Supporting Entrepreneurship in the Vocational Training System in Tunisia
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Supporting entrepreneurship in the vocational training system in Tunisia OECD Reviews on Skills and Competences for Entrepreneurship OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Authorised for publication by Sergio Arzeni, Director, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Tourism and Local Development © OECD 2014 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD Supporting entrepreneurship in vocational education and training is increasingly important for governments as they seek to improve pathways to the labour market for youth. Given the youth unemployment challenge that is currently faced in Tunisia, entrepreneurship can offer opportunities for youth to create jobs for themselves and for others. The vocational education and training system has an important role to play in supporting this agenda by providing entrepreneurship training and business start-up support. The OECD is undertaking a series of reviews of entrepreneurship support in vocational training and higher training in selected regions and countries as part of its activity on skills and competencies for entrepreneurship. The reviews on entrepreneurship support in vocational education and training are based on a framework that was developed from international case study work and the ongoing academic debate on the role of training in generating entrepreneurial motivations, intentions and competences. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project has been a collaborative effort between the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development), GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) and the ETF (European Training Foundation) under the leadership of Dr. Jonathan Potter (OECD), Dr. Holger Kuhle (GIZ) and Marie Dorleans (ETF). This project received support from the Agence Tunisien de la Formation Professionelle (ATFP) and the Ministère de la Formation Professionnelle et de l’Emploi (MFPE). This report was prepared by David Halabisky of the LEED (Local Economic and Employment Develop) Programme of the OECD under the direction of Dr. Jonathan Potter, also of the LEED Programme. Sections of the report were drafted by members of an expert team that participated in a one-week study visit and a series of workshops. The team was composed of Andrea Hofer of the OECD LEED Programme; Dr. Jarna Heinonen of the University of Turku; Sannie Fisker of the Technical University of Denmark; Dr. Olivier Toutain of le Groupe ESC Dijon-Bourgogne; Dr. Friederike Soezen of Austrian Federal Economic Chamber; and, Abdelaziz Jaouani of the ETF. This project would not have been possible without the participation and co-operation from MFPE, ATFP and all of the vocational training centres that participated in workshops, surveys and interviews during the study visit. In particular, key contributions were made by a project steering committee: Youssef Naouar (MFPE), Lotfi Oueslati (ATFP), Salah Massoudi (ATFP), Leila Labidi (ATFP) and Mounir Hammami (CENAFFIF). An integral contributor to this project and report was Dr. Mohamed Yassine Chahed of Consulting and Institutional Development. Dr. Chahed prepared a background report and many of its key findings have been incorporated into this report. In addition, he had an invaluable role in supporting the study mission and workshops, administering surveys and commenting on this report. The report has also benefited from comments and inputs from Marie Dorleans of the ETF and Dr. Anthony Jackson from the University of Dundee. Finally, Mohamed Ben Achma and Nahla Guen, both from GIZ, had an important role in this project by preparing and participating the study mission and workshops. In addition, Emma Tynan, Barbara Cachova and François Iglesias of the OECD LEED Programme provided technical support. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... 7 The context of the study ............................................................................................................ 7 Key findings............................................................................................................................... 8 Key recommendations ............................................................................................................... 9 Inspiring international learning models ..................................................................................... 9 ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 13 Learning entrepreneurship ....................................................................................................... 13 Recent developments in Tunisia .............................................................................................. 14 A new reform for vocational training ...................................................................................... 14 OECD project .......................................................................................................................... 15 Project method ......................................................................................................................... 16 References................................................................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 1. LEARNING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN VOCATIONAL TRAINING ............ 19 1.1. The importance of learning entrepreneurship ................................................................... 19 1.2. Objectives and content of entrepreneurship training in vocational training ..................... 20 1.3. Methods used to teach entrepreneurship in vocational training ........................................ 22 1.4. The role of trainers in teaching entrepreneurship in vocational training .......................... 23 1.5. References......................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 2. VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN TUNISIA ......................................................... 25 2.1. The VET system in Tunisia .............................................................................................. 25 2.2. Support for entrepreneurship in vocational training ......................................................... 29 2.3. References......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS FROM VET CENTRE AND STUDENT SURVEYS ....................... 34 3.1. Methodology of VET centre survey ................................................................................. 34 3.2. Results from VET centre survey ....................................................................................... 34 3.3. Methodology of student survey ........................................................................................ 39 3.4. Results from the student survey ........................................................................................ 40 3.5. Key messages and conclusions ......................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. STRATEGIES AND RESOURCES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROMOTION IN VET ............................................................................................................................................. 48 4.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 48 4.2. Findings and assessment ................................................................................................... 48 4.3. Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 51 4 4.4. International learning model ............................................................................................. 54 4.5. References......................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 5. ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING .................................................................