Our Common Home – Altai" [10-12]. Six adjacent areas of the Big Altai, including the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region, decided to build a new model of interstate cross-border cooperation to create optimal conditions for the development of all territories of the Altai region (CIS Convention on Border Cooperation). The developing cooperation between the adjacent territories of Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia should be implemented in the field of economy, trade, science and technology [13-19], mining and processing of natural resources [20-27], transportation [28], environment [29], tourism, education [30-31] and culture [32-37]. The prospects for interregional cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan have all the necessary prerequisites (Socio-economic development of Altai Territory, The strategy of socio-economic development of the Altai Territory until 2025, Customs Union and cross- border cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia). At the same time, the key feature of the new quality of such cooperation, surely, was the concept of creating a full-fledged common market recognizing special significance of the border regions. However, the analysis has revealed a rather ambiguous dynamics of economic cross-border cooperation of the Altai Territory, which is limited only to an increase in the volume and expansion of product range in trade and services with little or no industrial business forms [38]. To reach a new level of

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1396 [email protected] I.N. Sycheva, N. M. Miheeva, A.N. Dunets, N.E. Ivanova, V.N. Nemtsev and R.B. Gabdulkhakov integration, it is necessary to develop new science-based projects and comprehensive programs to enhance the region’s industrial potential [39-53].

2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES To assess the strengths and weaknesses of the border region, as well as the influence of various environmental factors on its condition and development, the authors have performed a SWOT analysis of the regions as a "cross-border growth pole" (Table 1).

Table 1 SWOT analysis of the border region: the Altai Territory and the EKR Strengths Weaknesses Geographical location - convenient geographical and border remoteness from the main global commodity location; markets and international transit corridors - the center of the Eurasian continent Workforce - relatively skilled and cheap labor; - traditions of professionalism in the field - high level of natural population decline; of typical metalworking and engineering industries in the region; - migration outflow with a predominance of the working age population; - high innovation and educational potential, a developed education system, - imbalance of the labor market: the presence of many sought-after, but "non-prestigious" the presence of a science city (Biysk) and a technology park (Ust-Kamenogorsk); specialties and, as a result, a shortage of specialists in working professions - sufficiently high level of entrepreneurial activity of the population Economy - diverse and rich mineral resources; high - technological lag of industrial enterprises of content of useful components in the ore; certain types of economic activity; - a strong basis for development of the - insufficient funding of exploration; engineering industry; - lack of integrated use of the extracted mineral - unique production facilities in the resources; metallurgical industry; - narrow specialization in the global and regional - dynamic development of the chemical division of labor; industry; - the narrow range of major industrial products, - availability of domestic resources for both for export and for domestic consumption; the construction industry; - raw stock orientation of a significant part of - dynamism and prospects for economic production; development of the food industry; - the low added value of production of the leading - prerequisites for creating clusters; sectoral enterprises; - favorable foreign economic conditions - high depreciation of fixed assets in the industry; for several industries of the real sector of - insufficient investment in fixed assets; the economy; - crisis state of many enterprises in machine - export-oriented enterprises with building; extensive experience in foreign markets operating within regional economic - low share of innovatively active enterprises and insufficient share of innovative products in the entities; volume of shipments; - dynamic development of the real sector of the economy and high positions in the - low products competitiveness; markets of goods; - the investments are mainly directed to the

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Strengths Weaknesses - cultural and historical heritage, creating reproduction of the former economic structure; favorable conditions for tourism - the almost complete absence of industrial development cooperation with foreign partners in the processing industries, where the international division of labor can have the greatest economic effect Agriculture - extensive land resources and diversity of - the existence of factors increasing the risk of natural and climatic features, availability agricultural production; of raw materials for the agro-industrial sector; - high wear of the material and technical resources of agriculture; - a large agro-industrial region with a strong production potential - low level of agricultural productivity Infrastructure - underdeveloped recreational infrastructure; - unsatisfactory technical condition of transport - developed (according to Russian and infrastructure; Kazakhstan standards) network of transport and communication - high wear of life-supporting infrastructure; infrastructure - underdeveloped infrastructure to support innovation and commercialization of scientific research, lack of regional financial instruments to support innovative business Ecology - unique natural, ecological and resource potential, availability of medical - several environmentally hazardous facilities; resources; - unfavorable environmental situation as a result of heavy industry enterprises operation, high - unique mountain and forest tracts; environmental risks - availability of large water resources Potential opportunities Potential threats Geographical location - the strategy of maximum use of geographic location; - the growth of sales markets due to - economic isolation and transit dependence with border location and the functioning of the little use of a convenient border position Customs Union and the Common Economic Space; Workforce - lack of personnel in the basic sectors of the economy; - unfavorable demographic processes, a reduction - the growth of public monetary incomes; in the number and aging of the population, an - formation of a high-quality labor market increase in the social burden on the working through the coordination of efforts of population; employers and professional education - competitive dependence on adjacent labor institutions markets; - an increased outflow of the rural population to the cities and possible depopulation of large rural areas Economy - strengthening economic integration, - consolidation of the narrow, mainly raw,

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1398 [email protected] I.N. Sycheva, N. M. Miheeva, A.N. Dunets, N.E. Ivanova, V.N. Nemtsev and R.B. Gabdulkhakov

Strengths Weaknesses joint use of resources and industrial specialization of the region in the regional and potential of the entire cross-border global division of labor, transit dependence and region; economic isolation; - integration of the region's industrial and - region's specialization in a limited number of agricultural sectors into the world industry types makes its economy subject to the economy; risk of a large-scale economic recession associated - large-scale and systematic attraction of with stagnation in at least one industry. Such a investments in the regional economy via decline is possible in the event of a sharp decline in the implementation of measures to demand and world prices for the products of these increase investment attractiveness; industries, natural factors, global trends; - improving the competitiveness of - the growth of technical and technological lag of products, goods, and services of many industries from competitors, especially from enterprises in the region through the the abroad; development of high-tech and innovation, - high dependence of the economy on the city- formation of traditional and new brands; forming enterprises; - development of a cross-border leading - an increase in tariffs of natural monopolies; region in agricultural engineering with - the reduction of investment attractiveness the use of modern management methods; resulting from the growing investment risk of the - formation of the cross-border growth region due to the growth of environmental, poles and the cross-border axis of political, and social risks development in the region; - development of tourism economic potential Agriculture - formation of a competitive agricultural - degradation of the rural areas due to the cluster; deterioration of material and technical resources; - technical and technological - degradation of the rural areas due to the migration modernization of agriculture; of people from rural to urban areas - agricultural production with high added

value Infrastructure - insufficient financing and reduction in the volume - formation of the large cross-border of construction and overhaul of social facilities, interregional transport and logistics hubs construction of roads, utilities Ecology - development of the large tourist and - habitat degradation due to environmental recreational centers of the interregional degradation, increased anthropogenic impact on level. nature, and as a result - reduction of areas favorable for the living and economic activity. It is worth noticing that the state of the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region economies as a whole is characterized by the development of trends and factors that are able to maintain positive dynamics of the regional development. Many large industrial enterprises of the national importance operating in various sectors of the real economy are located in the border region, based on which, with sufficient targeted financing, it is possible to make competitive products with high added value. Moreover, the main enterprises cited in the analysis of economic sectors can be considered potential growth points for their regions. The implementation of the proposed integrated planning system for the economy of a border region implies the use of a new approach based on creating a local development axis and identifying the local main industry in the region [54-55]. The algorithm for creating a local

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1399 [email protected] Organizational and Economic Forms of Cross-Border Cooperation of a Region axis of development in a cross-border region, considering the prospects for its integration with adjacent territories, includes three main stages: preparation, formation, and management, each of which is detailed in the process of project implementation.

2.1. The preparation stage includes 1. The analysis of compliance of border regions and cities located on their territory with the growth poles criteria, the choice of cities-local growth poles. 2. Assessment of the industrial potential of the local growth poles to identify the propulsive industry. 3. Search for similar elements of regional economies in border areas, namely: similar economic problems; enterprises capable of making a complete technological chain based on production specialization and cooperation at minimum cost; the range of products; the demand for similar products in regional markets.

2.2. The formation stage includes 1. Choosing enterprises that form the industrial, production, research, and financial basis of the propulsion industry as part of the local development axis, with the distribution of specialization and cooperative ties, and the product range. 2. Combining local growth poles into a local axis of development on the above basis. 3. Identification of demand for products and market capacity of the industry within the local axis.

2.3. The management stage includes 1. Choosing the organizational-legal form of operation for enterprises within the local axis of development as a single corporation. 2. Choosing the organizational structure for the management of the transnational corporation. 3. Financing the project development and operation, identifying the socio-economic effect from the local development axis for the development of the border region.

3. RESULTS The economic efficiency was calculated considering three options, depending on the demand for agricultural equipment produced in the regions: 1. the optimistic forecast, in which the annual renewal of agricultural machinery in the regions will amount to 12% of the regulatory need; 2. the realistic forecast, in which the annual renewal of agricultural machinery in the regions will amount to 8% of the regulatory need; 3. the pessimistic forecast, in which the annual renewal of the agricultural machinery in the regions will amount to 5% of the regulatory need. According to calculations, the payback period and the net present value of the project for 10 years with the optimistic forecast will be, respectively, 39.5 billion rubles and 1.1 years, with the realistic forecast – 15.34 billion rubles and 3.1 years, with the pessimistic forecast – more than 10 years, which seems to be economically inexpedient. The projected increase in the Altai Territory’s GRP from the operation of an agricultural corporation will be 4-5%. Summarizing the above, it should be noted that the creation of a new organizational form for managing agricultural machinery enterprises within the local axis will allow solving a

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1400 [email protected] I.N. Sycheva, N. M. Miheeva, A.N. Dunets, N.E. Ivanova, V.N. Nemtsev and R.B. Gabdulkhakov number of economic and social problems of the border regions. Thus, one ruble invested in agricultural engineering will bring the government 3 rubles of profit, while the multiplier effect from the development of agricultural engineering in metallurgy will amount to 0.16%, in chemistry and petrochemistry – 0.05%, in machinery and equipment – 0.30%.

4. DISCUSSION The long-term prospects for the integration of the Altai Territory border region with East Kazakhstan Region in the field of agricultural engineering are substantiated by the complementary trends in the development of agriculture. The Altai Territory specializes in the production of grain, being among the top three of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of gross grain production; occupies a monopoly position in the Siberian Federal District for the production of industrial crops and sugar beet. The East Kazakhstan Region specializes in animal husbandry. The achievement of the economic growth of the agricultural sector in the border region areas definitely requires two main factors. First, the development and involvement of new lands in the agricultural turnover, and secondly, modern machinery and equipment in the livestock production and processing. In this regard, agricultural engineering can be considered the main industry in the border area of the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region. The number of enterprises capable of making up the industrial and production capacity of the Altai Territory and the East Kazakhstan Region a 17, including 11 enterprises of the Russian Federation and 6 enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with coverage of 7 settlements and a total population of 2 million 22 thousand people. The formation of a new regional economic management system in the border areas should account for the complexity of the regional economic system, which can act in a cluster, corporate, industry form, and base on the development of specific mechanisms for managing each system [56-61]. In order to choose the organizational-legal form of uniting enterprises of a border region with an adjacent area into a local axis, it is necessary to consider possible organizational forms and their characteristic features of uniting independent enterprises into a transnational corporation on mutually beneficial terms. In practice, there are some types of associations that differ depending on the goals, the nature of the economic relations between the participants, the degree of autonomy of its member enterprises [62-66]. The list of key enterprises that form the local axis of development will include the following companies. Russian enterprises: Altai Agricultural Engineering Plant LLC, Altai Tire Plant LLC, Altai Motor Plant OJSC, Rubtsovsk Spare Parts Plant CJSC, Rubtsovsk Aggregate Repair Plant LLC, ASM-Zapchast OJSC, Rubtsovsk Repair Plant LLC, ASM LLC, UK AZPI LLC (Altai Precision Products Plant), SDSM LLC, Biysky Boiler Plant OJSC, PO Sibpribormash FSUP. Kazakhstan enterprises: Ust-Kamenogorsk Pneumatic Automation Plant JSC, Kazakhstantractor JSC, Vostokmashzavod JSC, Semipalatinsk Automobile Assembly Plant SemAZ LLP, Ventkomplekt LLP, KEMONT JSC. The authors propose to form the interaction of the above enterprises based on the integration of economic processes through the creation of the Altai-Vostok transnational corporation, each member of which, and the group as a whole will receive a number of benefits from joint activities, the so-called synergistic effect. The functioning of a transnational corporation involves active cooperation of the public and private sectors with the attraction of foreign capital and experience and includes the following enterprises: I The central company of the TNC – Transelmash Regional Coordinating Company JSC was founded and is coordinated by regional authorities, but with the mandatory private shareholding. The purpose of its establishment is centralized management of the group’s

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1401 [email protected] Organizational and Economic Forms of Cross-Border Cooperation of a Region activities, its main functions are to develop a strategy for the corporation’s activities, search for financial sources for projects, manage and coordinate the production process, marketing activities, and regulate sales of products in the domestic and foreign markets. II Production management – production integration of enterprises for the manufacturing of agricultural machinery, spare parts, repair, maintenance and after-sales service of the equipment produced. It includes the following units: 1. production of components for agricultural machinery – enterprises that form the "local axis of development". 2. repair, maintenance and after-sales service of equipment will be performed by the companies of Rubtsovsk Plant of Spare Parts CJSC [67]. III Scientific and manufacturing organization Rubtsovsky Design Technological Institute OJSC (RPKTI OJSC). The main conditions for the innovative development of the agro- industrial sector are continuous updating of technologies and the widespread use of the latest scientific developments [68-78].

5. CONCLUSION The organization of modern agricultural machinery manufacturing will allow the agricultural entities of the region to reach a qualitatively new level of development and achieve the following results:  renewal of fixed assets;  development of logistics of spare parts supplying a wide range of products will entail a reduction in the cost of simple equipment;  the increased life of machinery;  the reduced shortage of machinery in agricultural entities;  the increased volume of processing croplands and, as a consequence, the increased output of finished products, which in general will have a positive effect on the national and regional food supply;  the reduced imports of products, which would entail a decrease in the capital outflow from the states and, as a consequence, a possibility of additional financing of agricultural entities;  the growth in efficiency and labor productivity of agricultural enterprises and peasant farms;  the creation of new jobs, the growth of rural areas profitability and the standard of living in the countryside. In addition, the project's socio-economic efficiency for the economy of the border agro- industrial region as a whole is as follows: 1. revival of the city-forming enterprises of the border region; 2. the growth of employment and living standards of the urban and rural population; 3. the increased level of national and regional food security; 4. avoidance of raw stock orientation of regions; 5. the increase in exports of Russian-made agricultural equipment; 6. the increased competitiveness of Russian-made agricultural equipment; 7. promising high-tech manufacturing with high added value will receive a new impetus.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1402 [email protected] I.N. Sycheva, N. M. Miheeva, A.N. Dunets, N.E. Ivanova, V.N. Nemtsev and R.B. Gabdulkhakov

The implementation of the proposed measures to create a local axis of development in the form of Altai-Vostok transnational corporation has a number of positive results affecting the socio-economic development of the border region. The implementation of such a joint project is an important and large-scale step towards the further integration of Russia, which in practice contributes to the realization of the Eurasian Economic Union goals.

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