(2008), Številki 7-8, ISSN 1408-8363

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(2008), Številki 7-8, ISSN 1408-8363 Bo‘idar Jezernik DVA OBRAZA PODOBE PRIMO@A TRUBARJA Nove politične skupine (narodi), ki so se v devetnajstem stoletju začele pojavljati v Evropi, so bile še v drugi polovici stoletja v notra- njeavstrijskih deželah habsburške monarhije novost, za katero so- dobniki niso imeli nobene podlage v osebni izkušnji. Kot je zapisal prvi slovenski časopis, tedaj vsi »Slovenci« niso niti razlikovali med besedama narodno in nerodno: »Nektéri Slovenci ne razločijo, kakor je potréba, teh dveh besedi: narodno in nerodno. Narodno je nekaj lepi- ga, kar je jednimu ali drugimu narodu lastniga, zato se reče: národ- nost: Nationalität. Nerodno je pa nekaj malovredniga. Ungeschick- lichkeit. Gerdo bi bilo, ako bi mi te dve clo različne besede razločiti ne znali. Zato v glavo si jo zarežimo!« (Nepodpisano 1844: 155.) Veliki možje in zgodovina Da se je neka skupnost mogla oblikovati kot narod, je morala imeti določene povezovalne elemente: skupen jezik, preteklost, prihodnost, usodo, ljudsko kulturo, vrednote, okuse in pokrajino (Lowenthal 1996: 63). Za romantično razpoloženje devetnajstega stoletja je bilo bolj ko ne samoumevno, da je zgodovina delo velikih mož, herojev. Oni naj bi bili tisti, ki so s svojo jasnovidnostjo, delavnostjo, po- žrtvovalnostjo in vztrajnostjo vodili množice v svetlo prihodnost. Zato je nacionalizem devetnajstega stoletja rabil še tako imenovane velike može ali velmože oziroma heroje, v katerih so videli »zrcalo njih dobe ter vir navdušenja in izpodbude« (Gangl 1905: 3). Najbolj značilen predstavnik tega pogleda na zgodovino je bil Thomas Car- lyle, ki je menil, da je »Zgodovina Človeštva, zgodovina človekovih dosežkov, v resnici Zgodovina Velikih Mož, ki so tu delovali. Ti 147 S SIMPOZIJEV 2008 velikani so bili vodniki ljudem, oblikovalci, ideali in v širšem smislu stvarniki…« (Carlyle 1841: 1.) Na Carlylovi filozofiji zgodovine je Anton Aškerc utemeljil svojo epsko pesnitev, posvečeno štiristoti obletnici rojstva Primoža Tru- barja. »Carlyleu so taki možje«, je zapisal Aškerc v polemiki z Josipom Tominškom, »inicijatorji epohalnih dejanj, oni so sinteza časovnih stremljenj in so tisti kažipot, ki določajo smer novim strujam. Nihče ne more tajiti, da je dala reformacija svetovni zgodovini novo smer. Wiclif je rodil Husa, Hus Lutra, a Luter – Trubarja. Trubar je novo poglavje v slovenski zgodovini, kolikor je imamo. S svojo inicijativo je imel uspeh; njegova glava je določala smer naši zgodovini. Četudi je protireformacija siloma zatrla novo vero med Slovenci, vendar je imel Trubar s svojim energičnim začetkom uspeh: posrečilo se mu je ustvariti svojemu ljudstvu literaturo. Slovenščino je povzdignil Tru- bar za književni jezik, postavil je torej temelj domači literaturi in na tem temelju gradimo še danes poslopje svoje kulture. Ali torej Trubar ni pravi heroj?« (Aškerc 1905a: 26–7.) Od sredine devetnajstega stoletja do druge svetovne vojne je bilo poudarjanje vloge velikih mož stalnica v razmišljanju o zgodovini slovenskega naroda. Za prvi »narodni spomenik«, za Prešernov in Vodnikov spomenik, je dal pobudo mladi Lovro Toman, češ: »Vsak spominek, ki ga narod imenitnim možém stavi, ga tudi sebi stavi, kér spominek kaže, de se je narod zavedil svoje dolžnosti, svojiga poklica, svoje močí, da je spoznal pomembo take stavbe, ki je priča hvaležnosti in spodbada k enacimu, slavo zaslužljivimu načinu.« (Kamnogorski 1850: 61.) Podobno stališče je zastopal lavantinski škof Anton Martin Slomšek, ki je zapisal: »Poštovali so starodavni Izraelci svoje očake Abrahama, Izaka in Jakoba; sveto jim je bilo njihovo blago imé. Prepevali so Mojzeza, svojega postavodajavca visoko modrost, Jozue- tovo in drugih vojšakov veliko hrabrost. Mogočne dela očakov bile so iskre serčnosti sinom; njihovo pokopališče bilo je v sili mlajšim pribežališče. – Stavili so stari Egipčani, nekdanji Helenci in Rimljani svojim junakom veličastne spominke, so dajali svojim dobrotnikom hvalo in čast. Tud Nemci, naši sosedje imajo Valhalo, svojih pesnikov in slovnikarjev veličastno dvorano, ter obhajajo slavnih možev hvalni spomín. In naši južni bratje Serblji svojih junakov lepe vojne pojó. Kaj 148 BO@IDAR JEZERNIK mi Slovenci slavnih možev pogrešamo, ne poznamo njihovih del, se ne glasijo med nami naših očakov lepe imena? Tega Bog ne daj! Naših prednikov verlih častiti spomín je živelj narodnega duha. Pometi starih junakov slavo, in si pripravil mlajim pogín!« (Slomšek 1862: 71–72.) Miroslav Malovrh pa je v svojo »zgodovinsko povest« vtkal sledeči dialog, v katerem je »Kopitar« razložil, kakšnega pomena so veliki možje za razvoj in napredek naroda: »Treba je le velikih mož in pokaže se, če je Slovencem sojena lepša prihodnjost ali če morajo umreti kot sužnji. – S posamičnimi možmi, pa naj so še tako veliki, se ne da nič opraviti. – O pač, je s poudarkom vzkliknil Kopitar. Vsi veliki prevrati so delo posamičnih mož. Brez takih velikih mož, ki znajo razvneti dušo in srce naroda. ki se v strastnem sovraštvu upro obstoječim razmeram, se ni še nič velikega izvršilo. Nekaj takih mož naj nam da usoda, potem, to je moje upanje, bi bila Slovencem zagotovljena prihod- njost.« (Malovrh 1904: 242.) Leto pozneje je Malovrhovo misel dopolnil eden najvidnejših slovenskih politikov dolgega devetnajstega stoletja, dr. Josip Vošnjak, ki se je opiral na Nietzschejevo filozofijo o nadčloveku: »Toda krivico bi delal Slovencem, kdor bi trdil, da je taka iz kruhobrostva izvirajoča brezznačajnost neka posebnost Slovencev. Nikakor ne. Splošna je vsem narodom, najsi bode germanski, slo- vanski ali romanski, ker je povsod število trdnih, neomahljivih zna- čajev v neznatni manjšini proti veliki ljudski masi, ki jo Nietsche imenuje ’Herdentier’. Končno pa ravno ti četudi maloštevilni značajni borivci za narodne ideale navadno v odločilnih trenotkih prosti narod potegnejo za seboj k zmagovitemu boju. Nietsche s svojim ’sverh- čelovekom’ – tako prestavljajo Rusi ’Übermensch’ – seveda predaleč sega, ker mu dovoljuje vsako nasilje, celo zločinstvo nad ’Herden- tierom’, pa jedro njegove misli je resnično, da se masa mora pokoriti in se tudi navadno res pokori in podvrguje možem z duhom in značajem, njo nadkriljujočim. To nam kaže vsa človeška zgodovina. Duh naroda se teko rekoč koncentruje v eni osebi, katera ga potem vodi k zmagi, včasi pa tudi v pogubo.« (Vošnjak 1905: 102.) Podobno je razmišljal tudi etnolog in antropolog Niko Županić, 149 S SIMPOZIJEV 2008 ki je menil, da so veliki možje kardinalni vir, »iz katerega zajema narod svojo žitno in bitno energijo, svojo moč in obliko«, in pojasnil: »To so tisti izvoljeni ljudje, katerim je izročila usoda sredstvo, vzgojo in izobrazbo naroda. Narod kot tak je nekaka brezoblična masa, strukturo in obliko mu dajo šele njegovi reprezentanti, to so vladarji, politični, intelektualni, etični in estetični, okoli katerih se mase zbirajo in koncentrirajo kakor atomi okoli kristalizacijske točke.« (Županić 1907: 557.) Kardeljanski obrat v razumevanju preteklosti Avtor knjige o slovenskih vodnikih in prerokih Ivan Lah, denimo, je menil, da je zgodovina naroda njegov življenjepis, ki ga pišejo predvsem njegovi heroji. »Zato ustvarja vsak narod sam svojo zgo- dovino. Toda ogrodje zgodovine tvorijo veliki dogodki, v katerih se preskušajo narodne sile, njegova volja in moč, in na čelu velikih dogodkov stopajo junaki, voditelji, glasniki in preroki. ’Zgodovina sveta’ – pravi veliki mislec Carlyle – ’je življenjska zgodovina velikih mož.’ Z njimi ustvarja narod svojo zgodovino.« (Lah 1927: 5.) Na podobnem stališču je slabo desetletje pozneje Anton Slodnjak raz- mišljal o zgodovini slovenskega slovstva. Za Slodnjaka je bil velik človek tisti posameznik, ki »v svojem razumu le jasneje in bolje pojmuje svojstva družbenega okolja in prav zato lahko stopi v začasno protislovje z ’množico’, katera pozneje vendarle prav tako pod vpli- vom družbenih odnosov počasi stopa na njegovo stran« (Slodnjak 1934: 76–77). Prelom s takim razumevanjem zgodovine je skušal narediti Edvard Kardelj v svojem Razvoju slovenskega narodnega vprašanja, prvič objav- ljenem 1939, s katerim je želel podati marksistično interpretacijo slovenske zgodovine (Kardelj 1957: 30 v uvodu). Vendar njegov Razvoj ni bil zgodovinska študija, temveč interpretacija slovenske narodne zgodovine kot boja med dobrim in zlim (glej Plumb 1969: 98; Jezernik 2004: 17), s katero je preteklost postavil v funkcijo doseganja revo- lucionarnih ciljev v prihodnosti. Paradoksalno so bili v Kardeljevi interpretaciji gibalo zgodovinskega razvoja veliki možje, in sicer književniki France Prešeren, Fran Levstik in Ivan Cankar, kar indicira, da njegova zavezanost marksistični interpretaciji zgodovine, po kateri 150 BO@IDAR JEZERNIK je bila zgodovina produkt (delovnih) množic, ni bila posebej trdna. Bržkone pa je k temu svoje prispevala tudi Kardeljeva ambicija, in sicer, da bi se umestil kot vodilni slovenski ideolog, dedič in nada- ljevalec navedene trojice, torej ambicija, ki je bila močnejša od njegove zavezanosti marksistični teoriji.1 Veliki možje oziroma heroji so torej predstavljali najboljše oziroma najbolj želene lastnosti in najbolj imenitne dosežke naroda ter poma- gali ljudem oblikovati njihov odnos do preteklosti. Posamezniki, ki jih je skupnost sprejela za »velike može«, so bili tako spremenjeni v podobo naroda, ki jo je bilo mogoče občudovati, se iz nje učiti in se zanjo, navsezadnje, tudi boriti. Iz narativne podobe velikih mož so se pripadniki določene skupnosti učili solidarnosti in gradili občutek lastne vrednosti v primerjavi s pripadniki drugih narodov; s tem pa so prispevali h kulturni homogenizaciji
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