19-Month Manhunt Ends
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The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)
This article was downloaded by: [University of Helsinki] On: 14 November 2013, At: 12:47 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Critical Studies on Terrorism Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rter20 Survival on a shoestring: the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) revisited Leena Malkki a a Network for European Studies , University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland Published online: 12 Aug 2010. To cite this article: Leena Malkki (2010) Survival on a shoestring: the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) revisited, Critical Studies on Terrorism, 3:2, 313-327, DOI: 10.1080/17539153.2010.491346 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2010.491346 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. -
From Villain to Victim 2007/2008
MINISTERIE VAN ONDERWIJS EN VOLKSONTWIKKELING EXAMENBUREAU UNIFORM EINDEXAMEN MULO tevens TOELATINGSEXAMEN VWO/HAVO/NATIN 2008 VAK : ENGELS DATUM:VRIJDAG 04 JULI 2008 TIJD : 07.45 – 09.15 UUR DEZE TAAK BESTAAT UIT 1 TEKST EN 35 VRAGEN. 1 She was the spoiled rich kid who, strange enough, helped her own kidnappers start and 2 continue a campaign of robbery and violence, a careless young upper-class woman whom you 3 would expect to go to fashionable social events. Instead, she got involved with criminals. And 4 when she went on trial for taking part in a 1974 San Francisco bank robbery, Patty Hearst’s 5 attempts to explain it away were ignored by prosecutors and rejected by the jury: she was 6 convicted and served nearly two years in jail. 7 Twenty-five years later, Hearst has changed from leftist wanna-be to earnest victim. Now 8 47 and the mother of two daughters, Hearst has established a fairly successful acting career and 9 last year won a full pardon from Bill Clinton. Soon her rehabilitation will be complete–when 10 she appears in a California courtroom to testify against four of her old friends from the 11 Symbionese Liberation Army who will be on trial for murder, in a case that will depend largely 12 on her truthfulness. 13 The accused are Emily Harris, William Harris, Sara Jane Olson and Michael Bortin, all of 14 whom supposedly took part in a 1975 bank holdup in Carmichael, Calif., in which a customer, 15 Myrna Opsahl, was shot and killed. All four are expected to plead not guilty. -
The SLA Was Almost a Cultural Test Tube, a Specimen Sample from a Bitter Side of the Sixties That Marched Apace After Virtually All Their Comrades Veered Aside
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The End of an Era: The Rise of the Symbionese Liberation Army and Fall of the New Left A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Gregory Garth Cumming December 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Clifford Trafzer, Chairperson Dr. Molly McGarry Dr. Ralph L. Crowder Copyright by Gregory Garth Cumming 2010 The Dissertation of Gregory Garth Cumming is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements A dissertation cannot be completed alone. All through the process I have received a great deal of encouragement. I want to thank Professor Molly McGarry and Professor Ralph Crowder for their insightful comments during the oral exams. A special thanks goes out to Dr. Clifford Trafzer who served as the Chair for my Dissertation Committee. His patience and guidance provided me the opportunity to realize my dream and complete my formal education. I also want to thank the Sayles family for their enduring friendship. Dr. Stephen Sayles increased my love of history and served as my mentor throughout my undergraduate studies. I am fortunate to be able to refer to both Dr. Trafzer and Dr. Sayles as my mentors. My parents always encouraged my academic pursuits, even when I had placed them on hold. Thank you for always believing in me and allowing me the opportunity to find my way. To my amazing wife Lupe and our children Taylor and Jake – thank you for allowing me the opportunity to “finish strong.” My studies have taken time away from the three of you and I appreciate what you have given up to allow me to reach this point. -
How Terrorist Campaigns End
Department of Economic and Political Studies University of Helsinki Finland Acta Politica 41 How Terrorist Campaigns End The Campaigns of the Rode Jeugd in the Netherlands and the Symbionese Liberation Army in the United States Leena Malkki ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in the lecture room 5, University main building, on June 11, 2010, at 12 noon. Helsinki 2010 ISBN 978-952-10-6266-7 (pbk.) ISSN 0515-3093 Helsinki University Print Helsinki 2010 Abstract This study explores the decline of terrorism by conducting source-based case studies on two left-wing terrorist campaigns in the 1970s, those of the Rode Jeugd in the Netherlands and the Symbionese Liberation Army in the United States. The purpose of the case studies is to bring more light into the interplay of different external and internal factors in the development of terrorist campaigns. This is done by presenting the history of the two chosen campaigns as narratives from the participants’ points of view, based on interviews with participants and extensive archival material. Organizational resources and dynamics clearly influenced the course of the two campaigns, but in different ways. This divergence derives at least partly from dissimilarities in organizational design and the incentive structure. Comparison of even these two cases shows that organizations using terrorism as a strategy can differ significantly, even when they share ideological orientation, are of the same size and operate in the same time period. Theories on the dynamics of terrorist campaigns would benefit from being more sensitive to this. -
Asian American Identity and Queer Intimacy in American Woman 99
American Vs. Woman: Asian American Identity and Queer Intimacy in American Woman 99 Feminist Studies in English Literature Vol.19, No. 3 (2011) American Vs. Woman: Asian American Identity and Queer Intimacy in American Woman Jae Eun, Yoo (Seoul National University) I. Wendy Yoshimura and Jenny Shimada On February 4, 1974, a 19-year-old American heiress, Patty Hearst, was kidnapped by an armed urban revolutionary group called the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) from her apartment in San Francisco. After two months of ransom negotiation, Patty Hearst surprised America by announcing that she had joined the SLA, and only a few days later, she was witnessed robbing a bank along with the radical cadre. Later that month, all the members of the SLA except Patty Hearst and Bill and Emily Harris were killed in a fierce house fire that followed a shootout with Los Angeles police. In September 1975, Patty Hearst was finally arrested with another woman, Wendy Yoshimura. Susan Choi’s second novel, American Woman, is loosely based on this famous case of kidnapping in the 1970s. In an interview, Choi stated that she was attracted to Wendy 100 Yoo Jae Eun Yoshimura because she was completely eclipsed by Patty Hearst in the contemporary media as well as in the public memory. Creatively filling in the untold story of Wendy Yoshimura, Choi explores a Japanese American woman’s struggle for the identity naturally bestowed on Patty Hearst: that of an American woman. The former term, “American,” is persistently denied to the protagonist of American Woman, while the latter term, “Woman,” has its own historical and social complications for her. -
The Patty Hearst/SLA Case
Stories from the Historical Committee OUR HISTORY The Patty Hearst/SLA Case by Larry Langberg (1969-1999), Society President identification cards. He was shot down in a political murder by SLA assassins using cyanide, hollow-tipped bullets. The February 4, 1974, was just another day in the San murderers were SLA members Russell Little and Joe Remiro. Francisco Bay area — nothing special to distinguish it from a Starting two days after the Hearst abduction, the SLA week or month earlier. The same was true on the east side of issued a series of letters and tape recordings saying that the Bay at the University of California, Berkeley, a hot bed of they had Patty Hearst, threatening to execute her. The SLA radical student activity during the 1960s and 1970s. demanded that the Hearst family distribute food worth $6 However that was all about to change. A violent million to the poor areas of the city. The food distribution was kidnapping, with shots fired by the kidnappers, occurred at chaotic, a riot erupted; so it was temporarily discontinued. an apartment where heiress Patty Hearst resided with her Later, in tape recordings from Patty Hearst, sent after 50 some fiancé Steven Weed. The three kidnappers were members of days in captivity, she claimed allegiance to the SLA, and took the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a small, leftist radical the name Tania. Her parents offered $4 million in ransom Marxist group that viewed our society as being oppressive, money. (Hearst later said in testimony that she was kept racist and corrupted by capitalism. -
Introduction the SLA Was Almost a Cultural Test Tube, a Specimen
Introduction The SLA was almost a cultural test tube, a specimen sample from a bitter side of the sixties that marched apace after virtually all their comrades veered aside. Yet they marked time oddly, retracing rather than resolving the past. Culturally rootless, out of their time, they leaped into the social void¾and in an eerie half-life of their plunge, among themselves, if nowhere else, they recreated something of the pained and pimpled adolescence of the New Left. Vin McLellan and Paul Avery, The Voices of Guns The Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), as it existed originally, endured for a brief 192 days. It formed in in the months leading up to November 1973 in Oakland, California, and saw its first major action with the assassination of the first African American superintendent of schools, Marcus Foster, on November 6. Its first phase ended on May 17, 1974, in Los Angeles, in a shootout that proved fatal to all but three of its members. A year before the SLA took shape, the radical New Left splintered into many different factions, the most violent of which, the Weathermen, went underground. With the landslide reelection of President Richard Nixon in November 1972 and the announced end in January 1973 of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, the circumstances that had produced the antiwar movement began to fade away. As the war winded down, protest movements began to focus on civil rights issues, particularly through the lens of California prison reform. Berkeley, which remained a bastion of the counterculture atmosphere and lifestyle, was the epicenter of these movements. -
American Heiress Discussion Questions by Jeffrey Toobin
American Heiress Discussion Questions by Jeffrey Toobin Author Bio: (from Wikipedia & Jeffrey Toobin’s website) Jeffrey Ross Toobin (1960) is an American lawyer, blogger, author, pundit, and legal analyst for CNN and The New Yorker. He moved into writing during the 1990s. Characters: Patricia Hearst – (19) – Tiny or Tania – Granddaughter of William Randolph Hearst (newspaper magnet). Middle daughter of 5. Art major at Berkeley. Working as a waitress. Kidnapped by SLA. SLA (Symbionese Liberation Army) – “Symbiosis of Freedom through War.” Wanted to wage war on the status quo. Used a 7 headed cobra as its symbol. SLA Members: o Donald Defreeze – (30) – Cin or Cinque M’tume – Lifetime criminal. Escaped from prison in 1973. Leader of the SLA. Only black member of SLA. General Field Marshal in the United Federated Forces of the Symbionese Liberation Army. Estranged from his wife and 3 kids. Liked bombs and guns. Sent to Vacaville prison near Berkeley. Born in Cleveland. o Patricia Soltysik – Mizmoon or Zoya – Hall’s girlfriend. Worked p/t for the Berkeley Public Library as a janitor. Becomes the SLA’s researcher. o Nancy Ling Perry – Fahiza – Volatile. A sex worker turned terrorist. Into drugs. Writes most of the SLA’s communications. o Angela Atwood – General Gelina – Beautiful, aspiring actress. Ditzy and charismatic. Became friends with Patricia after her kidnapping. o Camilla Hall – Gabi – College graduate with a degree in social work. Poet. Was dating Mizmoon before kidnapping. o Bill Harris – Teko – Vietnam Vet. Compulsive talker. Revolutionary. Married to Emily Harris. Joined SLA after Foster assassination. The food distribution ransom was his idea. -
The SLA Was Almost a Cultural Test Tube, a Specimen Sample from a Bitter Side of the Sixties That Marched Apace After Virtually All Their Comrades Veered Aside
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The End of an Era: The Rise of the Symbionese Liberation Army and Fall of the New Left Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tw2935x Author Cumming, Gregory Garth Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE The End of an Era: The Rise of the Symbionese Liberation Army and Fall of the New Left A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Gregory Garth Cumming December 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Clifford Trafzer, Chairperson Dr. Molly McGarry Dr. Ralph L. Crowder Copyright by Gregory Garth Cumming 2010 The Dissertation of Gregory Garth Cumming is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements A dissertation cannot be completed alone. All through the process I have received a great deal of encouragement. I want to thank Professor Molly McGarry and Professor Ralph Crowder for their insightful comments during the oral exams. A special thanks goes out to Dr. Clifford Trafzer who served as the Chair for my Dissertation Committee. His patience and guidance provided me the opportunity to realize my dream and complete my formal education. I also want to thank the Sayles family for their enduring friendship. Dr. Stephen Sayles increased my love of history and served as my mentor throughout my undergraduate studies. I am fortunate to be able to refer to both Dr. Trafzer and Dr. Sayles as my mentors. My parents always encouraged my academic pursuits, even when I had placed them on hold. -
The Symbionese Liberation Army Movement: an Historical, Theoretical, and Rhetorical Analysis
UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1998 The Symbionese Liberation Army movement: An historical, theoretical, and rhetorical analysis Crystal Joy Cox University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Cox, Crystal Joy, "The Symbionese Liberation Army movement: An historical, theoretical, and rhetorical analysis" (1998). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/0ygh-cuv5 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
The Berkeley “Patriots”
The Berkeley “Patriots” From the 1960s through the mid-1970s, Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay Area were a mecca for idealistic youth protesting their government, their university, and other distrustful establishments. As the scene of the Free Speech Movement, the Beats in the North Beach section of San Francisco, the protests against the Vietnam War in 1965, and the Summer of Love in 1967, Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay Area gained a reputation as the destination for New Left and antiestablishment activities. For future members of the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), who saw themselves as patriots, Berkeley and the San Francisco Bay Area symbolized an opportunity for education and greater involvement in radical New Left politics¾and the possibility of real revolution.1 Except for SLA founder Donald DeFreeze, who was African American, the members of the SLA were white middle- to upper-class Americans. Most had trouble maintaining their marriages and close relationships with loved ones. Some of those difficulties stemmed from the stark changes in their political views, as well as their burgeoning radicalism. Of all the members, only two, Nancy Ling Perry and Joe Remiro, grew up in the Bay Area. Nancy Ling Perry Nancy Ling grew up just north of San Francisco in Santa Rosa. At just under five feet tall and weighing approximately 100 pounds, the petite Perry did not exactly fit the stereotype of an urban guerrilla. She left the Bay Area in 1966 to attend Whittier College, Richard Nixon’s alma mater. But after her freshman year she returned home to attend the University of California, Berkeley. -
The Revolution Was Televised the Television Coverage Was Live and Friends
ROLLING STONE. JUNE 20. 1974 NEWS €r OPINION APOCALYPSE FOR THE SLA The Revolution Was Televised The television coverage was live and friends. In the / Ching there is some• in color throughout most of California, thing to be learned of Marxism and in and it came at a prime-time, dinner-hour the way she lived; Nancy Perry fell a period on a Friday evening. People sat certain safety in intrigue. People who in their living rooms, watching an epic knew her sensed a curious intellectual battle of American insanity, comment• loneliness about Nancy Perry. ing to each other about the cases of am• She dealt blackjack topless at one of munition being unloaded from the FBI the tourist joints in San Francisco's car, about the small grin on the cop's North Beach. Later she sold organic face as he threw the bolt home on his beverages from one of the sidewalk rifie before firing another round into stands clustered on the south edge Of the blazing little bungalow in south Los the Berkeley campus. A number of peo• Angeles. His baseball cap and clumsy ple also remembered her as someone flak jacket along with his bolt-action not only into dope, but also as a reliable rifle made him appear as a boy playing source from whom to buy a good lid. at a game in which all the battles are But nobody remembered Nancy Per• heroic spectacles — where jUSt the im• ry as a political heavy, at least not until aginary bad guys fall dead. she became Fahizah of the SLA.