Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

by

Sharon Gayle Conner Whitney Copyright 2007 Sharon Gayle Conner Whitney All rights reserved. This book is dedicated to the Root family. Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Acknowledgements

I want to thank my first cousin, once removed, Carol Root Smeltzer, and my second cousin, once removed, Mary Lett Root Robertson, for their prior works compiling and editing materials relevant to the Root Family stories. Carol lives in El Paso de Robles, San Luis Obispo County, CA. Mary Lett now lives in Knoxville, TN. Carol I see in CA on occasion. Mary Lett I've just recently connected via telephone.

Carol published recently Hannah: A Woman of Spirit and Heart (2006), which is inspired by the 1880s California homesteader life of Hannah Josephine Fosgate, on Estrella Plains, CA, east of Paso Robles. Hannah married John Edgar, an Irish adventurer. They were the parents of Florence Edna Edgar, who married George Francis Root.

Mary Lett is listed in Who's Who of Librarians and Information Services (1987). When I spoke to her on the telephone, Mary Lett seemed to think the life of SDR after the Civil War became a matter of concern to his brother, Moses Root. She said this branch of the family has become "lost" to the rest of us. She seemed happy to learn that the Atlanta Historical Society has some archived materials, and surprised that they included letters written to SDR by Mrs. Jefferson Davis, which thanked him for his help in getting the legislature to provide her with a pension.

3 Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 5 Text Item ...... 8 Descendant Fan Tree of Salmon Root ...... 36 Descendant Fan Tree of Sidney Dwight Root...... 37 Outline Descendant Tree of Sidney Dwight Root...... 38 Family Group Sheet...... 39 Register Report of Sidney Dwight Root ...... 47 Kinship Report of Sidney Dwight Root...... 54 Index...... 58

4 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart Introduction

This book was inspired by the following passage in the memoir of a distant relative:

"In 1860 I had been an intense Union man and welcomed the Compromise Bill of Henry Clay with satisfaction,* but after ten years' experience of constant intimidation and aggression from the North, I concluded the two sections could not live in harmony and had better separate. So, after much thought and prayer, I became a Secessionist in the Spring of 1861, to the great surprise of my friends and family, except my wife. The whole country was aflame, but I am glad to say that I know of no personal outrage" [Memorandum of My Life: Sidney Root, March 14, 1824-1894, typed by Mary Lett Root Robertson - hereinafter MLR- and found contained on page 32 of Our Family Story--Part I: the Roots and the Edgars, compiled and edited by Carol Root Smeltzer, hereinafter CRS]

My book weaves together a synopsis of information found in the Memorandum with information found in the public domain, especially Wikipedia. With "poetic license" this Memorandum could well serve as the raw material for an historical novel.

Sidney Dwight Root [SDR] was a "Yankee by birth" and a "Rebel at heart." The Rebel part, insofar as it applies strictly to his symapthies and business activities during the Civil War, make him unusual in my family, but - as I have discovered by doing the research for this book - this was not in his time. Moreover, most of us are rebellious in some form or another at some time in our life.

SDR's Yankee ancestry was deep, and he knew it, going back to Puritans who settled in Salem, MA in 1637. In the broadest sense of being a rebel, there is evidence of it long before the Civil War, while he was still in Vermont as a young man. For example, at 10 years old he decided he wanted to be not a farmer, like his dad, or a preacher, as his mother wished, but an "architect," which his family did not understand.

He moved to Georgia in the 1840s, and apprenticed to the husband of his elder sister Julia, William A. Rawson, another Vermont transplant to Georgia who owned a dry goods store. Soon enough, SDR was so productive he was able to buy a share of the business, and eventually owned all of it. In the meantime, he had married young Mary H. Clark, who inherited three slaves from her family, which became part of the Root household. As a businessman, SDR was very successful in making money, and eventually he entered into a co-parntership in buying and selling household goods in Atlanta, to where he moved his family. As war loomed, Sidney had to make a difficult political choice, to side with the Union, or Secessionists. This point is evidenced in the quote I cited above.

Moreover, this passage is the only apology SDR gives for his political partisan switch, although he acknowledges at other points that his wife and family suffered during the Siege of Atlanta, as did his business houses, and he sometimes lost capital on his adventures.

5 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Most of his memoir details his role as a cotton financier and blockade runner for the cause of the Southern Confederacy, in lieu of being a soldier, which was prevented by a railroad accident that had broken his hand and arm in five places. For this he was arrested, but eventually pardoned by the U.S. Government.

Another interesting role SDR played during the war was as an unofficial secret envoy to public officials and the aristrocracy in Europe, to try to persuade them that the Confederacy would gradually emancipate the slaves, in return for Europe's increased support of the Confederacy. Most of this came to nothing.

During Reconstruction, SDR moved to New York City, where he fell into doing some philanthropy work with southern negroes living there, in starting a church. Philanthopy work continued when he finally moved back to Atlanta, including for the education of negro women.

Almost as an after-thought, he details some of what his wife had to live through during the Siege of Atlanta, and the losses of his capital are detailed.

Another tragic moment was in the early death of his son John Wellborn Root, well-known in his own right as an innovative architect in Chicago.

At the end, he is survived by his daughter, and he counts his brother, Moses Root, from which my own family descended as among the living he can count as a friend.

My interest in SDR is increased by my occupation as a professor of political science, and myself being transplanted from California to Tennessee. From first-hand experience, I know how the political - an ideological social movement, a cause - may intertwine with the personal to create a dramatic narrative - new opportunites and losses. I've also seen up close an intersection between individual and social-cultural values, such that regional variations in the history of a democratic political culture do help to shape an individual's ideological perspective. A work such as this also opens a door to how one person lives in a historical moment, and it brings alive the dead past of facts into something with personal significance. For example, I am 99.9% certain my other ancestors of this era either escaped the ravages of war by moving to California, or supported the Union side. Nonetheless, by reading this memoir I have been made to realize the impact of the War on those who were secessionists.

Now a word on my relationship to SDR and how I came to possess his memoir. I trace my connection through my late father, his mother, Mary Grace Root (deceased), and her father - George Francis Root - who was a son of Moses Root, SDR's beloved brother. Our Family Story: The Roots and the Edgars was gifted to me by Dad, to whom it was gifted by CRS, my dad's first cousin. In turn, it was gifted to her by their second cousin, MLR, whose grandfather - Charles Harvey Root - was another nephew of SDR. MLR typed the manuscript from a hand-written copy possessed by her Aunt Mary Catherine Root, sister to Charles Harvey. By-the-way, this family was the "last of the Vermont connection."

6 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

*The Compromise of 1850 refers to a plan that allowed slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories while admitting California to the Union as a free state. It included a new Fugitive Slave Act, which banned the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia. Henry Clay, elected in 1849 to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky helped to work out this compromise. This compromise may have helped to delay the Civil War for an additional eleven years. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay)

7 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Synopsis of Memorandum of My Life: Sidney Root, March 14, 1824-1894, as contained in Our Family Story--Part I: the Roots and the Edgars, compiled and edited by Carol Root Smeltzer (1991-1992), and as supplemented by Wikipedia article references, etc.

SDR wrote his memoirs originally for the Atlanta Pioneer Society, then thought his descendants might also benefit from a copy. He believed in the importance of heredity and desired to have an honorable ancestry. He was aided in his genealogy research by Mr. Russell Root of New York, who traced the Root family to "Roote" in Badby, England and before that to "Racine" in Normandy, France, from where they were expelled as Hugenots. From England, 3 brothers emigrated to Salem, MA in 1637. From Salem, there were three migrations: 1) Hartford, CT; 2) Binghampton, NY (source of the famous Elihu Root family line); and 3) Northampton, MA.

Part I, SDR's Early Life: 1824-1860

SDR was born of the Massachusetts line, in Montague, 14 miles north of Northampton, on March 14, 1824. His mother was Eliza Carpenter. She was small in stature, dark in complexion, very religious, and a Jacksonian Democrat. His father was Salmon Root, a large blond man, good- natured with a strong work ethic for himself and his children. He was a Whig, and ally of Daniel Webster, who once visited the home and whose appearance intimidated Sidney.

Beginning at the age of 3, he attended the local common school during three winter months, where he learned skills suitable for a farmer. At the age of 10, after building a pig-pen by himself, he became more interested in architecture.

At about the age of 12, the family moved to Craftsbury, VT. He helped drive the wagon for his mother and sisters. He found Craftsbury half buried in snow, but beautiful nonetheless. The family bought the large farm of ex-Governor Crafts, for whom the town was named.

His mother wanted him to become a preacher. His dad disapproved of his becoming an architect, not understanding it to be a practical profession, and apprenticed him instead to a jeweler in Burlington, to learn watch-making.

His first act of rebellion was in proving that he could sing. He had been told he was too puny to sing well. Singing, and leading church choirs, became a lifetime avocation.

He first participated in politics by being a local leader in a Tippecanoe Club of 1840. [N.B: Such clubs were with the Whig Party and they supported the presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison, who fought Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe on the Tippecanoe River, Indiana Territory, in 1811.] He also worked for Henry J. Raymond, a Whig in 1840.1

When his sister, Julia, married William A. Rawson, a new career opportunity opened up. Rawson, originally of Craftsbury, had relocated to Lumpkin, Georgia,[2] where he owned a dry- goods store. Rawson offered him a job in Lumpkin as his store clerk.

8 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

SDR wrote a letter home describing his trip to the South. In part, it consisted of dealing with "old nigger Essex," a drunk driver of the wagon used to pick him up at the train station, who fell off and got run over by the wagon. SDR had to pick him up and put him on the wagon, then drive himself into Lumpkin. His friend Joe Granberry, also of Craftsbury, moved to Americus, where he was poor but respected.

Below William Rawson's store was Edward E. Rawson,[3] a younger brother, who was a business partner of Judge James Clark. The Clark family shopped in William Rawson's store.

SDR prided himself on developing a good work ethic, including going to bed early, rising early, mastering the business, making friends only with people of principle, reading only good books--especially the Bible, attending church and Sunday School regularly, and speaking no evil. His popularity brought more business to Rawson. He planted trees around the place to beautify it. At the age of 20, he received 1/4 share of the business, named W.A. Rawson and Company. He became the buyer for household goods, purchasing them wholesale, and the general manager. He bought art work for beautifying the store's backroom office, which some people thought was extravagant. He did this in New York City, through which he traveled in 1846 on his first visit back to Craftsbury.

On his return trip, in New York he met James Clark, a nephew of Judge James Clark, and they took a bark, the Isaac Mead, headed for Savannah. This was an eventful trip because Captain Pickens stalled off the "Capes of Virginia" for two weeks. Then they got hit by a big storm, the same one that hit the "Great Western Steamship,"[4] which lasted four days. The bark rolled around a lot, and people fell, including James, who fell out of his berth and got his chin cut so badly it left a permanent scar. The Captain said he feared losing their lives off Cape Hatteras. Then they hit and crushed a schooner, but saved its crew. All Isaac Mead lifeboats were lost , but they buttoned down the hatches and rode the storm out, being pushed away from Cape Hatteras.[5] Then just as suddenly the storm stopped, They were tugged into Norfolk. During the two week stall, SDR and others played cards to pass the time. One card player, Mr. Nathan, whose hair turned white during the ordeal, vowed during the storm to never again to play cards, believing it was being punished by God. Once ashore, SDR gave some money to some ladies to help them reach their destination, saving only $2, enough for himself to get to St. Petersburg. But in kindness Mr. Hiram Roberts, of Savannah, gave him $70, enough for him and Jim to reach Lumpkin. They made it home just in time for SDR to serve as the best man for E.E. Rawson, who married Lizzie Clark. SDR had an occasion to later help Mr. Roberts with a judgement against him made by the U.S. Government during the Civil War.

In 1849, SDR became an equal partner in the company, which was renamed "Rawson and Root." His estimated wealth was $2000. He joined the Baptist Church, and was baptised by Reverend Carlos w. Stephens in a mill pond one mile west of Atlanta, on February 17. There was ice on the pond. His baptism has steadied him during the ordeals of the rest of his life.

About this time he found himself attracted to 16 year old Mary H. Clark, the younger sister of Lizzie Clark Rawson. She seemed also attracted to him, but feared he could not marry her, because he was "poor and a Yankee."

9 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

He wrote her parents a letter to ask permission to marry her. They replied she was too young(she was now 17), but if he could wait three years, they'd reconsider his proposal. He decided that this was not a "no," and felt encouraged. As it turned out they were married within six months by Reverend Stephens. It was a double wedding, with the other party being Benjamin Clark, Mary's cousin, and Amanda Wilson. To keep costs down, only relatives were present. Mary Clark wore white muslin, purchased at Rawson and Root, at 62.5 cents per yard. She bought twelve yards, for a total of $7.50. After his honeymoon, he found his sleeping quarters in the business office had been draped with crepe, including the hanging of a flask of brandy he had foresworn and hidden away in the rafters. His wife eventually used it to make mince meat pies.

The young couple lived first in a small three room house opposite of Judge James Clark. In the meantime, SDR started to build "the big house." Three slaves were part of their household: Patience, who at the age of 3 had been given to Mary, was now joined by Prymas, her 10 year old brother, and by "faithful Maria, the cook."

In 1855 Rawson sold out his share of the business to SDR and it was renamed "Sidney Root." SDR hired William Boynton as his clerk. This man was eventually killed on the battlefield of Sharpesburg.[6]

SDR considered moving his business and family to Savannah, until Yellow Fever broke out, killing 1200.[7] SDR felt his own health was failing, and instead his family settled in Atlanta He was also attracted by the idea of helping to build the town. The E.E. Rawsons also settled there.

In 1857, SDR partnered in Atlanta with J.N. Beach. In that year he took a rain trip "west to Chicago."[8], leaving his wife and infant son, John Wellborn Root with his sister-in-law, Lizzie, which also proved to be eventful. After leaving St. Louis, he suffered an accidental break, in five places, of his right hand and arm. [N.B. SDR does not explain the cause of the accident.] He was laid up in the Lexington Hotel ballroom on a cot for seven weeks, and without being turned over, he got bedsores. His wife came to keep him company. The railroad company paid him $6700 in expenses, but he was also persuaded to sue the company. His attorneys were Swett [sic] and Lincoln.[9] Swett visited him, in Atlanta, but he never met Abe. Although SDR was given a judgment of $1000, he never received it as the company "was sold under a first mortgage." He did make it to Chicago. Later, he wound up his business in Lumpkin, selling his stock to Boynton, and bought a property on South Collins Street for $950, where he built a three room house. In 1858, the family moved into this "little house," where they lived for a year.

In 1858, SDR paid $30,000 cash to the firm of "Beach and Root," and loaned it $7000. He also started building another house "now owned by Governor J.E. Brown." He renamed a street to Washington Street and had it widened to 55 feet. The "Marsh house" was put up by J.C. Peck on adjoining property for Mary's parents. He planted water oak and magnolia's on this Clark property. Beach and Root relocated to Whitehall Street and Pryor Street, on which "now sits the Kiser building." On Whitehall he put up two three-story large iron front stores, "to the wonder and ridicule of Atlanta." He rented out part. Beach and Root did a huge business and made much money. In March, 1858, SDR joined the Second Baptist Church of Atlanta. He became its choir director and superintendent of Sunday School.

10 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Part II: The Civil War Era

"In 1860 I had been an intense Union man and welcomed the Compromise Bill of Henry Clay with satisfaction,[10] but after ten years' experience of constant intimidation and aggression from the North, I concluded the two sections could not live in harmony and had better separate. So, after much thought and prayer, I became a Secessionist in the Spring of 1861, to the great surprise of my friends and family, except my wife. The whole country was aflame, but I am glad to say that I know of no personal outrage" (Smeltzer, p. 32).

SDR did not even know the sympathies of his business partner, J.N. Beach. He assumed he was a Union man, as he had been born in New Jersey and married in the North. SDR proposed that he should go back home and that SDR would run the business during the war, which he "foresaw would come."

In 1861, SDR was on the committee that accompanied Jefferson Davis to his inauguration as President of the Confederate States in Montgomery, AL on February 18.[11] He heard his speeches between Ringgold, Ga and Atlanta. On this trip, SDR explained to Davis that he was a Yankee with a broken hand and could not soldier, but wanted to help in some way. Davis replied that he had heard of his prominence and that SDR could help by importing supplies. This gave SDR the idea to start a forage business, was was executed a few months later by Beach going to Liverpool. SDR went with Commodores Tatnal and Ingrham ("of the old Navy") to see the raising of the First Confederate Flag--the "stars and bars"--in Montgomery on March 4, 1860.[12] They also heard Vice-President Stephens read a telegraphic report of Lincoln's inaugural address, and talked of the coming war. They figured they'd have no trouble raising 50, 000 soldiers.

The forage business set up in Atlanta and Charleston, North Carolina. The idea was to do a cotton and importing business after the war, which they imagined would be short, that would be won by the Confederacy, and would be based on free trade. They started with $150,000 of goods purchased from the North.

Beach left on the last train north to New York City and went to Liverpool, becoming a British citizen. He drummed up an export business running the blockade. To the wharehouse in Charleston came steamers from Nassau and Bermuda. They made much money. They gave the Confederate quartermasters their pick of the cargo, and SDR sold the rest for cash. He bought goods from towns around Atlanta and in Nashville, until Tennessee seceded.[13]. He sold calico for $10 per yard!.

While SDR did much traveling to Charleston and Wilmington, he came home on Sundays to go to church and Sunday School.

In 1862, SDR paid $15,000 for an abandoned racetrack outside of Atlanta that was supposed to be used to set up an orphanage,[14] via the state Baptist Convention, the proceedings for which were in the minutes of 1863 or 1864. However, the deed was never called for, and SDR eventually sold the land to Tom Alexander, who used it to lease to the U.S. Government for barracks. It's worth "now" is $300,000.

11 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

In late 1863, the steamer, Beatrice (named for the Queen's daughter) was destroyed by "enemy guns." The crew escaped. "The only relic of it is the swinging candlestick in my daughter's home."[15] One of SDR's blockade-running ships coming from the Caribbean contained 100,000 Enfield rifles.

In the fall of 1864 Atlanta was burned by General Sherman's forces. The family fleed to Cuthbert, Georgia. SDR's son was 14. SDR decided to put him, and two other boys (Richard Petrio of Augusta and David Evans of Wilmington) on the Lady Sterling to receive an eduction in England for three years.[16] This was the best vessel of the fleet, but in trying to run out "she blew out a piston head and had to come back." However the boys were put on this steamer, and it ran through Bermuda, then to England. "A book might be written about our blockade experience, but that is another story."[17]

At one point the Confederacy reneged on paying SDR the cotton he was owed. Jefferson Davis told him, "after the war," that the Government could not pay.

SDR makes a remarkable claim:

"As the cause seemed in peril, I conceived a plan for the gradual emancipation of the negroes, from whom our armies could be recruited, the good will of foreign nations secured, and our independence achieved. After I received approval from Judge Wellborn, I had several conversations with President Davis about it. He approved the project, asked me to see General Lee about it, etc. I visited General Lee, then near Orange Bluff, and was courteously compelled to spend the night with him in his tent. He approved the plan, and it resulted in the introduction of a bill in Congress to that effect. The bill was finally defeated through the influence of the Honorable R.M.T. Hunter" (Smeltzer, pp. 34-35). [N.B.: My research with Wikipedia has uncovered no articles on: 1) gradual emancipation; 2) Orange Bluff; 3) R.M.T. Hunter.]

SDR also writes:

"Mr. Davis was anxious for me to go to Europe; first, to make arrangements by which our steamers could be retained in Government service; second, by such methods as I could command to get information to the governments of Europe of our plans for the gradual emancipation of our slaves" (Smeltzer, p. 35).[18]

SDR did not want to take on this task, but was persuaded by the Chief of the Commissary of Subsistance, a General Whiting and other officers . He ran the blockade to Nassau, found Captain Goff of the Beatrice, and the two of them took the four-masted Dosien to Liverpool.

Liverpool and Beyond: They reached Liverpool in twelve days, going by way of Bemuda and the Azores. They encountered a storm off the Bay of Biscay. They went trhough Queenstown, Belfast, and Dublin to Liverpool. He failed to make any arrangements about the Confederate business, so, after visiting several other cities in England and Scotland, went to London. He writes:

12 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

"Although I had previously been introduced in London by Mr. Beach, in order to enable me to meet prominent Government officials in Europe, I had no commision. In other words, I was simply a private gentleman, but in some mysterious way, our Commissioners knew of my confidntial mission and received me with great cordiality. Mr. Mason [19] carried me down to visit the Marquis of Bath at his fine seat, known as Longheath, where we spend a day and night" (Smeltzer, p. 35). He met with Lord Derby and was invited to visit his place.[20] [N.B. SDR writes in a self-conscious way that indicates his cognizance of the precarious situation of officials of the British government patronizing his appeals because the U.S. Government would consider any such official dealings as an act of war against the U.S., but they also admonished the European governments to treat the confederates respectfully as U.S. citizens, despite their belligerance. See note 19 for more on this point.]

Through Mr. Beach, SDR met with a Mr. Campbell, an "intense Confederate Englishman," who knew arranged for him to meet with several members of Parliament at a house on Baker Street on a Sunday afternoon before Parliament met. Lord Derby and about 11 other members sympathetic to the Confederacy were there. He mentions that Lord Palmerston was Prime Minister, but does not indicate if he was there [21]. Lord Derby liked the idea of gradual emancipation of the negroes, and in his address on the Queen's speech in the House of Lords, he used much of the information given to him by SDR.

SDR had a manuscript of his travel sent from Havana, which he published at no cost to him in London. [N.B. Conceivably this manuscript might be archived in the Atlanta Historical Society.]

SDR went with Mr. Mason to the Grand Hotel, at 11 p.m., and reconnected with Mr. Campbell. The latter suggested he attend a ball at the Tuilleries.[22] Apparently, Mr. Campbell had befriended Louis Napolean [23] in London and they had become warm friends. He said he could hire a Court dress-suit complete in half an hour, but SDR declined. Instead, he asked Mr. Campbell to use his influence with the Emperor to secure a confidential interview, noting no confederate official could be received. It was arranged on the condition of absolute secrecy.

One morning, Mr. Campbell called for SDR and with much trepidation he went to the Tuilleries. After sending in their cards, they were immediately admitted. They passed up a grand marble stairway and through several large magnificient apartments until they reached an ante room, byeond which was the Emporer's cabinet. They were at once admitted.

SDR describes the scene:

"Napolean III was in plain dress, with no ornament except a small cross of the Legion of Honor,, and he sat in a comfortable arm chair near a plain flat desk, so that. ight from the garden windows came from behind. A Secretary wrote at a side desk, and other officers occasionally appeared at a side door with some question in French. The Emporer appeared to me a large man with a fine head, large nose, heavy moustache, dark complexion and inscrutable eyes. He shook hands with Mr. Campbell and received me with easy politeness, aske me to be seatet, and - in perfect English - asked many questions.

13 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

"I briefly explained President Davis' plan of gradual emancipation. At last he asked me what the feeling was about the Empire in Mexico. I replied: 'Pardon me, your Majesty, the people of the United States are opposed to an imperial government in North America.' He made no reply.

"During the interview of probably twenty minutes, I saw no emotion, either in his face or eyes, except that he seemed pleased when I complimented an exquisite cabinet portrait of the Empress on his desk, and spoke of her popularity in the United States" (Smeltzer, p. 36) [24].

SDR's visit was cut short by Confederate disasters and his important interests in the West Indies. He left Paris in early March, and passed through Orleans, Dax, Bordeau, Bayonne, Burgos (the old capitol of Castile), Escurial, Madrid, Cordova, Sevilla, Xenez, and Cadis, making short stops at these most interesting places. At Cadiz, he took the Spanish Steamer for Cuba, and for 14 days went over the almost exact same route taken by Christopher Columbus. They stopped at the Canary Islands and saw the peak of Teneriff,[25] stopped at Puerto Rico and St. Thomas, and reached Havana on the 13th day. At this port there were 3 vessels, including one named for his wife, loaded with coal, and one new steamer in ballast[26]. From Havana, he went by yacht to Nassau over transparent water and coral reefs.

Collapse of the Confederate Government: By this time, about May 1, 1865, SDR heard via New York of the collapse of the government. He felt his situation was very trying. He knew some of the great houses in the Confederate business had failed. There was no cable, and no direct mail to the U.S. He did not the condition of Beach and Root in Liverpool. He had no credit, 3 ships on his hands, and owed heavy bills for supplies. He spent about 2 months in Nassau selling as much as he could, making whatever collections he could, etc. Finally, he borrowed about 5,000 English pounds (equivalent to about $25,000) on "bottomry" bonds, which are mortgages on steam ships[27].

He sent 2 steamers to Halifax. The Helen Deney, named for the builder's daughter, had never been in service. About this time he heard of the capture of Jefferson Davis. He went to the American Consul, Kirkpatrick, took an oath of allegiance, so he could get home, and received from a letter to Mr. Seward,[28] which afterwards secured his pardon.

After clearing a labor dispute of the crew for the Helen Deney, SDR took the Murro Castle to New York. He brags that he was the only man who "saved every vessel." He complained that, contrary to the Queen's proclamation, the U.S. "could and did seize every blockade runner in the West Indies" (Smeltzer, p. 37).

He arrived in New York in July. His papers were scrutinized, but he was allowed to land. He remained awhile to look after the pardon, assist some distressed Confederate prisoners, and reached Atlanta by the end of the month, having been gone about 9 months.

The Siege of Atlanta: All his business houses had been destroyed. His dwelling house had been protected by General Beckwith and had been reoccupied by his "heroric wife" (Smeltzer, p. 37) [29].

14 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Part III: Post Civil War--Economic Losses, Retirement, and Philanthropy

SDR had business in New York. His wife had suffered during the war. They took a trip to Montreal, and met with his West Indies manager there. During the trip they talked over their future. They could not see much hope for the South, "(reconstruction was then running its evil course). Their children were uneducated and "the colored brothers and sisters were on top" (Smeltzer, p. 38). His wife wanted to leave the South.

Mr. Beach was in New York. He proposed moving there, and opening a house in Charleston, to go into cotton and banking. It was so arranged. They assocated with E.W. Marshall of Charleston, and E. Solomon of New York (formerly of New Orleans). Each party was to pay in $18, 750 in gold, equivalent to $75,000, for the new firm. However, in the summer of 1866 he found out Solomon put up no capital, and in fact drew out $13,000.

The Confederate Government had imposed an $80,0000 tax their England income during the war, and expected payment in gold, which SDR was happy enough to pay. But, when the U.S. Government, under the Confiscation Act,[30] demanded payment, SDR refused to pay, for which there was a judgment. The receipts for that bill he kept in a tin box in his home.

During the war, Beach and Root had invested $50,000 in U.S. bonds, deposited in New York as a "nest egg." By the time SDR reached New York, Beach had already arrived, and he "seems to have gone crazy on cotton," using the bonds to buy cotton; the loss was over $40,000. All of these losses and Solomon's failure propelled SDR into retirement. He remained an agent for Beach on commission, and he retained all the New York business accounts, some of which were valuable.

His daughter, Florence, took first and second honors at Rutgers College for Women. And, the education received by John Wellborn put him in good stead to achieve the great distinction he did in Chicago.

Post-retirement, SDR was in New York from 1873 to 1878. After 1878, he returned to Atlanta. His discussion of events first singles 1876 and a "great panic in London" with many "great houses" going down (Smeltzer, p. 38). [N.B. I could find no reference to this in Wikipedia.] He learned about it not through cable but English steamers who reached Halifax. He feared for his own business. In 2 hours he purchased, at $1,30- $20,000 in gold, which he expressed by steamer to Mr. Beach. It is believed to have saved him from stopping. When New Yorkers found about it, gold went to $1.60. There were several other events that proved to him the value of having good credit with the banks.

He helped to establish a "negro" church, which started as a 26th Street mission of 13 southern- born negroes living in NY City. [N.B. 26th St. passes by Madison Sq. Garden.] They wanted him to be their preacher, but he declined, telling them he was a former slave-holder and a rebel, etc. They said they knew all that, but they felt they had no friends, as northern negroes would not associate with them, the whites sympathized with the northern negroes, and at least he was a southerner who could understand them.

15 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

He consented to try the experiment. The first Sunday night he preached there were 7 in the congregation. At the end of a few months, the large hall was crowded. He writes:

"My influence over these people seemed to be absolute, which was, no doubt, because I practiced no social equality" (Smeltzer, p. 39) [31].

He goes on to say that one night his wife went with him, and that "the fuss they made over her was something wonderful" (Smeltzer, p. 39). In the meantime, he got several bankers and merchants to go down there to preach for him. He tried to get his own "Fifth Avenue Baptist" Church to receive enough of the negroes as members in order to grant them letters to organize their own churches. [N.B. 5th Ave is perpendicular to 26th Street at Madison Square Garden]. They refused, saying they 'didn't want any niggers in that church,' etc. However, after a great deal of trouble, he got 21 Church letters from the South and organized the "Mount Olivet Church" (aka Mount Olive?]. This church grew to 1000 members "from the seeds I planted" and it gained a marble building on 53rd Street, "probably the finest Church for colored people in the world" (Smeltzer, p. 39).

In 1873 his daughter married and settled near Atlanta. His son was in Chicago. His in-laws were getting old, and his wife was anxious to return to Atlanta.

In 1878, he agreed to return to Atlanta, but he asserted that the time he and his wife spent in New York was unmatched in "genuine, unselfish kindness" and that they received the highest of social attention, felt very popular, and were, of course, allied with the best of people (Smeltzer, p. 39). First, they had lived at 120 Waverly Place,[32] joined the great Tabernacle Church on 2nd Avenue, of which J.R. Kendrick was the pastor. Later, they moved to 3 West 42nd Street, [33] and went to the West 46th Street Church, [34] Dr. T. Armitage, pastor. He was elected a Trustee of that church, made Chairman of the Music and other committees, and was Superintendent of the Sunday School. However, he declined the latter, because he had been a "Rebel" and knew it would cause some controversy. He accepted the position of Assistant Superindent first, then became the Superintendent for 11 years. He led many big choruses in New York, such as of the great Moody and Sankey meetings. When they left New York they received a large number of valuable gifts. All his Sunday School members became baptised. He went back to visit New York 3 times, and was always received affectionately. He also became a Trustee of the Fifth Avenue Church, saying it had been $6000 in debt at the time. The Church also incurred improvement expenses of $1200, making the total debt $7200. By the time he left New York, the debt was reduced to $3000, and this was raised in half an hour on his last Sunday of attendance, leaving $0 debt.

After returning to Atlanta, SDR became the General Superindendent of Chamberlin, Boynton, and Co., but from then forward did not make much effort to make money.

In 1880, persuaded by Dr. Roberts, he became a Trustee of the Atlanta Baptist Seminary, which was for the theological education of negroes. In 1881, he was made a Trustee of Spelman Seminary,[35] by the American Baptist Home Mission Society. Spellman was set up for the industrial, normal, and practical Christian education of negro females.

16 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

SDR took the trusteeship(s) on 3 conditions: 1) "no male or white students"; 2) "no social equality"; and 3) "everyone should be taught and required to work." He explains that as male institutions have male teachers to administer things, they did not need to hire him, but with a female institution having only female teachers, they needed to hire male administrators. He acknowledges the success of the college (Smeltzer, p. 40). In 1881, SDR was elected a Director of the "International Cotton Exposition."[36] In this capacity he was on the Executive Committee and chaired 2 departments. He traveled throughout the U.S. and into Canada on its behalf. In Canada, he met the Marquis of Lorn (son-in-law of the Queen) "Of this enterprise it is only necessary to say that it was a great success and probably did more for Atlanta and the 'new South' than any one thing since the War" (Smeltzer, p. 40).

In January1883, Mayor John B. Goodwin appointed SDR as a Park Commissioner, for which he was elected its president. He filled this position, and others--landscape gardner, bookkeeper, Superintendent, etc. for 7 years. Colonel L.P. Grant told that him that, if it had not been for SDR, the L.P. Grant Park would not have existed.[37]. Getting the deed was a problem because his family was against his donation of his land for the park. In the meantime, SDR employed Mr. C. Boeckle to make a topographical map and lay out some of the driveways according to SDR's instructions.

January 8, 1886, SDR's wife died during the night. He writes:

"It was an experience so unexpected, so strange and so distressful that it is difficult to fully realize it after nearly eight years. No phrase of mine, the simple stone over her grave, the angel statute over the spring in the Park can ever do just to that most admirable woman. In all my wide observation, I never met so perfect a woman" (Smeltzer, p. 41).

In 1889, he and Col. L.P. Grant were spending a warm summer morning in the Park, and both were overcome by the "peculiar heat," from which neither fully recovered. SDR took a short vacation after that but ever since felt the unpleasant effects of hot weather.

January 10, 1891, son John Wellborn Root died suddently in Chicago of pneumonia. He writes:

"He had reached the summit of his profession in the world and had just been elected Chief Architect of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He had just lefte me afte a brief and joyous visit, having brought down the plans of our Equitable Building. He was never so handsome, so attentive and deferential to his father, so gentle and courtly in society. My pen fails me - with the fall of my noble son, fell my last earthly ambition. The world will write his eulogy" (Smeltzer, p. 41).[38]

SDR engaged in reforming the system of hiring convicted criminals out to private parties. He consulted with Campbell Wallace, who sympathized with his ideas, but said he was too old to participate. SDR called 3 meetings in the breakfast room of the Kimball House.[39] This move led to the "great Prison Congress" over which ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes presided. Nothing practical resulted, except a moral sentiment against private hirings instead of public uses.

17 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

To sum up, Grant Park is a good place for white laborers to take their families when they cannot leave town. Spelman Seminary is one of the best and finest schools for colored women. SDR has occupied his time with such philanthropies, and fixing up his daughter's house, and getting his affairs in order for her to inherit what there is with little trouble. I've done well. I made my wife happy. My proclivity was for Architecture, which my father discouraged. I made money in business. "I never loved money for its own sake" (Smeltzer, p. 42). The fall of the Confederacy destroyed my ambition. I projected my hopes onto my son, and his tragic death shattered that ambition.

"And so, as the years pass, the earth has less attractions for me. My friends leave me, until few indeed greet me, as I go about my duties, without the hearty grasp of long ago. The world grows dim, and I look forward with entire serenity to the final change, which - after all - is only an incident of life." 'I know whom I have believed." (Signed) Sidney Root

September 20th, "In looking over this fragmentary memorandum, which has been written amid constant interruptions and an interval of illness, I am surprised to notice how very poorly it is written and that I have omitted many incidents which might interest my descendants, if indeed they should be interested in any incident of my life, which I quite doubt. I think I will add some notes - maybe - in regard to reconstruction, etc., which I see I have overlooked---

NOTES. September, 1893

As I have said our property was in ruins, so completely it would be "impossible for me to describe" (Smeltzer, p. 44).

After returning from Montreal about August 1, 1865, he set up a rough plank office in the corner of an old livery stable he owned, about where the former Station House was, which he used for about 9 months.

One day a rough military man appeared, with several in his party, asking about the German restaurant, which SDR pointed out (now called Kenney's bar). He asked me to join him for a glass of beer, which he did. It turned out to be General U.S. Grant, who - with a committee - was on what was afterward called President Johnson's 'Whitewashing Excursion.' [N.B. I can find no explanation as to what this phrase means.]

SDR sold most of his properties, thinking Atlanta was ruined. He sold a house on Washington Street to Governor J.G. Brown for $20,000 cash.

SDR was arrested by the U.S. Marshal, who seized 600 bales of cotton and the ship Nerious at Apalachascolo. He only told his wife about it a year before her death. W.E. Chandler was this head of a gang of cotton thieves. SDR was taken to Augusta, kept on parole for 3 weeks, and examined for 3 days by General Denver, for whom the city is named.

18 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

He writes: "I found the Government knew as much or more than I did about my War history. I learned long afterward that the very people I had befriended during the War were the ones who betrayed my business secrets. I kept in good humor, gave the thieves a bottle of brandy, (at a cost of $10 a day - I never could drink the stuff) and employed a man of character in Washington to look after the office" (Smeltzer, p. 45).

The Secretary of the Treasury -- McCulloch[40] - released him from arrest, and the ship from seizure, although he gave the Government a bond for $350,000. He was informed of his release by cipher[41]. The details of this event are complicated, but he had an affadavit in a tin box that explained the matter.

He was arrested again and examined in New York on the same charge, to wit, holding Confederate property. But, he was able to prove that, in fact, the Confederacy owed him $8,000,000, of which he still had proof.

The trials of his wife, after the fall of Atlanta, are remembered vaguely among the family. He remembers some of the details she told him.

When General Sherman entered the city, General Beckwith (of the old army) sent word he would establishe his headquarters in the Root home at 11 a.m., but his staff arrived at 9 a.m.

"The negroes knew they were free, and while most of them were quiet, Patience (who had been especially petted) managed to steal enough coffee, sugar and flour to live on for many weeks. Henry, who claimed to have been raised by John Tyler, took one of our wagons, stole a mule and escaped through the lines to find 'Mars Sid' in the indefinite South. He found me and has continued to find me up to this time. The rest of our darkies were shipped North by General Sherman" (Smeltzer, p. 45).

Several pretended friends told Sherman stories about SDR's supposed wealth, which caused his wife troubles as she and the house were searched several times. When General Beckwith took possession, she gathered things she thought SDR especially prized into 3 bed quilts, and moved to her father's house next door. Months before, SDR had scattered about the place some $200 double eagles [42] . His wife found all but $20, which he thought was probably still in the chimney of Governor Brown's dining room.

Sherman ordered the city evacuated within 5 days. Mary went with her father to see General Sherman to get permission to go out together. The Federal soldiers had been all over the place, prodding the ground with bayonets, hunting for gold. Mary asked for a guard, which she was given, but not before the soldiers found 3 bottles of madeira wine, bottled by Henry Clay the year SDR was born, which he had buried, expecting to celebrate independence with Jefferson Davis, as agreed upon by him.

General Sherman pretended to be kind, and advised Mary to not go to S.W. Georgia, which was a shrewd attempt to persuade the Confederacy and SDR that he was to march on Mobile. On

19 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart the 10th day, Mary, her father, the children, and 3 other families came out in a stock car. SDR met them in Griffin, and taken charge of by their unselfish friend, Mr. James Beeks. Florence, SDR's daughter, brought her doll, "Gerty," in whose head and body contained all the previously hidden gold and diamonds.

From there they went to Columbus, to spend some time with his sister, Julia Rawson, then by carriage back to Lumpkin and Cuthbert, to live with Mrs. Thornton. SDR did not see Atlanta again for 9 or 10 months.

On two occasions he was sworn into the Confederate Army. Once in Charleston, he volunteered for a "special service" of protecting the city for a week, while the regular troops were defending Fort Wagner and the U.S. Government was shelling the city from Morris Island. Then he found out the Kate was being bombarded at the New Inlet below Wilmington, so he got an unlimited leave of absence to take care of that business. He slept on the beach in North Carolina amid bombardment until the Kate and her cargo were safe.

The other time he was sworn in for special service was to hunt up deserters in the mountains of North Georgia, under the leadership of the Provost Marshal of Atlanta, Col. Washington Lee. He was appointed a Major, and he and Dr. Roy, Surgeon, went together in a buggy. They had 600 men and 2 pieces of cannon. On the 2nd day of the march the Adjutant got drunk, so SDR was appointed Adjutant. On the square of Dahlonega, he issued a proclamation, explaining to the townspeople their mission.

The next day they sent out squads of Cavalry with sealed orders and arrested 50 or 60 wretches, whom they brought back to Atlana in chains. "The funny thing is that I was required to make long reports to the President, Secretary of War, Governor and commander of the District, none of which were probably read" (Smeltzer, p. 47).

When he went through the blockade to England, he carried with him samples of Kolin beds in South Carolina, from which Southern porcelain might be manufactured, after the war. Governor Bullock knew about that plan.[43]

The one bale of cotton SDR shipped for his own account went to supportt a mission in Africa. His wife's cousin was a missionary. The bale weight 487 pounds and sold for $487 in gold. This, he believes, was all the support the mission had for 2 or 3 years.

SDR turns to giving a brief history of his steamers. He had 19-21 ocean steamers. Several were bought then adapted to that service; those that were build cost an average of 30,000 pounds or about $150,000.

* Beatrice: named for the Queen's daughter; sunk off Charleston harbor on her 1st trip. Cargo was worth about 1,000,000 pounds. [N.B. This would be about $5,000,000]. Only relic is the swinging candlestick in his daughter's home. * Lady Sterling: the finest vessel in the fleet. She was built for the Khedive of Eygpt.[44]

20 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

It was bought for 40,000 pounds ad adapted for Confederate service in the Autumn of 1864. This is the ship SDR tried to send his son and 2 other boys to England on, but it blew its piston head. The repairs cost $60,000. Her 2nd time out another piston head blew. Then she was shot through her engine room by a 32 pound ball, and surrendered. The U.S. Government took her, repaired her, and she became the Hornet.[45] It was on this steamer that "the celebrated conference was held in Hampton Roads between Lincoln, Stephens and others (Smeltzer, p. 47) [46] [N.B. There is a discrepancy between SDR and Wikipedia on this point. According to the Wikipedia article for note 46, the conference took place on the River Queen in Febuary 1865. A Wikipedia article on the 5th USS Hornet (the renamed Lady Sterling) gives no indication that it was again renamed, but rather decommissioned in December 1865]. After it was decommissioned, the U.S. Government offered to sell the USS Hornet back to SDR. He went to see her in the Erie basins, where he found her and several other of his captured steamers. SDR declined to negotiate as the steamer was no longer suitable for general trade. It was then sold to the Cuban Revolutionists, and again captured by the US Government when she put into Wilmington for coal.[47]

* Lucy: was 2nd-hand. She cost 15,000 pounds. Dr. Guide was the captain. He situated in Waterloo, near Liverpool, after the war, and lived on the proceeds of his blockade work. He ran the blockade 10 times, and each time earned 1000 pounds, each time carrying 3 bales of cotton. Lucy also carried $5000 in gold for SDR, which he received for the sale of the Wylie house to General Austell, after SDR learned from Mr. J.L.M. Curry, on General Johnston's staff that it would be likely Atlanta would have to evacuate. He tried to deposit this gold with the Bank of Tennessee, but then chose to bury it under a lot of wood at his home. After paying several thousand dollars for an express mail courier aboard the Lucy, the Lucy was captured within 3 hours.

* Kate: a new vessel of steel. She cost $65,000. She was the 2nd twin screw steamer ever built.[48] The British Admiralty experimented with her new method of propulsion on the mouth of the Thames for 24 hours. She made one successful trip to Charleston. In honor of the wedding of the Prince of Wales, SDR gave a banquet on board, during which William Barnes first read in the South "the fine ode of Tennyson, 'Alexandra'" (Smeltzer, p. 48).[49] On her next run, the Kate was forced ashore by the blockade fleet at New Inlet below Wilmington. This was the ship SDR was given a leave of absence for from his special service in Charleston, managing to overseve its rescued cargo, but having her engines seized 1st by the Confederate Government, then confiscated by the Federals. SDR never got reimbursed for the engines, even after trying for a year.

* Helen Deney: named for the daughter of the builder. She cost 35,000 pounds. This ship never ran the blockade. It was the one he had crew and contract problems with the Confederacy. One marriage was performed on it, 3 leagues from Spanish waters, near Havana, performed by a Catholic priest in accordance with the law. This was the ship he took to Europe and back.

* Rosthey Castle: a successful steamer, bonded in Nassau. She was sent to Halifax, sold, and sent up the St. Lawrence river. SDR saw her again on beautiful Lake Memphramagog, in Vermont. [50] She had been taken apart, transported by rail, and reassembled there.

21 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

* Columbia: another twin screw steamer, and the subject of a special story by SDR. She ran the blockade in broad daylight through 12 U.S. man-o-war ships. She was new and cost $150,000. Her captain was Burroughs, who came back to New York to be an agent for SDR in 1867. This was the ship that was eventually sold to the French for $4,000,000 and renamed the Rochambeau. This happened in the midst of SDR negotiating to buy it back for $2, 500,000, above its mortgaged price. SDR's commission should have been $12, 500, but his agent Burroughs siphoned off the money for his own personal use.

SDR next turns to some of his business adventures that lost money. He was not a Wall Street gambler, or any other kind of gambler.

His business in England was supposed to help the South, as well as make money for him. Once he and Beach sat down to calculate how much they lost, leaving out what the Confederacy owed them, the figure was about $1,700,000 in greenbacks. Some of this was attributable to the loss of 2,000,000 bales of cotton, which at the close of the war was worth $1,000,000 in gold. In Atlanta, they lost 13 buildings, some of the finest brick buidings in Atlanta. He had in Liverpool a credit account worth about 15,000 pounds, equivalent to about $125,000 in greenbacks, for which he never received one dollar. Mr. Beach said it was all absorbed by the failure of the Confederacy. Mr. Beach, after they dissolved their partnership, went into bankruptcy, and SDR never sued for the 12,000 pounds unjustlly withheld from him. A store clerk, "Sandie" Kennedy stole $12,000 in gold, collected the money in Richmond, and scurried off to Australia. Sandie was the brother of the boy preacher, Crammond, whom SDR also befriended.

The Spring Bok litigation was over a British ship and its cargo, which was carrying about $20,000 of SDR's goods from England to Bermuda when it was captured by the U.S. Government The only suspicious thing in the cargo was a box of Havana cigars for President Jefferson Davis. The whole cargo was condemned. The English Courts decided against the U.S. Government, but that Government decided to hold its own High Joint Commission to deal with the affair. SDR's claim of 70,000 pounds in cotton bonds was rejected.[51]

Another bad business investment occurred when SDR loaned "Buck" Lears of Macon, a strong cotton merchant, $20,000. He put up as collateral mortgages on a 2,000 acre plantation, a Macon residence, a contract for 800 bales of cotton, and control of the New York consignments of Lawton and Lears. The money was supposed to be advanced to cotton planters in New York,, the cotton of which was supposed to come back to SDR. Instead, Lears used the loan for other purposes, Lawton quit him, and SDR got only 160 bales of cotton instead of the promised 2000. Lears failed for $100,000, and SDR was the only secured creditor. He got the Macon house, and plantation. he ran these at a loss for several years (40 hands, 20 mules), then sold it.

On business adventure was the purchase of Cerro de Sal (Mountain of Salt) on St. Domingo [aka Domincan Republic] with 13 other prominent New York men. The idea was to supply the United States with salt (enough for 1000 years) after the U.S. annexed it, as proposed by President U.S. Grant. Congress failed to go along with the idea; it failed by one vote - Sumner - [52] who voted against it in retaliation for Grant recalling Motley as Minister to St. James (the

22 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

English Court, MLR). An English syndicate once offered to buy in for a 1/3 interest, at 100,000 pounds. But the New Yorkers declined because Mr. Vanderbilt's attorney said annexation was certain, and then the propert would have been worth $5,000,000.

A few prominent businessmen, including SDR, also owned Johnson's Island [sic].[53] SDR once went over there and got samples of "guamo" [sic] [54]. It was of low grade, according to lab analysis in New York and London. Nonetheless, except for the discovery of phosphates in South Carolina, it still would have been a valuable commodity to mine and market. There may have also been a title dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain over the atoll.

Another losing business adventure was in oil. SDR and his partners were outdone by the oil- tanker and pipeline distribution scheme of Rockefeller behind the Standard Oil Company. Distribution by oil barrels was comparatively inefficient, and no longer profitable. "Our little company went down and the greatest corporation in the world grew up" (Smeltzer, p. 51).

One event mixed friendship, business, and family in a way that hurt SDR financially. His partner, Beach, dealt in commodoties futures. SDR opposed it, but Beach convinced Dr. J.P. Logan to also up up some his money into the speculation. Then Logan moved from Atlanta to Baltimore to start a drug business, which failed. The cotton speculation also failed. Logan asked for a permanent release from his part of the debt, which was $2500. Beach opposed that, but gave in. Later, SDR learned accidentally that Beach had received from Logan an insurance policy of $5000 for security. Dr. Logan explained that Beach had misinformed him that he was the sole surviving owner of their firm. When the doctor married a dear relative of SDR's, he felt he could not press his rights further. He kept evidence for all of this in his books and boxes, in case it should ever come back to haunt his reputation.

SDR also discusses the "celebrated Ben Mordecai case" (Smeltzer, p. 52). It took 18 years in various courts to finish it up. All assests were absorbed by expenses and lawyers' fees, despite winning in every court. "The details of the case would make a good sized book" (Smeltzer, p. 52).

Solomon, a New York partner of Beach and Root, endorsed Mordecai's notes for $60,000. They were discounted in the NY banks. These were supposed to buy cotton consigned to Beach and Root from Liverpool. While he was in Charleston, Mordecai was one of its richest men, worth about $700,000. But, cotton, instead of going up went down. Beach sold at a loss of about $60,000, which absorbed all of the cash Mordaecai had put in and left the notes unpaid. Meanwhile, Mordecai lost about $300,000 in saw mills and lumber speculation. He cried "like a child" (Smeltzer, p. 52), but then transferred to Beach and Root his mortgage claim on a large and valueable property in Americus, given to secure a loan of $60,000 to A.S. Datts, endorsed by a Mr. Stewart. That's when the litigation began in the state courts. Beach and Root hired Nisbets and Jackson as attorneys. The case went on appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court 3 times. It took 4 years to just get a hearing. Other attorneys were brought in: Nisbetts & Mason; Allen, of Fort Americus; Jackson, Lawton & Bassinger, of Savannah; Judge Campbell, of Charleston; Phillip Phillips of D.C., etc. The latter was paid $2500 to make an oral argument. The Court held that as there had been a Confederate transaction between Catts [MLR- Datts?] and Mordecai, the judgment for Beach and Root was scaled down to $23,500. SDR hired A.T. Ackerman to help

23 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Judge Jackson (the late Chief Justice) in Savannah. Hon. Howell Cobb was also retained. Some of these lawyeres came over from Mordecai's side, after he lost in the Supreme Court. Perhaps the influence of Chief Justice J.E. Brown helped move it into the U.S. Supreme Court. A note he wrote to SDR indicated as much.

Doing business during war is extra-ordinarily uncertain. One time SDR bought 80 boxes of tobacco ($1000, Confederate money, per box). He stored in his Whitehall warehouse. Guns were sounding all around. He tried to ship his tobacco but the Government had a lock on all transportation. An Israelite, Mr. Gunst, notified SDR that he had a large stock of miscellaneous goods in Savannah, and offered to swap. SDR accepted. Gunst planned to store the tobacco with the Consul under the Belgian flag, De Give. Gunst came for the key to move the tobacco. But the soldiers saw the tobacco and they told Commissary Cummings that it was going to be sold to Yankees. Cummings seized the whole lot and issued it to the Confederate Army. But, Gunst had already sold it to De Give, and got his payment in Brussells. De Give came to SDR and got him to appeal to Richmond, and the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Trenholmer, authorized SDR to settle the matter. SDR gave De Give $80,000 in Confederate money. Meanwhile, he had shipped his goods from Savannah to Augusta to Churchill and Johnson to be sold on commission, and went off to Europe for 8 months. Churchill and Johnson paid SDR $167,000 in Confederate money for his goods. It was worthless. But, Mr. Beach took a trunk of it, and more, to England. SDR does not know what became of that money. What De Give did with his $80,000 SDR also never knew.

"I fear that I have written more than will be read, and will record no more like the above, of which i can recall several which were unusual in business life, as for instance, the Sunday School Question Book, published during the War, and which had a circulation of about $20,000, etc.

"I am getting old. I am conscious of it because of physical infirmities; and so many - indeed, most of my old friends - have left me, North and South and in England....I am conscious of no fear of death per se; it is simply an incident in the real life. It is, however, impossible to avoid worrying about the members of my family whom I must leave behind, particularly my daughter, who - I think - is the most admirable woman I ever knew, excepting my wife. She has had a hard time in life, and the future looks rather unpromising. I have great faith in her courage and intelligence, in the kindness of her relatives, and a humble trust in God, who has been my stay and help in many troubles....I trust her children, particularly her daughteres, will be as creditable to the family as my children have been.

"In about a mongth - March 14- I shall have reached the Scriptural limit of this shadowy and unsatisfactory life - three score and ten. A few moments' review of the past and present surprises me by the strange circumstance that all my boyhood friends have left me but three - my brother Moses in Craftsbury, A.G. Strong in Burlington, and James H. Richardson of Lumpkin. I have already lived longer than I expected whin I was a young man. My father, Dr. Logan, George Washington and others whom I occasionally remember, died at 69, and I should be perfectly willing to go but for my daughter."

Thus ends the Memorandum.

24 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Endotes, with References from Wikipedia, etc

[1] Henry Jarvis Raymond was an American journalist and politician born in New York. He graduated from the University of Vermont in 1840. He assisted Horace Greeley, formed his own company, then founded the New York Times. He was the second chairman of the national Republican Party. [For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond.]

[2] By 1842, a settlement meant to be the "Terminus" for the Western and Atlantic Railroad, beginning in Chatanooga, TN had six buildings and 30 residents. When a two-story depot building was built, the residents asked that the settlement be named "Lumpkin", after Wilson Lumpkin, the Governor of Georgia. He asked them to name it after his daughter, instead, and Terminus became Marthasville. Just three years later, the Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, (J. Edgar Thomson) suggested that it be renamed to "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly shortened to "Atlanta". The residents approved, apparently unabashed by the fact that not a single train had yet visited and the town was eventually incorporated as "Atlanta" in 1847. [For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta.]

[3] Edward E. Rawson (1818-April 10, 1893) was an important early businessman in Atlanta, Georgia. Rawson was born at Craftsbury, Vermont seven generations removed from Edward Rawson (Politician) who emigrated from England in 1636 and settled at Newbury, Massachusetts. Most of his early life was spent on the plantation of his father, Elijah Rawson. Though accustomed to hard work young Rawson found plenty of time for study, and he was encouraged by parental influence and example to make the most of his educational opportunities. He attended the district schools, which were exceptionally good, but before reaching his nineteenth year his father died, making it necessary for him to leave home and to shift for himself. Coming to Lumpkin, Georgia, he entered the employ of his brother W.A. Rawson, as clerk, remaining in this establishment until 1841 when he embarked in the mercantile business on his own account. Sixteen years passed and during this time he built up an immense local trade and he was married there in 1846 (they had nine children together) but ill-health made it necessary for him to seek higher latitudes and accordingly he closed out his establishment at Lumpkin and came to Atlanta. He lost no time in starting up again in this place, as he not only brought with him an experienced business head but also enough capital to meet competition. When the war broke out he was doing an excellent business. Sturdy integrity and wide-awake enterprise secured for him the patronage of the community, and he retained the good will and friendship of every customer whose name was once entered upon his books. Ill-health prevented Rawson from taking any active part in the operations of the war, but his sympathies were strongly with the South notwithstanding his northern birth and antecedents. From 1863 to 1864, he served in the city council representing the Second Ward, and just before the evacuation of Atlanta under the relentless order of Gen. Sherman, who was preparing to burn the city, Rawson was in Mayor James Calhoun's committee of six who surrendered the city and later evacuated. On returning to the city in 1865 Rawson gave himself heartily to the work of rehabilitation and was instrumental in organizing the busy forces which started Atlanta again upon the highway of civic prosperity and success. From 1867 to 1868 he was appointed to represent the Second Ward by Third Military District commander General John Pope, replacing F.M. Richardson who resigned with almost half of the council. There he advocated the adoption of many important measures of public utility and took an active part in the preliminary movement for bringing the state capitol from Milledgeville to Atlanta. He was also instrumental in organzing the public school system of Atlanta, serving for many years on the board of education. He also served as chairman of the board of water commissioners from 1872 to 1888 building a modern water system. He remained in merchandising most of this time tunil 1879 when he bought an interest in the Atlanta Coffin Factory, with which he remained until 1887, when he established the Gate City Coffin Company where he was president. Throughout his long career in Atlanta, he was an active and inluential member of Trinity Methodist Church. [References: Martin, Thomas H., Builders of Atlanta, 1902]

25 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

[N.B. This author also chronicles the life of Sidney Root, which may also be found on Wikipedia. It is also worthy of note that there is major street in Atlanta called Rawson Street.

[4] The steamship SS Great Western (named for the Great Western Railway Company) was the first steamship purposely built for the Atlantic crossing. It served in this capacity until 1846. [For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_%28steamship%29]

[5] 1846 Atlantic hurricane season: A slow-moving hurricane remained offshore of Cape Hatteras on September 6. It pushed water into the Pamlico Sound. When the hurricane moved far enough north, the northerly winds pushed the water back out, creating the Hatteras Inlet. {See Wikipedia for more information.]

[6] The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. [See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sharpsburg for more information.]

[7] Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or vomito negro, or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease. IThe yellow refers to the jaundice symptoms that affect some patients. Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics. A ship carrying persons infected with the virus arrived in Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia in June of 1855 .[13] The disease spread quickly through the community, eventually killing over 3,000 people, mostly residents of Norfolk and Portsmouth. The Howard Association, a benevolent organization, was formed to help coordinate assistance in the form of funds, supplies, and medical professionals and volunteers which poured in from many other areas, particularly the Atlantic and Gulf Coast areas of the United States. [See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Fever#Norfolk.2C_Virginia:_1855 for more information.]

[8] At this time, the Illinois Central Railroad, sometimes called the Main Line of Mid-America, had its primary routes connecting Chicago, Illinois with New Orleans, Louisiana and Birmingham, Alabama. It was a major carrier of passengers on its Chicago-New Orleans mainline and between Chicago and St. Louis. Its most famous train was the Panama Limited, a premier all-Pullman car service between Chicago, St. Louis, Missouri, and New Orleans. However, since this company lasts up through the 20th century, it seems doubtful this was the same company that carried SDR. [For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad.

[9] I can find no attorney partner with Abe Lincoln by the name of Swett. For a time after 1837 he did practice law in Springfield with a John T. Stuart. But, by 1844, Lincoln was partnered with William Herndon. However, in 1850s, Lincoln was a skilled railroad lawyer. An important example of Lincoln's skills as a railroad lawyer was a lawsuit over a tax exemption that the state had granted to the Illinois Central Railroad. McLean County argued that the state had no authority to grant such an exemption, and it sought to impose taxes on the railroad notwithstanding. In January 1856, the Illinois Supreme Court delivered its opinion upholding the tax exemption.

[10] The Compromise of 1850 refers to a plan that allowed slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories while admitting California to the Union as a free state. It included a new Fugitive Slave Act, which banned the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia. Henry Clay, elected in 1849 to the U.S. Senate from Kentucky helped to work out this compromise. This compromise may have helped to delay the Civil War for an additional eleven years. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay)

[11] Davis opposed the Compromise of 1850. He also opposed secession in principle, but upheld it

26 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

in practice on January 10, 1861. On January 21, 1861, he announced the secession of Mississippi, delivered a farewell address, and resigned from the Senate. Four days after his resignation, Davis was commissioned a Major General of Mississippi troops.[3] On February 9, 1861, a constitutional convention at Montgomery, Alabama named him provisional president of the Confederate States of America and he was inaugurated on February 18. In meetings of his own Mississippi legislature, Davis had argued against secession; but when a majority of the delegates opposed him, he gave in. [See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis.]

[12] Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham (6 December 1802 16 October 1891) was an officer in the United States Navy who later served in the Confederate States Navy. (For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Ingraham). I could find no similar information on Tatnal. The "stars and bars'" was later abandoned because it cause confusion on the battlefield, as it looked a lot like the U.S. flag.

[13] Why SDR should stop buying goods in Nashville after Tennessee seceded is not immediately clear. By piecing together some history of Tennessee I believe I know the answer. In effect, after secession, June 8, 1861 (it was the last state to do so), the state was the site of many battles, most of them won by the Union. The U.S. Navy captured the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers in February 1862, and the U.S. Government occupied the area, particularly Memphis and Nashville. Control of the western and middle part of the state was confirmed by the battle at Murfreesboro, in early January 1863. Some related interesting points about Tennessee, which I did not know, are as follows. First, Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 1796 as the 16th state; it was created by taking the north and south borders of North Carolina and extending them to the Mississippi River, with one small deviation. The word Tennessee comes from the Cherokee town Tanasi, which along with its neighbor town Chota was one of the most important Cherokee towns and often referred to as the capital city of the Overhill Cherokee. The meaning of the word "tanasi" is lost (Mooney, 1900). Second, after the war, Tennessee adopted a new constitution that abolished slavery effective February 22, 1865 and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 18, 1866. Tennessee was the first state readmitted to the Union on July 24, 1866. Because it ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor during Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson, of course, was the appointed governor during the Civil War.

[14] The casualties of American Civil War did more than simply reduce the male population of the country, they also dramatically increased the number of widows and orphans. Many states reacted to the crisis by erecting new (or taking over existing) buildings to "care for, educate and train the children of fallen soldiers." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_Schools]

[15] Beatrice , a sidewheel steamer, land blockade runner, was lost inbound for Charleston, near Bowman's Jetty, Sullivan's Island on November 27, 1864. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runner, which contains a note that its information was taken with permission from Treasures of the Confederate Coast: The "Real Rhett Butler" & Other Revelations by Dr. E. Lee Spence (Narwhal Press, Charleston/Miami, 1995).

[16] A Confederate blockade runner, the Lady Stirling was built James Ash at Blackwall, England in 1864. She was badly damaged and captured on October 28, 1864 off Wilmington, North Carolina. Following condemnation by a prize court she was bought by the US Navy, repaired, armed, and commissioned as USS Lady Sterling and later renamed USS Hornet on April 25, 1865. In navy service she mainly operated in the Chesapeake Bay squadron. In October 1865, Hornet escorted the Confederate ironclad Stonewall from Cuba to the United States. Hornet was decommissioned on December 15, 1865 and sold into private ownership in 1869. After the warHornet was involved in several filibustering expeditions to Cuba under the names Hornet , and Cuba.

[17] This is an intriquing comment, in part because of "Rhett Butler," the infamous blockade runner character in Gone With the Wind , when combined with the research of Dr. Edward Lee Spence (see note 15 above). Spence argues that the "real Rhett Butler" was George Trenholm, a ship magnate, who made

27 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart a billion dollars by running his ships ran from Charleston, Wilmington, Savannah, and even New York. He was also loved to party, was a womanizer , and was neutral politically with social and business ties with both the North and the South. In other words, compared with Trencholm, SDR was a lesser-wealthy Southern merchant, loyal to "the lost cause," and presumeably faithful to his wife.

[18] Once the war with the United States began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The U.S. realized that too and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the United States and the cutoff of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed that "cotton is king" that is, Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton were proven wrong. Britain, in fact, had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the Union states.

[19] During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the United States were at sword's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861. Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, helped calm the situation, and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell, so the episode was no help to the Confederacy. Throughout the war most European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied international law principles that recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders, and some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the Texas border. [See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America, including its notes, references, and bibliography.]

[20] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Derby for a history of the Earl of Derby. Before the Civil War, the Earl had been Prime Minister.

[21] Lord Palmerston's sympathies in the American Civil War (1861-5) were with the Southern Confederacy. Although an opponent of the slave trade and slavery, he had a deep hostility towards America but he did not want war with the Northern United States. At the beginning of the Civil War, though Britain had issued a proclamation of neutrality on 13 May 1861[1], Lord Palmerston decided to recognise the Confederacy as a belligerent and to receive their unofficial representatives (although he decided against recognising the South as a sovereign state because he thought this would be premature).

[22] The Tuileries Palace stood in Paris, France, on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed. The Palace of the Tuileries served as the official residence of the executive branch of government after the coup d'état by Napoléon III in 1852; when President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte became Emperor Napoléon III he moved from his presidential office at the Élysée Palace to the Tuileries Palace, ushering in the Second Empire. During the Second Empire, the Tuileries Palace was extensively refurbished and redecorated after the looting and damages that occurred during the Revolution of 1848. For more history on the palace, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuilleries.

[23] Born Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 -9 January 1873), he was the first President of the French Republic from 1848 to 1851, then from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852 the ruler of a dictatorial government, then Emperor of the French under the name Napoléon III, to 1870. He was the last monarch to rule France. [For more information on Napolean III, including his foreign policy, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napolean_III]

28 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

[24] During the American Civil War, Napoleon III brought France to the fore of the pro-Confederate European powers. For a time, Napoleon III inched steadily towards officially recognizing the Confederacy, especially after the crash of the cotton industry and his expedition in Mexico. It is also said that he was driven by a desire to keep the Union split. Through 1862, Napoleon III entertained Confederate diplomats, raising hopes that he would unilaterally recognize the Confederacy. The Emperor, however, could do little without the support of Great Britain, and never officially recognized the Confederacy. Napoleon's adventurism in foreign policy is aptly demonstrated by the French intervention in Mexico (January 1862March 1867). Napoleon, using as a pretext the Mexican Republic's refusal to pay its foreign debts, planned to establish a French sphere of influence in North America by creating a French-backed monarchy in Mexico, a project which was supported by Mexican conservatives tired of the anti-clerical Mexican republic. The United States was unable to prevent this contravention of the Monroe Doctrine because of the American Civil War, and if, as Napoleon hoped, the Confederates were victorious in that conflict, he believed they would accept the new situation in Mexico.

[25] Tenerife, a Spanish island, is the largest of the seven Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa. The island is located at 28°19 16°34and has a surface area of 2,034 km² (785 sq.mi). Like the rest of the Canary Islands, it is of volcanic origin. The last of the three eruptions that created the island happened about 3.5M years ago, although small murmurs occur. The most recent earthquake of about 4 on the Richter scale was in 2002. The highest point of Spain, Teide (3 717 m), is on this island. The island itself is clearly divided into a very dry southern part and a very humid and green north. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife.

[26]. Ballast is used in sailboats to provide moment to resist the lateral forces on the sail. Insufficiently ballasted boats will tend to tip, or heel, excessively in high winds. Too much heel may result in the boat capsizing. When sailing vessels carried cargo, it was at times necessary to sail to a port with no cargo. In order to do this enough ballast of little or no value would be loaded to keep the vessel upright. This ballast would then be discarded when the cargo was loaded. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ballast.

[27] A bottomry, or bottomage, is when the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom or keel of it, so as to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor, if the money is not paid at the time appointed with interest at the ship's safe return. This occurs in cases where the ship needs urgent repairs during the course of its voyage or some other emergency arises and it is not possible for the master to contact the owner to arrange funds, allowing him to borrow money on the security of the ship or the cargo by executing a bond. Where both cargo and ship are hypothecated, the bond is called a bottomry bond. Due to the bond's relatively low priority as against other liens in the event of a libel against the ship, the use of bottomry bonds declined greatly in the 19th century and the subject is today of interest only to legal historians. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomry

[28] William Henry Seward, Sr. (May 16, 1801 October 10, 1872) was a Governor of New York, United States Senator and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward.

[29] During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub. (See also: Atlanta in the Civil War.) In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion (the subject of the 1939 film Gone with the Wind). The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. On September 1, 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood evacuated Atlanta after a four-month siege mounted by Union General William T. Sherman and ordered all public buildings and possible Union assets destroyed. The next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation for his punitive march south. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta#Civil_War_and_Reconstruction

[30] The Confiscation Acts were laws passed by the United States government during the Civil War

29 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South. The First Confiscation Act authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces ("property" included slaves). This meant that all slaves that fought or worked for the Confederate military were freed whenever they were "confiscated" by Union troops. The bill passed in the House 60-48 and in the Senate 24-11[1]. The act was signed into law by President Lincoln on August 6, 1861. The Second Confiscation Act was passed on July 17, 1862. It stated that the slaves of any Confederate official, military or civilian, who did not surrender within 60 days of the act's passage would be freed. However, this act was only applicable in Confederate areas which had already been occupied by the Union Army. All slaves taking refuge in Union areas were "captives of war" and would be set free. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln opposed these acts, believing that they would push the border states towards siding with the Confederacy. The growing movement towards emancipation was aided by these acts, which eventually led to the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation_acts

[31] Mary Lett Root {MLR] who typed the Memorandum , inserted in brackets the following, "[Inequality?]" (Smeltzer, p. 39). The phrase "social equality" comes up again later in the manuscript, as something SDR did not believe in or practice, and at that point MLR does not repeat her raised question. I think he means what he says, and that he believes the southern negroes respected him because he did not practice social equality.

[32] This location is about 1 block from Washington Square Park, according to maps.google.com.

[33] This address is in Manhantan, according to maps.google.com.

[34] MLR notes this church was on the corner of 46th and 5th Streets. I have not been able to pinpoint the churches he mentions. I do not have "the big picture" of the city and its areas in my mind.

[35] It appears Atlanta Baptist Seminary and Spelman Seminary are the same institution with different names. It is now called Spelman College. Spelman College is a four-year liberal arts woman's college in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1881 by Harriet E. Giles and Sophia B. Packard, the historically black institution began as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, was renamed Spelman Seminary in 1884 and Spelman College in 1924. Spelman enrolls about 2,318 students. The college is part of the Atlanta University Center academic consortium of historically black colleges and universities in Atlanta. Spelman is considered to be the top female historically black college in the United States with Morehouse College filling this spot for men. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelman_Seminary

[36] International Cotton Exposition was a Worlds Fair held in Atlanta, Georgia from October 5 to December 3 of 1881. For more information, including a list of directors (of which SDR is one), see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cotton_Exposition.

[37] Lemuel Pratt Grant (18171893) was an American engineer and businessman. He was Atlanta's quintessential railroad man as well as a major landowner and civic leader. In railroads he served as a laborer, chief engineer, speculator and executive all over the South. As part of his speculation, he owned enormous tracts of land in strategic areas. For example, at one point he owned more than 600 acres (2.4 km²) in what is now Atlanta. He designed and built Atlanta's defences during the American Civil War and afterwards became an important civic leader: donating the land for Grant Park, Atlanta's first large park, and serving as councilman and on various boards and committees. Born in Frankfort, Maine, he came south in the 1840s to work on the Georgia Railroad where he started as a laborer. By 1844 he was buying large tracts of Atlanta real estate, mainly in the Third Ward. He and John T. Grant worked for Augusta, Georgia-based Fannin, Grant & Co which contracted to build all or parts of the Georgia, the Central, the Macon & Western, the Western & Atlantic and the Atlanta & West Point Railroads. Soon after he worked under engineer J. Edgar Thomson as a rod man assisting in surveying where he worked closely then with a man who would become a lifelong friend and business associate, Richard Peters. As rod men, their two

30 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Massachusetts-born apprentices also had big futures: Sidney Root and Joseph Winship. After completion of the Georgia in 1845, Grant became its Chief Engineer and in March 1849, he began location surveys for the northern terminus of the Atlanta & West Point. This ended up in what is now Atlanta's East Point neighborhood and served as the junction between the A&WP and the Macon & Western Railroads. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.P._Grant. [N.B. SDR never mentions his apprenticeship as a "rod man" for L.P. Grant on the railroad. Moreover, since the date of this apprenticeship was about in 1844, it does not explain the railroad accident that broke his arm in hand, which he suffered in 1857.

[38] John Wellborn Root (January 10, 1850 January 15, 1891) was a significant American architect who worked out of Chicago with Daniel Burnham. He was one of the founders of the Chicago school style. Root was born son of Sidney Root in Lumpkin, Georgia, and raised in Atlanta. When Atlanta fell during the American Civil War, he fled to the Liverpool in the United Kingdom, it said his later work was influenced by the work of Liverpool Architect Peter Ellis. While there he studied at Clare Mount School. He returned to the U.S. and received a degree from New York University in 1869. After he graduated, Root took a job with James Renwick, Jr. of Renwick and Sands of New York as an unpaid apprentice. Later he took a job with J.B. Snook in New York. While working for John Butler Snook, he was a construction supervisor on New York City's Grand Central Station. He and Daniel Burnham formed the firm of Burnham and Root and worked together for 18 years. During an economic downturn in 1873, he earned extra income by hiring himself out to other firms and as the organist at the First Presbyterian Church. He developed the floating raft system of interlaced steel beams to form the foundation of tall buildings that would not sink in Chicago marshy soil for the Montauk building in 1882. He later transferred this steel frame to the vertical load bearing walls in the Phenix building of 1887, in imitation of William LeBaron Jenney's Home Insurance Building of 1885. He worked on the plan for the World's Columbian Exposition but died before it was constructed. Along with many other famous Chicago architects, his final resting spot is in Uptown's Graceland Cemetery. Root, Burnham, Dankmar Adler, and Louis Sullivan formed the Western Association of Architects because they felt slighted by East Coast architects. Root served as president in 1886. In 1887, he was elected a director of the national American Institute of Architects. Root married Mary Louise Walker in 1879 but she died six weeks later. He married again in 1882 to Dora Louise Monroe. Root died from pneumonia in 1891 at the age of 41. His son John Wellborn Root, Jr. was also a Chicago architect. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wellborn_Root

[39] In 1870, Hanniball Kimball purchased a lot near the Union Depot, where the Atlanta Hotel had been before being burned in 1864 during the American Civil War. Through a confusing (and later a scandalous) combination of bonds, mortgages and subscriptions, he opened the first Kimball House there on October 17, 1870. At that time the structure was complete, but parts of the interior work would take the better part of a decade to be finished. The unusual funding scheme resulted in Kimball filing for bankruptcy and losing control of the building by the next year. The six-story building was built of brick and painted yellow with brown trim; it had sixteen stores, twenty public rooms and 240 hotel rooms. It was the first building in Atlanta to have elevators and central heating. In many ways it was the public face of Reconstruction-era Atlanta, housing presidents and railroad executives while hosting political meetings and business meetings. Many important citizens lived their adult bachelorhoods in its rooms. At 4:30am on August 12, 1883, a careless cigar-smoking lemon dealer began a fire in the southwest corner of the huge building. The fire spread through the elevator shafts and quickly got out of control. The fire department was unable to do much because of difficulty in reaching the site and poor water pressure from the city cisterns; by 8 AM, the building was destroyed. No lives were lost. Citing a loss of business and prestige to the city, George Adair, Henry Grady, Richard Peters and others began fund-raising for rebuilding the hotel. They soon called on Kimball to lead the effort, even though he then resided in Chicago and had had no dealings with the property since he left town ten years before. Built on the same site, but much larger than its predecessor, it had seven floors with thirty-one stores, twenty-two public rooms and 357 hotel rooms. The structure was built to be completely fireproof and officially opened for business on New Years Day, 1885. When owner Hugh T. Inman's daughter married banker John W. Grant, he gave the Kimball as a wedding gift to the couple. It was razed in 1959[1][2], the first of many historic buildings demolished in Atlanta during the 1960s and '70s, and replaced by a parking

31 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart deck which still stands. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball_House and its References: 1. ^ Garrett, Franklin M. Yesterday's Atlanta, Seemann's historic cities series, no. 8. Miami, FL: E.A. Seemann Publishing, Inc. 1974. ISBN 0-912458-35-6. Page 52. 2. ^ Rose, Michael. Atlanta Then & Now. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. 2001. ISBN 1-57145- 474-8. Page 24.

[40] Hugh McCulloch (December 7, 1808 May 24, 1895) was an American statesman who served two non-consecutive terms as U.S. Treasury Secretary, serving under three presidents. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch.

[41] In non-technical usage, a "cipher" is the same thing as a "code"; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher

[42] A Double Eagle is a gold coin of the United States with a denomination of $20. Although the "eagle"-based nomenclature for gold U.S. coinage is often assumed to be a nickname, the "eagle," "half-eagle" and "quarter-eagle" were specifically given these names in the Act of Congress that originally authorized them ("An Act establishing a Mint, and regulating Coins of the United States", section 9, April 2, 1792). Likewise, the Double Eagle was specifically created as such by name ("An Act to authorize the Coinage of Gold Dollars and Double Eagles", title and section 1, March 3, 1849). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_eagles.

[43] Rufus Brown Bullock (March 28, 1834 April 27, 1907) was an American politician. He served as the Governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871 during Reconstruction and was the first Republican governor of Georgia. Bullock was born in Bethlehem, New York and moved to Augusta, Georgia in 1857 for his job with the telegraph company Adams Express. He died in Albion, New York in 1907 and was buried in Mt. Albion Cemetery in that same village. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Bullock

[44] Khedive (from Persian or Farsi for "lord"]]") was a title first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha as Ottoman Governor (also known as Viceroy) and later tributary Monarch of Egypt and Sudan, and subsequently by his dynastic successors.This title, known for its use by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French khédive from Turkish khidiv, from Persian khidiw "prince," derivative of khuda "master, prince," from Old Persian khvadata- "lord," from the compound khvat-data-, literally "created from oneself," from khvat- (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root swe-tos "from oneself," ablative of base s(w)e-; see idiom) + data- "created." Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and Napoleon's defeat of the Mamluks, the Ottoman Empire dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha and Wali (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher Ottoman title of Khedive, as did his successors, Ibrahim Pasha, Abbas I and Sa'id I. The Muhammad Ali Dynasty’s use of the title Khedive was not sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until 1867 when Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz officially recognized it as the title of Ismail Pasha. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive

[45] Actually, there have been 8 ships named the USS Hornet. The Confederate confiscated sidewheeled steamer owned by SDR was the 5th. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet.

[46] The Hampton Roads Conference was an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate an end to the American Civil War. On February 3, 1865, near Fort Monroe in Newport News, Virginia, aboard a ship, the River Queen , President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward, representing the United States government, met with Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, Senator M. T. Hunter, and Assistant Secretary of War John A. Campbell, representing the Confederate States of America (CSA). At first, President Lincoln refused to take part in any such conference until it was

32 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

agreed to beforehand that the Southern States abandon their attempt to secede from the Union. Meekly, but somewhat equivocally, the representatives of the CSA acceded to that demand. Francis P. Blair had conceived that the war might be brought to a close and the two embattled areas of the nation reunited by directing the armies of both areas to attack Emperor Maximilian in Mexico. The enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine would be used to justify the attack on the French in Mexico. The possible absorption of Mexico by the United States was included in the plan. The conference lasted for four hours, but no agreements were produced. President Lincoln dominated the proceedings. The three men who represented the Confederacy made little or no impression on those who represented the Union, and were not authorized to accept any offer, other than independence. The Confederate commissioners immediately returned to Richmond at the conclusion of the conference. President Lincoln's positions were these:

* He disapproved of the joint attack on the French in Mexico. * He wished for "the voluntary abolition of slavery by the States." * He refused to consent to any treaty with the Confederate government. * After their surrender, he was in favor of re-admitting representatives of the Southern States to Congress. * He favored the payment by the Federal Government of a fair indemnity to the former slaveholders. * He would not weaken the Emancipation Proclamation. * The complete restoration of the Union must be the final result of the war, or the war would continue to be fought.

References

* Nicolay, J. G. and John Hay, "Abraham Lincoln: A History. The Hampton Roads Conference" The Century (Oct 1889) pp 846-852

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference

[47] After the war Hornet was involved in several filibustering expeditions to Cuba under the names Hornet , and Cuba. See note 16 above.

[48] A twin screw steamer (TSS) is a steam-powered vessel propelled by two screws, one on either side of the plane of the keel. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_screw_steamer.

[49] Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru) is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom of Great Britain and before that the Kingdom of England). The current Prince of Wales is Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales#List_of_Princes_of_Wales. Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King of the Commonwealth Realms, and the Emperor of India. He was the son of Queen Victoria and was the first British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, his son George V being the second and last. He reigned from 22 January 1901 until his death on 6 May 1910. Before his accession to the throne, Edward held the title of Prince of Wales, and has the distinction of having been heir apparent to the throne longer than anyone in English or British history, a record being quickly approached by Prince Charles, the current heir apparent. Once widowed, Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life, but shortly after the Prince Consort's death, she arranged for her son to marry Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the beautiful eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. The couple wed at St. George's Chapel, Windsor on 10 March 1863. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom.

[50 ]Lake Memphramagog: (Abnaki, a New England Indian language) "where there is great expanse of water." According to MLR, this is a favorite honeymoon spot with special significance to her parents.

33 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

[51] See Some Phases of the Law of Blockade, Alexander Holtzoff The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Jan., 1916), pp. 53-64 doi:10.2307/2187360 This article consists of 12 page(s).

[52] Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States (U.S.) Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction along with Thaddeus Stevens. Sumner was strongly opposed to the Reconstruction policy of Johnson, believing it to be far too generous to the South. Ulysses Grant became a bitter opponent of Sumner in 1870 when the president mistakenly thought that he had secured his support for the annexation of the Dominican Republic. Under pressure from the president, he was deposed in March 1871 from the chairmanship of the Committee on Foreign Relations, in which he had served with great effectiveness since 1861. The chief cause of this humiliation was Grant's vindictiveness at Sumner's blocking Grant's plan to annex Santo Domingo. Sumner broke with the Republican party and campaigned for the Liberal Republican Horace Greeley in 1872. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner#Reconstruction_years_and_death.

[53] Johnson's Island was a prisoner-of-war camp holding Confederate prisoners, but it is located in Lake Erie, not in the Pacific Islands. Given SDR's locating his purchase as 700 miles southwest of Hawaii, I'm certain he meant to say Johnston's Atoll. This also makes more sense in the context of his mining for guano.

[54] Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu', via Spanish) is the name given to the collected droppings of seabirds, bats, and seals. It is highly prized as an effective fertilizer or gunpowder ingredient due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. Superphosphate made from guano is used for aerial topdressing. Soil that is deficient in organic matter can be made much more productive by addition of this manure. Guano consists of ammonia, along with uric, phosphoric, oxalic, and carbonic acids, as well as some earth salts and impurities. The high concentration of nitrates also made guano an important strategic commodity. Mining for guano is best done where there is little rainfall and exceptionally dry climates, as the rainwater drains the guano of nitrates. Guano is harvested on various islands in the Pacific Ocean. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano.

34 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

35 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

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36 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Descendants of Sidney Dwight Root

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37 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Descendants of Sidney Dwight Root

1 Sidney Dwight Root 1824 - 1894 .. +Mary H. Clark 1831 - 1886 ...... 2 John Wellborn Root 1850 - 1891 ...... +Mary Louise Walker 1859 - 1880 ...... *2nd Wife of John Wellborn Root: ...... +Dora Louise Monroe ...... 3 John Wellborn Root, Jr...... 2 Florence E. Root 1854 - ...... +Jas. E. Ormond 1838 - ...... 3 S.J. Ormond 1874 - ...... 3 W.E. Ormond 1876 - ...... 3 M.F. Ormond 1878 - ...... 3 Robert Ormond 1880 - ...... 2 Walter Clarke Root 1860 - ...... +Lora Amarette Bullen Root 1870 - ...... 3 Walter Clarke Root, Jr. 1894 - ...... +Helen Crain 1894 - ...... 4 Walter C. Root III 1924 - ...... 4 Helen A. Root 1929 - ...... 4 Walter C Root 1924 - ...... 4 Helen A Root 1928 - ...... 3 Amarette Root 1896 -

38 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Husband: Sidney Dwight Root Born 1: 14 Mar 1824 in: Montague, Franklin, Massachusetts, USA Born 2: 1824 in: Massachusetts Born 3: 1824 in: Massachusetts Born 4: 1824 in: Massachusetts Born 5: 12 Mar 1824 in: Montague, Massachusetts, USA Born 6: 12 Mar 1824 in: Montague, Massachusetts, USA Born 7: 14 Mar 1824 in: Montague, MA Married: 17 Apr 1849 in: Lumpkin, GA Died 1: 1894 Died 2: 13 Feb 1897 in: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Died 3: 13 Feb 1897 in: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Father: Salmon Root Mother: Elizabeth Carpenter Wife: Mary H. Clark Born 1: 1831 in: Georgia Born 2: 1831 Born 3: Abt. 1833 Died: 09 Jan 1886 in: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Father: James Clark Mother: Permelia Cook Wellborn

CHILDREN 1 Name: John Wellborn Root Born 1: 10 Jan 1850 in: Lumpkin, GA Born 2: 1848 in: Atlanta, GA Died: 15 Jan 1891 in: Chicago, IL M Married: 1879 in: Chicago, IL Spouse: Mary Louise Walker Married: 1882 Spouse: Dora Louise Monroe 2 Name: Florence E. Root Born: Abt. 1854 in: Georgia F Married: Spouse: Jas. E. Ormond 3 Name: Walter Clarke Root Born 1: 1860 in: Georgia M Born 2: Abt. 1860 in: Georgia Married: Spouse: Lora Amarette Bullen Root

39 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Husband: Sidney Dwight Root Source: (1) Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc. (2) Hunting For Bears, comp., Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004, Online publication - Hunting For Bears, comp.. Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.Original data - Georgia marriage information taken from county courthouse records. Many of these records were extracted from copies of the original records in microfilm, microfiche, or book format, located at the Family History Library. (3) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. . (4) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. . (5) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. . Born: 14 Mar 1824 in: Montague, Franklin, Massachusetts, USA Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc. Died: 1894 Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc. Relationship with Father: Salmon Root - Natural Relationship with Mother: Elizabeth Carpenter - Natural

Record Change: 23 Jul 2004

40 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Residence: 1850 Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia Source: (1) Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182. (2) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. . (3) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. . (4) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. .

Address and Phone(s)

Medical

Notes I have a Memoir of this individual, which he wrote for the Atlanta Historical Society. It chronicles his secessionist sympathies and political-economic activities to help Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy. He traveled to Paris and met with a decesdant of Napolean to try to persuade France to side with the Confederacy. In exchange, Root laid out a plan he developed for gradual emancipation of the slaves. He was very wealthy, owned many ships and broke through the blockade. After the war, he was a philanthropist in Atlanta and New York City. His son, John Wellborn Root, was an innovative architect, about whom books are written.

1870 US Census lists his daughter's name as Florence, and also lists a son named Walter. They are living with their parents in New York City. Also living with them as domestic servants are 3 white Irish females, aged 34-19, Catherine Carlin (35), Annie Carlin (25), and Rosa Lynch, 19.

1860 US Census lists Sidney Root as a slave-owner. He held 2 males and 2 females as slaves.

Marriage Information Wife: Mary H. Clark Married: 17 Apr 1849 Beginning status: Married in: Lumpkin, GA Source: Hunting For Bears, comp., Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.

Marriage Notes

41 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Wife: Mary H. Clark Source: Dodd, Jordan, Georgia Marriages to 1850, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1997, Online publication - Dodd, Jordan. Georgia Marriages to 1850 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1997.Original data - Electronic transcription of marriage records held by the individual counties in Georgia. Born: 1831 in: Georgia Source: Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182. Died: 09 Jan 1886 in: Atlanta, Georgia, USA Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc. Relationship with Father: James Clark - Natural Relationship with Mother: Permelia Cook Wellborn - Natural

Residence: 1850 Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia Source: Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182.

Address and Phone(s)

Medical

Notes 1850 U.S. Census (October 10), Mary was 19; John was a baby.

42 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Child: John Wellborn Root Born: 10 Jan 1850 in: Lumpkin, GA Died: 15 Jan 1891 in: Chicago, IL Relationship with Father: Sidney Dwight Root - Natural Relationship with Mother: Mary H. Clark - Natural

Record Change: 16 Feb 2004 Residence: 1880 Chicago, Cook, Illinois, United States Source: Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1880 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. 1880 U.S. Census Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1880.T9, 1,454 rolls. Chicago, Cook, Illinois, ED 14, roll T9_185, page 369.4000, image 0133.

Address and Phone(s)

Medical Cause of death: pneumonia Medical Information: Sidney Root's Memorandum says John died on January 10, 1891. No doubt his dad was distraught, and cited the wrong date. At any rate, JWR was just 41.

Notes BIOGRAPHY: His namesake is Marshall Johnson Wellborn, a lawyer, jurist, politician, and Baptist minister in Georgia, a maternal granduncle. John Wellborn Root was educated in New York and England. He moved to Chicago in 1872. Root was the designing partner of Root and Burnham. He was very innovative in building skyscrapers and became very famous. "Root's buildings are considered so great because of their inventive materials, such as iron gridding in the foundation layer, which helped to spread out the weight of the building evenly. Also, he used flat tile arches in floors that made the building fireproof. The most famous works of [Root and Burnham] were Chicago office buildings which used skyscraper technology. Root's unusual work can be seen in the sixteen story Monadnock Building, the Rand-McNally Building, and the Montauk Building, which was unfortunately demolished in 1902. Also, together they designed the Rookery, in which the lobby was done later by Frank Lloyd Wright." Source: http://www.library.thinkquest.org

He has buildings also in Atlanta. There are many books written about his work.

"When Union troops occupied Atlanta in 1864, Root went to Liverpool, England to study at the Clare Mount School. In 1866, he returned to the United States and in 1869 he graduated in civil engineering from New York University. For the next several years, he worked in a series of offices in both New York and Chicago."

Burnham and Root first met in 1872 in the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wright where both worked as draftsmen. In 1873 the two established a partnership that successfully utilized the idealism of Root and the pragmatism of Burnham.

During their eighteen years together, Burnham and Root designed and built private houses, office buildings, apartment buildings, railroad stations, warehouses, schools, hospitals, and churches. Burnham developed and managed the office organization while Root headed the design department.

Although the firm had a steady supply of residential commissions, their most memorable works are a series of 'big buildings for big business'. Their best known buildings have been celebrated for the inclusion of pioneering structural components, the detailed treatment of surface, and the handling of interior and exterior volumes.

After Root's death in 1891, Burnham concentrated on town and area planning. Burnham died in Heidelburg in

43 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet 1912.

References Adolf K Placzek. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Vol. 1. London: The Free Press, 1982. ISBN 0-02-925000- 5. NA40.M25.

Dennis Sharp. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. New York: Quatro Publishing, 1991. ISBN 0-8230-2539-X. NA40.I45. p33.

Source: www.greatbuildings.com

1880 U.S. Census: John is living with his deceased wife's parents.

Marriage Information Wife: Dora Louise Monroe Married: 1882 Beginning status: Married

Marriage Notes

44 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Child: Florence E. Root Born: Abt. 1854 in: Georgia Relationship with Father: Sidney Dwight Root - Natural Relationship with Mother: Mary H. Clark - Natural

Record Change: 27 May 2003

Address and Phone(s)

Medical

Notes BIOGRAPHY: Sidney Root's daughter was educated at Rutgers College for Women and graduated with high honors. She is listed as "at school" in the 1870 U.S. Census.

Marriage Information Husband: Jas. E. Ormond Beginning status: Married

Marriage Notes

45 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Family Group Sheet Child: Walter Clarke Root Born: 1860 in: Georgia Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966. Relationship with Father: Sidney Dwight Root - Natural Relationship with Mother: Mary H. Clark - Natural

Occupation: 1920 Kansas City, MO architect Residence: 1920 Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.

Address and Phone(s) Street 1: 4345 Locust Street City: Kansas City State or province: Missouri Country: USA

Medical

Notes Walter C. Root was given the family Bible, 175 years old, according to "Memorandum of My Life: Sidney Root, March 14, 1824-1894."

Marriage Information Wife: Lora Amarette Bullen Root Beginning status: Married

Marriage Notes

46 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Descendants of Sidney Dwight Root

Generation No. 1

1. SIDNEY DWIGHT7 ROOT (SALMON6, MOSES5, JR ROOT4 JOSEPH, JOSEPH3 ROOT, JUDAH2, JOSIAH1) (Source: (1) Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., (2) Hunting For Bears, comp., Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004, Online publication - Hunting For Bears, comp.. Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.Original data - Georgia marriage information taken from county courthouse records. Many of these records were extracted from copies of the original records in microfilm, microfiche, or book format, located at the Family History Library., (3) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. ., (4) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889- 90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. ., (5) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. .) was born 14 Mar 1824 in Montague, Franklin, Massachusetts, USA (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.), and died 1894 (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.). He married MARY H. CLARK (Source: Dodd, Jordan, Georgia Marriages to 1850, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1997, Online publication - Dodd, Jordan. Georgia Marriages to 1850 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1997.Original data - Electronic transcription of marriage records held by the individual counties in Georgia.) 17 Apr 1849 in Lumpkin, GA (Source: Hunting For Bears, comp., Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.), daughter of JAMES CLARK and PERMELIA WELLBORN. She was born 1831 in Georgia (Source: Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182.), and died 09 Jan 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.).

Notes for SIDNEY DWIGHT ROOT: I have a Memoir of this individual, which he wrote for the Atlanta Historical Society. It chronicles his secessionist sympathies and political-economic activities to help Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy. He traveled to Paris and met with a decesdant of Napolean to try to persuade France to side with the Confederacy. In exchange, Root laid out a plan he developed for gradual emancipation of the slaves. He was very wealthy, owned many ships and broke through the blockade. After the war, he was a philanthropist in Atlanta and New York City. His son, John Wellborn Root, was an innovative architect, about whom books are written.

1870 US Census lists his daughter's name as Florence, and also lists a son named Walter. They are living with their parents in New York City. Also living with them as domestic servants are 3 white Irish females, aged 34-19, Catherine Carlin (35), Annie Carlin (25), and Rosa Lynch, 19.

47 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

1860 US Census lists Sidney Root as a slave-owner. He held 2 males and 2 females as slaves.

More About SIDNEY DWIGHT ROOT: Record Change: 23 Jul 2004 Residence: 1850, Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia (Source: (1) Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182., (2) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on- line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. ., (3) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. ., (4) Ancestry.com, Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Ancestry.com. Atlanta, Georgia Directories, 1889-90 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.Original data -

Atlanta City Directory, 1889. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1889.

Atlanta City Directory, 1890. Atlanta, GA: R. L. Polk and Co., 1890. .)

Notes for MARY H. CLARK: 1850 U.S. Census (October 10), Mary was 19; John was a baby.

More About MARY H. CLARK: Residence: 1850, Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia (Source: Ancestry.com, 1850 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1850.M432, 1,009 rolls. Lumpkin, Stewart, Georgia, roll M432_82, page 89, image 182.)

More About SIDNEY ROOT and MARY CLARK: Marriage: 17 Apr 1849, Lumpkin, GA (Source: Hunting For Bears, comp., Georgia Marriages, 1699-1944, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2004.)

Children of SIDNEY ROOT and MARY CLARK are: 2. i. JOHN WELLBORN8 ROOT, b. 10 Jan 1850, Lumpkin, GA; d. 15 Jan 1891, Chicago, IL. 3. ii. FLORENCE E. ROOT, b. Abt. 1854, Georgia. 4. iii. WALTER CLARKE ROOT, b. 1860, Georgia.

Generation No. 2

2. JOHN WELLBORN8 ROOT (SIDNEY DWIGHT7, SALMON6, MOSES5, JR ROOT4 JOSEPH, JOSEPH3 ROOT, JUDAH2, JOSIAH1) was born 10 Jan 1850 in Lumpkin, GA, and died 15 Jan 1891 in Chicago, IL. He married (1) MARY LOUISE WALKER (Source: (1) Edmund West, comp., Family Data Collection - Deaths, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2001, Online publication - Edmund West, comp.. Family Data Collection - Deaths [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2001., (2) Edmund West, comp., Family Data Collection - Individual Records, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Edmund West, comp.. Family Data Collection - Individual Records [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.) 1879 in Chicago, IL, daughter of JAMES WALKER and ELIA MARSH. She was born 11 Mar 1859 in Chicago, IL (Source: Edmund West, comp., Family Data Collection - Individual Records, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000, Online publication - Edmund West, comp.. Family Data Collection - Individual Records [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2000.), and died 22 Feb 1880 in Chicago, IL, USA (Source: Edmund West, comp., Family Data Collection - Deaths, Provo,

48 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2001, Online publication - Edmund West, comp.. Family Data Collection - Deaths [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2001.). He married (2) DORA LOUISE MONROE 1882.

Notes for JOHN WELLBORN ROOT: BIOGRAPHY: His namesake is Marshall Johnson Wellborn, a lawyer, jurist, politician, and Baptist minister in Georgia, a maternal granduncle. John Wellborn Root was educated in New York and England. He moved to Chicago in 1872. Root was the designing partner of Root and Burnham. He was very innovative in building skyscrapers and became very famous. "Root's buildings are considered so great because of their inventive materials, such as iron gridding in the foundation layer, which helped to spread out the weight of the building evenly. Also, he used flat tile arches in floors that made the building fireproof. The most famous works of [Root and Burnham] were Chicago office buildings which used skyscraper technology. Root's unusual work can be seen in the sixteen story Monadnock Building, the Rand-McNally Building, and the Montauk Building, which was unfortunately demolished in 1902. Also, together they designed the Rookery, in which the lobby was done later by Frank Lloyd Wright." Source: http://www.library.thinkquest.org

He has buildings also in Atlanta. There are many books written about his work.

"When Union troops occupied Atlanta in 1864, Root went to Liverpool, England to study at the Clare Mount School. In 1866, he returned to the United States and in 1869 he graduated in civil engineering from New York University. For the next several years, he worked in a series of offices in both New York and Chicago."

Burnham and Root first met in 1872 in the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake, and Wright where both worked as draftsmen. In 1873 the two established a partnership that successfully utilized the idealism of Root and the pragmatism of Burnham.

During their eighteen years together, Burnham and Root designed and built private houses, office buildings, apartment buildings, railroad stations, warehouses, schools, hospitals, and churches. Burnham developed and managed the office organization while Root headed the design department.

Although the firm had a steady supply of residential commissions, their most memorable works are a series of 'big buildings for big business'. Their best known buildings have been celebrated for the inclusion of pioneering structural components, the detailed treatment of surface, and the handling of interior and exterior volumes.

After Root's death in 1891, Burnham concentrated on town and area planning. Burnham died in Heidelburg in 1912.

References Adolf K Placzek. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Vol. 1. London: The Free Press, 1982. ISBN 0-02- 925000-5. NA40.M25.

Dennis Sharp. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Architects and Architecture. New York: Quatro Publishing, 1991. ISBN 0-8230-2539-X. NA40.I45. p33.

Source: www.greatbuildings.com

1880 U.S. Census: John is living with his deceased wife's parents.

More About JOHN WELLBORN ROOT: Cause of Death: pneumonia Medical Information: Sidney Root's Memorandum says John died on January 10, 1891. No doubt his dad was distraught, and cited the wrong date. At any rate, JWR was just 41. Record Change: 16 Feb 2004 Residence: 1880, Chicago, Cook, Illinois, United States (Source: Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1880 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1880 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. 1880 U.S. Census

49 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Index provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints © Copyright 1999 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. All use is subject to the limited use license and other terms and conditions applicable to this site.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Tenth Census of the United States, 1880. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1880.T9, 1,454 rolls. Chicago, Cook, Illinois, ED 14, roll T9_185, page 369.4000, image 0133.)

More About MARY LOUISE WALKER: Cause of Death: unknown Medical Information: died within 6 weeks of marriage date.

More About JOHN ROOT and MARY WALKER: Marriage: 1879, Chicago, IL

More About JOHN ROOT and DORA MONROE: Marriage: 1882

Child of JOHN ROOT and DORA MONROE is: i. JOHN WELLBORN9 ROOT, JR..

3. FLORENCE E.8 ROOT (SIDNEY DWIGHT7, SALMON6, MOSES5, JR ROOT4 JOSEPH, JOSEPH3 ROOT, JUDAH2, JOSIAH1) was born Abt. 1854 in Georgia. She married JAS. E. ORMOND. He was born Abt. 1838 in Florida.

Notes for FLORENCE E. ROOT: BIOGRAPHY: Sidney Root's daughter was educated at Rutgers College for Women and graduated with high honors. She is listed as "at school" in the 1870 U.S. Census.

More About FLORENCE E. ROOT: Record Change: 27 May 2003

Notes for JAS. E. ORMOND: 1880 U.S. Census lists Sarah Young, 16, a black born in South Carolina (as were her parents), as a domestic servant living in the home of the Ormands, as well as his wife, F.E., their children, his father-in-law, Sidney Root, and Sidney's wife, Mary H. Sidney's occupation is listed as a New York businessman.

More About JAS. E. ORMOND: Record Change: 27 May 2003

Children of FLORENCE ROOT and JAS. ORMOND are: i. S.J.9 ORMOND, b. Abt. 1874, Georgia. ii. W.E. ORMOND, b. Abt. 1876, Georgia. iii. M.F. ORMOND, b. Abt. 1878, Georgia. iv. ROBERT ORMOND, b. Feb 1880, Georgia.

4. WALTER CLARKE8 ROOT (SIDNEY DWIGHT7, SALMON6, MOSES5, JR ROOT4 JOSEPH, JOSEPH3 ROOT, JUDAH2, JOSIAH1) was born 1860 in Georgia (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.). He married LORA AMARETTE BULLEN ROOT (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA.

50 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.), daughter of BULLEN. She was born 01 Nov 1870 in Missouri, USA (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.).

Notes for WALTER CLARKE ROOT: Walter C. Root was given the family Bible, 175 years old, according to "Memorandum of My Life: Sidney Root, March 14, 1824-1894."

More About WALTER CLARKE ROOT: Occupation: 1920, Kansas City, MO architect Residence: 1920, Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.)

More About LORA AMARETTE BULLEN ROOT: Residence: 1920, Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.)

Children of WALTER ROOT and LORA ROOT are: 5. i. WALTER CLARKE9 ROOT, JR., b. 29 Oct 1894, Missouri, USA. ii. AMARETTE ROOT (Source: (1) Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966., (2) Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.), b. 12 Apr 1896, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.).

More About AMARETTE ROOT: Residence: 1920, Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1920 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2005. For

51 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Note: Enumeration Districts 819-839 on roll 323 (Chicago City.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1920.T625, 2,076 rolls. Kansas City Ward 4, Jackson, Missouri, ED , roll , page , image 966.)

Generation No. 3

5. WALTER CLARKE9 ROOT, JR. (WALTER CLARKE8, SIDNEY DWIGHT7, SALMON6, MOSES5, JR ROOT4 JOSEPH, JOSEPH3 ROOT, JUDAH2, JOSIAH1) was born 29 Oct 1894 in Missouri, USA (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.). He married (1) HELEN CRAIN (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.) 03 Jul 1917 (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.). She was born 1894 (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.).

Notes for WALTER CLARKE ROOT, JR.: Renting home.

More About WALTER CLARKE ROOT, JR.: Occupation: 1930, Kansas City, MO auto mechanic Residence: 1930, Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.)

More About WALTER ROOT and HELEN CRAIN: Marriage: 03 Jul 1917 (Source: Ancestry.com, One World Tree (sm), Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., n.d., Online publication - Ancestry.com. OneWorldTree [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc.)

Children of WALTER ROOT and HELEN CRAIN are: i. WALTER C.10 ROOT III, b. 1924, Missouri. ii. HELEN A. ROOT, b. Abt. 1929.

Children of WALTER CLARKE ROOT, JR. are: iii. WALTER C10 ROOT (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.), b. 1924 (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.).

More About WALTER C ROOT: Residence: 1930, Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United

52 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.) iv. HELEN A ROOT (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.), b. 1928 (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.).

More About HELEN A ROOT: Residence: 1930, Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri (Source: Ancestry.com, 1930 United States Federal Census, Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002, Online publication - Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2002.Original data - United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930.T626, 2,667 rolls. Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, ED 98, roll 1196, page , image 358.0.)

53 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Kinship of Sidney Dwight Root

Name Relationship with Sidney Root Civil Canon

Anderson, Marion Wife of the nephew Bangs, John Husband of the aunt Bardwell, Anna Grandmother II 2 Bascom, Mary Wife of the great-grandfather Benton (?), Hannah 3rd great-grandmother V 5 Blanchard, Mary Ann Sister-in-law Bridgeman, Abigail Great-grandmother III 3 Carpenter, Elizabeth Mother I 1 Carpenter, Nathaniel Grandfather II 2 Clark, James Father-in-law Clark, Lizzie W. Sister-in-law Clark, Mary H. Wife Conner, Brad 3rd great-grandnephew VII 6 Conner, Chad 3rd great-grandnephew VII 6 Conner, Christopher Patrick 3rd great-grandnephew VII 6 Conner, Daniel Ryan 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Conner, E Wesley Great-grandnephew V 4 Conner, Gannon 4th great-grandnephew VIII 7 Conner, Glen Carl Great-grandnephew V 4 Conner, Grady 4th great-grandnephew VIII 7 Conner, Mary Lou Great-grandniece V 4 Conner, Michael Robert 3rd great-grandnephew VII 6 Conner, Patrick Timothy 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Conner, Ralph Raymond Great-grandnephew V 4 Conner, Ray Cora Husband of the grandniece Conner, Sharon Gayle 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Conner, Terry Wayne 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Cook, Mary Polly Grandmother of the wife Crain, Helen Wife of the grandson Crawford, Laurie Merrick Wife of the 2nd great-grandnephew Dodd, Elias Conner 4th great-grandnephew VIII 7 Dodd, Jon Husband of the 3rd great-grandniece Dominic, Christy Jo Wife of the 3rd great-grandnephew Edgar, Florence Edna Wife of the nephew Eliza Niece III 2 Elizabeth Grandmother II 2 Fairbanks, Bessie Laura Wife of the grandnephew Fischer, Marguerite Wife of the grandnephew Fischer, Marguerite Wife of the grandnephew Giddings, Hogan Sterling Husband of the grandniece Graves, Warren M. Brother-in-law Gunn, John Husband of the great-grandaunt Gunn, Lucy Root 1st cousin twice removed VI 4 Gunn, Sophia Wife of the uncle Hart, Brian Alan 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Hart, Charles Corbin Husband of the great-grandniece Hart, Courtney 3rd great-grandniece VII 6 Hart, Deborah Lou 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Hart, Mica 3rd great-grandniece VII 6 Joseph, Jr Root Great-grandfather III 3 Juanita Wife of the grandnephew Kathy Wife of the 2nd great-grandnephew Leanne Wife of the 2nd great-grandnephew Lydia, Baker Wife of the uncle Martin, Dorothy Ellen Wife of the great-grandnephew

54 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Name Relationship with Sidney Root Civil Canon

Mattoon, Lucy Wife of the granduncle Maxwell, Blanche Wife of the grandnephew McCord, Mabel Louise Wife of the nephew Moe, Bernard Melvin Husband of the great-grandniece Molina, Mike Husband of the 2nd great-grandniece Monroe, Dora Louise Daughter-in-law Moody, Royal C. Husband of the niece Moody, Walter Corbin Grandnephew IV 3 Moody, Willis Beecher Grandnephew IV 3 Newell, Alice Anna Wife of the nephew Ormond, Jas. E. Son-in-law Ormond, M.F. Granddaughter II 2 Ormond, Robert Grandson II 2 Ormond, S.J. Grandson II 2 Ormond, W.E. Grandson II 2 Osgood, Joshua Brother-in-law Price, James Harold Husband of the great-grandniece Rawson, Augustus Young Brother-in-law Rawson, William Allen Brother-in-law Robertson, John William Husband of the great-grandniece Robertson, Marion Aletta Root Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Abigail Grandaunt IV 3 Root, Almira Sister II 1 Root, Amanda Sister II 1 Root, Amarette Granddaughter II 2 Root, Anna Aunt III 2 Root, Anna Blanchard Grandniece IV 3 Root, Blanche Grandniece IV 3 Root, Carol Marguerite Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Carrie Augusta Niece III 2 Root, Carrie Josephine Grandniece IV 3 Root, Charles 1st cousin IV 2 Root, Charles Edmund Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Charles Eldon 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Root, Charles Harvey Nephew III 2 Root, Dixie Jean Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Dwight 1st cousin IV 2 Root, Edmond Morton Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Edmund Blanchard Nephew III 2 Root, Elihu 1st cousin IV 2 Root, Elihu Uncle III 2 Root, Elijah Granduncle IV 3 Root, Elisha Granduncle IV 3 Root, Eliza Sister II 1 Root, Elizabeth Carpenter Niece III 2 Root, Ernest Henry Nephew III 2 Root, Eunice Great-grandaunt V 4 Root, Eunice Aunt III 2 Root, Florence E. Daughter I 1 Root, Frank Avery Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Fred Baldwin Grandnephew IV 3 Root, George Edgar Grandnephew IV 3 Root, George Francis Nephew III 2 Root, Glen Stanton Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Glenn Eldon Great-grandnephew V 4 Root, Hannah Great-grandaunt V 4

55 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Name Relationship with Sidney Root Civil Canon

Root, Hattie Summers Grandniece IV 3 Root, Helen A Great-granddaughter III 3 Root, Helen A. Great-grandson III 3 Root, Henry 1st cousin IV 2 Root, Herbert Blanchard Grandnephew IV 3 Root, John (?) 3rd great-granduncle VII 6 Root, John Wellborn Son I 1 Root, John Wellborn, Jr. Grandson II 2 Root, Jonathon Great-granduncle V 4 Root, Jonathon Eric 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Root, Joseph 2nd great-grandfather IV 4 Root, Joseph Granduncle IV 3 Root, Josiah 4th great-grandfather VI 6 Root, Judah 3rd great-grandfather V 5 Root, Julia Sister II 1 Root, Kenneth Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Lora Amarette Bullen Daughter-in-law Root, Lucia Niece III 2 Root, Lucius Brother II 1 Root, Lydia Great-grandaunt V 4 Root, Lydia Jane Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Marilyn Ruth Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Martha Great-grandaunt V 4 Root, Martin Granduncle IV 3 Root, Mary Catherine Grandniece IV 3 Root, Mary Grace Grandniece IV 3 Root, Minerva Sister II 1 Root, Molly Grandaunt IV 3 Root, Moses Grandfather II 2 Root, Moses Uncle III 2 Root, Moses Brother II 1 Root, Nancy Elizabeth 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Root, Newell Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Oliver Uncle III 2 Root, Phillip Granduncle IV 3 Root, Robert Towles Great-grandniece V 4 Root, Rosalie Mary 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Root, Rufus Uncle III 2 Root, Russel Christian 2nd great-grandnephew VI 5 Root, Ruth Alice Grandniece IV 3 Root, Salmon Father I 1 Root, Samuel Uncle III 2 Root, Sidney Dwight Self 0 Root, Sidney Dwight Nephew III 2 Root, Sidney Irving Grandnephew IV 3 Root, Sidney Warren Nephew III 2 Root, Sophia 1st cousin IV 2 Root, Sophia Aunt III 2 Root, Walter C Great-grandson III 3 Root, Walter C. III Great-grandson III 3 Root, Walter Clarke Son I 1 Root, Walter Clarke, Jr. Grandson II 2 Root, Warren Brother II 1 Russell, Mary 2nd great-grandmother IV 4 Russell, Unknown 3rd great-grandfather V 5 Ryan, Noel Husband of the 2nd great-grandniece

56 Sidney Dwight Root, 1824-1894: A Yankee by Birth, A Rebel at Heart

Name Relationship with Sidney Root Civil Canon

Schultz, Lola Fern Wife of the great-grandnephew Seaver, Clemma Augusta Wife of the grandnephew Seehorn, Stephanie Wife of the 2nd great-grandnephew Smead, Abigail Wife of the granduncle Smeltzer, Robert E. Husband of the great-grandniece Stewart, Albert Leroy Great-grandnephew V 4 Stewart, Anita Ruth Great-grandniece V 4 Stewart, Florence Alice Great-grandniece V 4 Stewart, Harry I Husband of the grandniece Stewart, Sterling Willard Great-grandnephew V 4 Susannah (?) 4th great-grandmother VI 6 Swett/Sweet, Sarah L. Sister-in-law Teed, Virginia Wife of the great-grandnephew Towles, Gladys Wife of the grandnephew Unknown 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Unknown 2nd great-grandniece VI 5 Unknown 3rd great-grandmother V 5 Walker, Mary Louise Daughter-in-law Wellborn, Marshall Johnson Uncle of the wife Wellborn, Permelia Cook Mother-in-law Wellborn, Thomas Grandfather of the wife Whitney, Gary Gordon Husband of the 2nd great-grandniece Whitney, Heather Ellen 3rd great-grandniece VII 6 Whitney, Scott Alan 3rd great-grandnephew VII 6 Wicks, Elizabeth M Wife of the great-grandnephew Wolf, Mary Maynard Wife of the 2nd great-grandnephew

57 Index of Individuals

Anderson - Giddings - Marion: 54 Hogan Sterling: 54 Bangs - Graves - John: 54 Warren M.: 36, 54 Bardwell - Gunn - Anna: 54 John: 54 Bascom - Lucy Root: 54 Mary: 54 Sophia: 54 Benton (?) - Hart - Hannah: 54 Brian Alan: 54 Blanchard - Charles Corbin: 54 Mary Ann: 36, 54 Courtney: 54 Bridgeman - Deborah Lou: 54 Abigail: 54 Mica: 54 Bullen - Joseph - Unnamed: 51 Jr Root: 47, 48, 50, 52, 54 Carpenter - - Elizabeth: 36, 39, 40, 54 Juanita: 54 Nathaniel: 54 - Clark - Kathy: 54 Colonel or Judge James: 39, 42, 47, 54 - Lizzie W.: 54 Leanne: 54 Mary H.: 36-39, 41-43, 45-48, 54 Lydia - Conner - Baker: 55 Brad: 54 Marsh - Chad: 54 Elia A: 48 Christopher Patrick: 54 Martin - Daniel Ryan: 54 Dorothy Ellen: 55 E Wesley: 54 Mattoon - Gannon: 54 Lucy: 55 Glen Carl: 54 Maxwell - Grady: 54 Blanche: 55 Mary Lou: 54 McCord - Michael Robert: 54 Mabel Louise: 55 Patrick Timothy: 54 Moe - Ralph Raymond: 54 Bernard Melvin: 55 Ray Cora: 54 Molina - Professor Sharon Gayle: 54 Mike: 55 Terry Wayne: 54 Cook - Monroe - Dora Louise: 37-39, 44, 49, 50, 55 Mary Polly: 54 Crain - Moody - Royal C.: 55 Helen: 37, 38, 52, 54 Walter Corbin: 55 Crawford - Willis Beecher: 55 Laurie Merrick: 54 Newell - Dodd - Alice Anna: 55 Elias Conner: 54 Ormond - Jon: 54 Jas. E.: 37-39, 45, 50, 55 Dominic - M.F.: 37, 38, 50, 55 Christy Jo: 54 Robert: 37, 38, 50, 55 Edgar - S.J.: 37, 38, 50, 55 Florence Edna: 54 W.E.: 37, 38, 50, 55 Eliza - Osgood - (name: Elizabeth Carpenter Root): 54, 55 Joshua: 36, 55 - Price - Elizabeth: 54 James Harold: 55 Fairbanks - Rawson - Bessie Laura: 54 Augustus Young: 36, 55 Fischer - William Allen: 36, 55 Marguerite: 54 Robertson - Marguerite: 54 John William: 55 58 Marion Aletta Root: 55 Moses: 47, 48, 50, 52, 56 Root - Moses: 56 Abigail: 55 Moses: 36, 56 Almira: 36, 55 Nancy Elizabeth: 56 Amanda: 36, 55 Newell: 56 Amarette: 37, 38, 51, 55 Oliver: 56 Anna: 55 Phillip: 56 Anna Blanchard: 55 Robert Towles: 56 Blanche: 55 Rosalie Mary: 56 Carol Marguerite: 55 Rufus: 56 Carrie Augusta: 55 Russel Christian: 56 Carrie Josephine: 55 Ruth Alice: 56 Charles: 55 Salmon: 36, 39, 40, 47, 48, 50, 52, 56 Charles Edmund: 55 Samuel: 56 Charles Eldon: 55 Sidney Dwight: 36-41, 43, 45-48, 50, 52, 56 Charles Harvey: 55 Sidney Dwight: 56 Dixie Jean: 55 Sidney Irving: 56 Dwight: 55 Sidney Warren: 56 Edmond Morton: 55 Sophia: 56 Edmund Blanchard: 55 Sophia: 56 Elihu: 55 Walter C: 37, 38, 52, 56 Elihu: 55 Walter C. III: 37, 38, 52, 56 Elijah: 55 Walter Clarke: 37-39, 46, 48, 50-52, 56 Elisha: 55 Walter Clarke , Jr.: 37, 38, 51, 52, 56 Eliza: 36, 55 Warren: 36, 57 Elizabeth Carpenter (aka: Eliza): 54, 55 Russell - Ernest Henry: 55 Mary: 57 Eunice: 55 Unknown: 57 Eunice: 55 Ryan - Florence E.: 37-39, 45, 48, 50, 55 Noel: 57 Frank Avery: 55 Schultz - Fred Baldwin: 55 Lola Fern: 57 George Edgar: 55 Seaver - George Francis: 55 Clemma Augusta: 57 Glen Stanton: 56 Seehorn - Glenn Eldon: 56 Stephanie: 57 Hannah: 56 Smead - Hattie Summers: 56 Abigail: 57 Helen A: 37, 38, 53, 56 Helen A.: 37, 38, 52, 56 Smeltzer - Henry: 56 Robert E.: 57 Herbert Blanchard: 56 Stewart - John (?): 56 Albert Leroy: 57 John Wellborn: 37-39, 43, 44, 48-50, 56 Anita Ruth: 57 John Wellborn , Jr.: 37, 38, 50, 56 Florence Alice: 57 Jonathon: 56 Harry I: 57 Jonathon Eric: 56 Sterling Willard: 57 Joseph: 47, 48, 50, 52, 56 - Joseph: 56 Susannah (?): 57 Josiah: 47, 48, 50, 52, 56 Swett/Sweet - Judah: 47, 48, 50, 52, 56 Sarah L.: 36, 57 Julia: 36, 56 Teed - Kenneth: 56 Virginia: 57 Lora Amarette Bullen: 37-39, 46, 50, 51, 56 Towles - Lucia: 56 Gladys: 57 Lucius: 36, 56 - Lydia: 56 Unknown: 57 Lydia Jane: 56 - Marilyn Ruth: 56 Unknown: 57 Martha: 56 Unnamed: 57 Martin: 56 Mary Catherine: 56 Walker - Mary Grace: 56 James M: 48 Minerva: 36, 56 Mary Louise: 37-39, 44, 48, 50, 57 Molly: 56 Wellborn - Judge Marshall Johnson: 57

59 Permelia Cook: 39, 42, 47, 57 Thomas: 57 Whitney - Gary Gordon: 57 Heather Ellen: 57 Scott Alan: 57 Wicks - Elizabeth M: 57 Wolf - Mary Maynard: 57

60