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Modal Auxiliaries from Late Old to Early Middle English

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Modal Auxiliaries from Late Old to Early Middle English Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften 48 Modal Auxiliaries from Late Old to Early Middle English With Special Reference to agan, sculan, and motan von Kousuke Kaita 1. Auflage Utz, Herbert 2015 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: www.beck.de ISBN 978 3 8316 4378 3 schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG Kousuke Kaita Modal Auxiliaries from Late Old to Early Middle English With Special Reference to āgan, sculan, and mōtan Herbert Utz Verlag · München Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften Band 48 Zugl.: Diss., München, Univ., 2013 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen National- bibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbeson- dere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Wieder- gabe auf fotomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenver- arbeitungsanlagen bleiben – auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwendung – vorbehalten. Copyright © Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH · 2015 ISBN 978-3-8316-4378-3 Printed in EU Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH, München 089-277791-00 · www.utzverlag.de iii Contents Preface ......................................................................................................... vii List of abbreviations and symbols ................................................................ ix 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Auxiliaries in Modern English ........................................................... 1 1.2. Modal auxiliaries ought to, should, and must .................................... 3 1.3. Historical review of modals in English .............................................. 4 1.4. Aims and composition of the present study ....................................... 7 1.5. Summary ............................................................................................ 7 2. Framework .......................................................................................... 9 2.1. Preterite-present verbs in Old English ............................................... 9 2.1.1. Prefixation of preterite-present verbs ........................................ 10 2.1.2. Discrepancy between meaning and form .................................. 14 2.2. Mood and Modality .......................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Mood: imperative and subjunctive sharing injunctive value .... 19 2.2.2. Modality: categorisation into subtypes ..................................... 20 2.2.2.1. Semantic field ........................................................................... 21 2.2.2.2. Degree, type, and mapping of modality .................................... 22 2.3. AGENT 1 and AGENT 2 ................................................................. 34 2.4. Relation between PERMISSION and OBLIGATION ..................... 37 2.5. Summary .......................................................................................... 38 3. Review of Old English āgan, sculan, and mōtan .............................. 41 3.1. Āgan ................................................................................................. 44 3.1.1. Āgan as a main verb for POSSESSION .................................... 44 3.1.2. Āgan combined with to-infinitive ............................................. 47 3.1.2.1. Āgan to geldanne ...................................................................... 48 3.1.2.2. Āgan with to-infinitive other than to geldanne ......................... 49 3.2. Sculan ............................................................................................... 54 3.2.1. The use as a main verb ‘to owe’ ................................................ 54 3.2.2. The use as a modal .................................................................... 55 3.2.2.1. OBLIGATION .......................................................................... 55 3.2.2.2. Derivative usages of OBLIGATION ........................................ 56 3.3. Mōtan ............................................................................................... 63 3.3.1. The use as a main verb .............................................................. 63 3.3.2. The use as a modal ‘to be allowed to’ ....................................... 64 iv Contents 3.3.3. The use as a modal ‘must’ ......................................................... 67 3.3.4. The use as a FUTURE equivalent? ........................................... 71 3.4. Summary .......................................................................................... 74 4. Āgan, sculan, and mōtan in Late Old English .................................. 77 4.1. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies (ÆCHom) ............................................. 77 4.1.1. Āgan ........................................................................................... 78 4.1.2. Sculan ........................................................................................ 78 4.1.3. Mōtan ......................................................................................... 88 4.2. Ælfric’s Lives of Saints (ÆLS) and Non-ÆLS ................................. 91 4.2.1. Āgan ........................................................................................... 91 4.2.2. Sculan ........................................................................................ 92 4.2.2.1. Main verb .................................................................................. 92 4.2.2.2. Modal ........................................................................................ 93 4.2.3. Mōtan ......................................................................................... 99 4.3. Homilies in MS Bodley 343 .......................................................... 102 4.3.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 102 4.3.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 103 4.3.2.1. Main verb ................................................................................ 104 4.3.2.2. Modal ...................................................................................... 105 4.3.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 108 4.4. Peterborough Chronicle (ChronE) up to the First Continuation ... 109 4.4.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 110 4.4.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 111 4.4.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 116 4.5. Approximation of sculan and mōtan .............................................. 119 4.5.1. Sculan and mōtan with the verbs of request ........................... 119 4.5.2. Sculan and its AGENT 1 ......................................................... 120 4.6. Summary ........................................................................................ 123 5. Āgan, sculan, and mōtan in Early Middle English ......................... 125 5.1. Peterborough Chronicle in the First and Final Continuations ....... 125 5.1.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 125 5.1.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 126 5.1.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 128 5.2. Non-Ælfrician homilies in MS Cotton Vespasian D. xiv ............... 128 5.2.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 128 5.2.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 129 5.2.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 131 5.3. Five homilies in Lambeth Homilies and Trinity Homilies ............. 132 Contents v 5.3.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 133 5.3.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 137 5.3.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 140 5.4. Ormulum ........................................................................................ 141 5.4.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 141 5.4.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 142 5.4.3. Mōtan ....................................................................................... 146 5.4.4. Mune ........................................................................................ 148 5.5. Non-Ælfrician homilies in MS Cotton Vespasian A. xxii .............. 153 5.5.1. Āgan ......................................................................................... 153 5.5.2. Sculan ...................................................................................... 154 5.6. Laзamon’s Brut .............................................................................. 156 5.6.1. Modal variation between two manuscripts ............................. 156 5.6.2. Āgan ........................................................................................
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