Cognition, 46 (1993) 139-181 Visual imagery and visual-spatial language: Enhanced imagery abilities in deaf and hearing ASL signers* Karen Emmorey,” Stephen M. Kosslynb and Ursula Bellugi” “Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA bDepartment of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Received April 22, 1991, final version accepted September 7, 1992 Abstract Emmorey, K., Kosslyn, S.M., and Bellugi, U., 1993. Visual imagery and visual-spatial language: Enhanced imagery abilities in deaf and hearing ASL signers. Cognition, 46: 139-181. The ability to generate visual mental images, to maintain them, and to rotate them was studied in deaf signers of American Sign Language (ASL), hearing signers who have deaf parents, and hearing non-signers. These abilities are hypothesized to be integral to the production and comprehension of ASL. Results indicate that both deaf and hearing ASL signers have an enhanced ability to generate relatively complex images and to detect mirror image reversals. In contrast, there were no group differences in ability to maintain information in images for brief periods or to imagine objects rotating. Signers’ enhanced visual imagery abilities may be tied to specific linguistic requirements of ASL (referent visualization, topological classifiers, perspective shift, and reversals during sign perception). Correspondence to: Dr. Karen Emmorey, Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; e-mail:
[email protected]. *This work was supported by NIH grant HD-13249 awarded to Ursula Bellugi and Karen Emmorey, as well as NIH grants DC-00146, DC-0021 and NSF grant BNS86-09085.