PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS - a Review of the January 1981 6
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Report No. FHWA/RD-80/190 PEDESTRIAN * SAFETY PROGRAMS - A Review * of ffie Literature * and Operational Experience * January 1991 Final Report * * Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 ^^t OE TR4&S' 4^, ** AW U B Prepared for FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION ffO'tT1TE5 OF r^ Offices of Research & Development Environmental Division Washington, D.C. 20590 * FOREWORD This report provides a synthesis from 1966 through 1977 of pedestrian- related literature. Also, the operational experiences of 19 American municipalities with ongoing safety efforts were assessed. Research in pedestrian and bicycle safety is included in the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development as Task 2 of Project lE, "Safety of Pedestrians and Abutting Property Occupants." Mr. John C. Fegan is the Project Manager. One copy of this report is being distributed to each FHWA regional and division office. Charles F. Scley Director, Office of Research Federal Highway Administration NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the contractor, who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA/RD-80/190 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Dote PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS - A Review of the January 1981 6. Performing Organization Code Literature and Operational Experience 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7. Authoris) Gerald R. Vallette and Judith A. McDivitt 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) BioTechno logy, Inc. FCP 31E12102 11 . Contract or Grant No. 3027 Rosemary Lane DOT-FH-11-9138 Falls Church , Virgi n i a 22042 1 3. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report U.S. Department of Transportation September 1976-September 1977 Federal Highway Administration Office of Research 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D.C. 20590 15. Supplementary Notes FHWA Contract Manager: John C. Fegan, HRS-41 16. Abstract The objective of the research effort was to develop an empirically and experiencial ly based model pedestrian safety program which cities can use as guidelines for pedestrian safety program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The basis of these guidelines is a synthesis of the plethora of pedestrian-related literature from 1966 through 1977 and the operational experiences of several American munici palities with successful ongoing pedestrian safety efforts. Part 1 of this report presents the results of a screening and review process of pedestrian literature relevant to model safety program development. Part 2 reports on the city selection methodology and the results of the contacts made. The AAA Pedestrian Safety Inventory, which was used as the initial data base of cities with pedestrian safety programs is described. The methodology for identifying regional, populational, and socioeconomically representative cities is then outlined. Finally, a synopsis of information gathered from contacts and visits with nineteen municipalities is given. Appendix A presents data fron the individual cities. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Pedestrian Safety No restrictions. This document is avail- Traffic Control Devices able to the public through the National Enforcement Technical Information Service, Springfield, Safety Program Coordination 'Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20, Security Classif. (of this page) 21• No. of Pages 22. price Unclassified Unclassified 214 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8_72) Reproduction of completed page authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 -, LITERATURE REVIEW Page 1. Introduction . 1 II.. Review of the Literature and Research . 2 Document Identification and Selection . 2 Matrix Development . 3 Appendix A. Pedestrian Literature Subject Matrix . 6 Matrix Subject Category Definitions . 6 Pedestrian Literature Subject Matrix . 13 Appendix B. Bibliography . 29 PART 2 - OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE 1. Introduction . 71 II. AAA Pedestrian Safety Inventory Program . 73 Survey Data Items . 73 Quantitative Evaluation . 78 Award Determination . 79 Safety Program Appraisal . 30 Effectiveness of the AAA Pedestrian Safety Inventory Program . So III. Selection of Cities for Operational Experience Review . 81 Selection of the Cities . 81 . Census Data Evaluation . 81 AAA Inventory Data Evaluation . 85 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page IV. Operation Experience Data . 87 Safety Program Coordination . ... ..... 87 Traffic Engineering . 87 School and Child Safety Program . 91 Provisions for the Elderly and Handicapped . 93 Public Information .. ... .... .. .... 94 Enforcement . .. .. ... 94 Accident Analysis . .. .. ..... .... 95 Safety Program Philosophy or Recommendations . 95 Appendix A. City Safety Program Data . 96 Ada, Oklahoma . 97 Atlanta, Georgia . 101 Concord, California . .. 109 Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio . 116 Dallas, Texas . .... 120 Erie, Pennsylvania . .. 125 Frederick, Maryland . 131 Grand Island, Nebraska . 137 Janesville, Wisconsin . 141 Manchester, New Hampshire . 146 Milwaukee, Wisconsin . 153 Omaha, Nebraska . .. .... ..... 161 San Diego, California . 1,68 Seattle, Washington . .. ... 178 Sioux City, Iowa .. .. 183 Sioux Falls, South Dakota . 190 Spokane, Washington . 195 Tonawanda, New York . 201 West Palm Beach, Florida . 205 iii PART 1 - LITERATURE REVIEW 1. INTRODUCTION In response to nearly 10,000 pedestrian fatalities annually, the Federal Highway Administration established a major long-term pedestrian safety research program. Since 1972, over one million dollars in accident data collection, countermeasure design and evaluation, facilities design, guidelines, and cost benefit analysis projects have been conducted. The products of these various efforts are both indepth and highly defined in scope. In addition to this federally sponsored research, numerous individuals and organizations have written articles, performed research, and initiated pedestrian safety programs of their own. One of FHWA's major missions is to rapidly implement research findings into the operational highway system. This implies a need for translation of research results and general discussions to "real world" programs and wide-spread dissemination to potential users. The intent of the Model Pedestrian Safety Program is to develop an empirically and experiencially based model safety program. The main basis for the program will be pedestrian-related research and related documents and articles. Part 1 of this report presents the results of a screening and review process of pedestrian literature. Chapter II describes the document selection metho dology and development of the review matrix. Appendix A presents the matrix category definitions and the completed matrix. Appendix B contains the bibliography of all documents reviewed in the matrix. Because no program oriented to one particular aspect of transportation safety will be completely valid if it is developed in a vacuum, the findings and ideas gleaned from the literature must be considered within the context of operational experiences. Data on the "real world" of pedestrian safety efforts were obtained from officials in nineteen cities around the United States. Part 2 of this report describes that effort. 1 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND RESEARCH Many innovative ideas regarding pedestrian safety have appeared in various documents and research studies. Unfortunately, a large percentage of these are distributed on a limited basis and their contents are never considered for incorporation into ongoing safety programs. The purpose of this literature review is two-fold: to comprehensively identify all documents relevant to model pedestrian safety program development; and to assemble these documents into a useful format for ready reference by anyone interested in pedestrian-related literature. Document Identification and Selection Finding and reviewing the massive number of pedestrian documents proved to be a monumental task in itself. Incorporation into a ready reference system was accomplished by the matrix in Appendix A. In general, documents in four broad areas were desired: • Behavioral, attitudinal, and other aspects of pedestrian-related engineering facilities • Cost-benefit data of pedestrian safety programs • Pedestrian accident data, analysis, and analysis procedures • Pedestrian safety program comparison, development, operation, etc. Several independent sources were tapped and crosschecked to identify any document that might be relevant to the project at hand. Bibliographies (annotated and otherwise), reference lists, at-hand libraries (in-house, Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and University of Maryland), and computer files were all checked. Abstracts of documents for initial consideration were available in published annotated bibliographies and from a computer literature