The KEK B-Factory Experiment by SHIN-ICHI KUROKAWA & STEPHEN L. OLSEN Japan’s new asymmetric B factory recorded its first events on June 1. Designed to study the B-meson system, this collider may give us important clues to the differences played by matter and antimatter in the evolution of the Universe. N THE AFTERNOON OF JUNE 1, 1999, collision events were recorded for the first time by the BELLE de- tector at the KEKB collider, the new electron-positron O“B factory” at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Tsukuba, Japan. This facility is specifically designed to study the matter-antimatter asymmetries in decays of B mesons predicted by the theory proposed by Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa in 1972. In many ways, the KEKB collider is similar to the PEP-II collider described by John Seeman on page 29. The KEKB collider consists of two rings of magnets; one ring stores 8 GeV electrons and the other 3.5 GeV positrons. The beams are brought into collision inside the de- tector, where they produce pairs of B mesons that move along the direction of the electron beam. This configuration is designed to mea- sure charge-parity (CP) violations in B meson decays as described earlier in this issue by Robert Cahn and in the Summer 1996 Beam Line article by Michael Riordan and Natalie Roe. Like PEP-II, the two magnet rings of KEKB occupy a tunnel that originally housed a high- er energy electron-positron collider, in this case TRISTAN, and the high energy electron ring uses many recy- cled TRISTAN components. The center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV coincides with the mass of the ϒ(4S) resonance, which decays into B – and B meson pairs and nothing else. The different energies of the BEAM LINE 23 two beams cause the produced B particles with energies and trajec- mesons to travel about two tenths of tories that deviate from the ideal on- a millimeter before they decay, a dis- energy central-orbit particle. A lat- tance that is easily measured with tice of quadrupole focusing magnets modern silicon-strip acts as a series of lenses to deflect detectors. particles diverging from the beam The BELLE detec- back toward the ideal orbit, causing tor is also similar in the particles to snake back and forth many ways to PEP-II’s across the beam axis executing B AB AR detector. In “betatron oscillations.” both cases the cores Particles circulating in the mag- of the instrument are net rings radiate a few million elec- cylindrical tracking tron volts of energy in synchrotron detectors; a large ar- radiation during each turn. This lost ray of cesium-iodide energy is replaced in high voltage rf crystals situated in- accelerating cavities. The particles side a superconduct- in the storage rings cluster in bunch- ing solenoidal mag- es that are properly phased to “surf” net that provides a on the rf accelerating voltage. The Kyoto University 1972 or 1973. Standing left to right are 1.5 tesla magnetic distance between bunches depends Makoto Kobayashi, Tsuneo Uematsu, Hideo Nakajima, field. There are, how- on the frequency of this voltage. In Koichi Yamawaki, and Masako Bando. Seated left to right are ever, some impor- both KEKB and PEP-II the rf frequency Toshihide Maskawa and Keiichi Ito. (Courtesy Makoto 500 Kobayashi) tant differences in is about million hertz, and the the details between minimum bunch-to-bunch spacing the KEKB/ BELLE arrangement and is 0.6 m. Both machines try to store that of PEP-II/ BABAR. In this article as many bunches of particles as pos- we highlight those that we consid- sible in order to achieve high lumi- er to be the most significant. nosity. The magnet systems are designed KEKB so that particles with energy above the central value take a little extra The most fundamental differences time to travel around the ring and between the KEKB and PEP-II storage thus tend to lag behind their on-en- rings are the schemes used to bring ergy neighbors. Since the particle the beams into collision and the tech- bunches pass through the rf cavity niques used to provide the radio- while the voltage is decreasing, these frequency (rf) accelerating voltages. late-arriving, higher-energy particles To appreciate these differences, some receive a less than average energy awareness of the behavior of beams boost from the cavity. Likewise, par- in storage rings is necessary. ticles with lower than average energy Beam oscillations. In general, par- tend to lead their neighbors and ticles in a storage ring beam do not arrive at the rf cavities early, where all have exactly the same energy nor they get an above average energy move in exactly the same direction. boost. As a result, particles within The magnet and accelerating systems each bunch alternate between lag- are designed to accommodate beam ging behind their neighbors and 24 SUMMER/FALL 1999 The challenge to machine designers is to bring bunches from the two rings into collision inside the having higher than average energy to detector and then to particles experience non-ideal fo- leading their neighbors with lower cusing, producing effects that are than average energies, a phenomenon separate them quickly similar to chromatic aberrations in called “synchrotron oscillations.” ordinary optical systems and for Crossing scheme. At the inter- enough to get them which careful compensation must be section point, where the electron and made. These corrections are provided positron bunches pass through each back into their by sextupole magnets distributed other, the beams are focused to a very around the ring. small size. Since the electron and respective magnet Design studies for KEKB demon- positron beams have different ener- systems before they strated that standard magnet lattice gies, the two beams require magnets arrangements, such as the one used with different focusing strengths. collide with the next in PEP-II, could not provide the nec- The challenge to machine design- essary chromatic corrections while ers is to bring bunches from the two bunch. also meeting the low synchrotron rings into collision inside the exper- frequency requirement imposed by imental detector and then to sepa- the finite-angle crossing arrange- rate them quickly enough to get ment. Instead, KEKB uses a novel new them back into their respective backgrounds. The main disadvantage lattice arrangement developed by magnet systems before they collide is the introduction of a possible cou- KEK physicists Haruyo Koiso and with the next bunch—and to do so pling of each beam’s transverse be- Katsunobu Oide that satisfies all of without producing large disturbances tatron modes of oscillations with the the requirements. In the Koiso-Oide to the experimental detector. longitudinal synchrotron modes re- scheme, the chromatic corrections In PEP-II, the beams are made to sulting in the dreaded “synchro- are provided by pairs of sextupole collide head-on; they are brought to- betatron” oscillations (see box on the magnets located far apart, at posi- gether and then separated by a sys- next page). These were blamed for tions where the optical properties of tem of “separation dipoles” made beam instabilities that limited the the beams are nearly mirror images from permanent magnets that are performance of the original two-ring of each other. The mirror imaging common to both beams and located configuration of the DORIS storage provides a convenient cancellation inside the detector. This scheme lim- ring at DESY. of nonlinear effects, and the scheme its the minimum separation between Using elaborate computer simu- has the additional practical advan- bunches to 1.2 meters, twice the min- lations, Kohji Hirata and Nobu Toge tage of making it possible for the high imum bunch spacing. of KEK carefully reexamined the ef- energy electron ring to use recycled In KEKB, the beams are made to fects of beam-beam interactions in bending magnets from the recently cross at a 1.3 degree angle. Since the the case of finite-angle crossings. dismantled TRISTAN storage ring. two beams are moving in different They concluded that the deleterious Radio-frequency accelerating cav- directions, they fly apart naturally, effects of a finite crossing angle ities. In order to achieve the high and no separation dipoles are nec- would be manageable, provided that luminosity requirements of the B essary. In this case beam bunches can the frequency of synchrotron oscil- factory, the stored currents in each be as close together as the minimum lations is a small fraction (about beam must be as large as a few am- distance of 0.6 meters. 1 percent) of the beam circulation peres. To maintain the proper match The KEKB finite crossing angle frequency. between the klystron (which pro- scheme has the advantage of sim- Chromatic corrections. The fo- vides the rf power) and the cavity, the plicity. With no separation dipoles, cusing strengths of the quadrupole resonant frequency of the cavity there is no bending of off-energy magnets are set for particles that must be shifted by an amount pro- beam particles into the detector, have exactly the nominal beam en- portional to the current passing resulting in more manageable ergy. As a result, off-energy beam through the cavity. If the shift in BEAM LINE 25 Crossing Angles, Synchro-Betatron Oscillations and Crab Cavities HE DISADVANTAGE of a finite angle crossing of the beam bunch- es is the introduction of couplings between the transverse betatron Toscillation modes of beam particles with their longitudinal synchro- tron oscillation modes. This establishes an additional set of possible beam- destroying resonances that must be avoided. frequency exceeds the circulation fre- quency of the beam in the ring (100 kilohertz), beam-destroying insta- bilities can occur.