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1628 Ir.Ant. 05 Mehr Kian Iranica Antiqva, vol. XXXV, 2000 UN NOUVEAU BAS-RELIEF D’ELYMAIDE A «SHIRINOW», SUR UN PASSAGE DE LA MIGRATION DES BAXTYARIS1 PAR Jafar MEHR KIAN* Historique des bas-reliefs élyméens Quelques années avant ses fouilles de Ninive qui devraient le rendre célèbre, Austen Henry Layard se rend en Iran, le 30 juin 1840 en fran- chissant la frontière occidentale, à Kermanshah (Layard, A.H. 1894: 20/91,92; Waterfield, G. 1963:25). Il se fit introduire dans le camp royal à Hamadan et obtient du roi Qajar, Mohammad Shah, le permis de voyager à travers l’Iran; peu de temps après on le retrouve dans le pays des Baxtyaris (Layard, 1894: 93). Soutenu par Mohammad Taghi Khan Charlang, le puissant et populaire Khan Baxtyari, qui en armant ses hommes à Qal’é- Tol de Baghmalek, s’était créé une cour, réduite mais assez puissante pour être considérée comme une menace contre l’état Qajar, Layard parcourt jusqu’en 1842 tout le pays baxtyari (Layard, 1894: 94). En 1841, il découvre à Malmir2, l’actuelle Izeh, plusieurs bas-reliefs élamites: Shkaft-é Salman et Kul-é Farah, ainsi que les bas-reliefs élyméens de Xung-é Azhdar3 (Layard, 1894:94). * Field Archaeologist, Faculty Member. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization (Address: PO Box 13445-719, Teheran, Iran). 1 Article paru dans Mirathe-é Farhangi/Patrimoine culturel, n. 15 été 1996, Négar Kand-é No-yafté-yé Elimaï «sirinow», traduit du persan par Azita Hempartian et revu par Rémy Boucharlat. 2 Malmir, diminutif de Mal-Amir (= résidence de l’Emir). A partir du 8e/15e siècle, ce nom se transforme en Izeh ou Izaj, c’est à dire capitale. Cette ville située au nord-est de la province de Khouzistan devint la capitale des Atabaks des grands Lurs. A l’époque Pah- lavi, à partir de 1951, cette ville a été officiellement baptisée Izeh, mais les habitants l’ap- pellent toujours Malmir ou Izeh-Malamir. Le nom historique d’Izeh dans la période néo- élamite était Ayapir, évoqué dans l’inscription de Kul-é Farah. 3 Les Baxtiaris prononcent le (x, kh) comme le (h) par exemple xalu = oncle (frère de la mère) est prononcé halu et vice-versa, le (h) est prononcé (kh); ainsi hung est prononcé xung. 58 J. MEHR KIAN En 1842, il découvre les bas-reliefs élyméens de Tang-é Botan (Gorge des idôles) à Shimbar, près de Zardeh, sur l’itinéraire suivi par les nomades dans les montagnes du nord de Masjid Soleiman. Layard est le premier à avoir découvert les bas-reliefs d’Elymaïde. Il les a présentés dans son récit publié en 1894 (Layard, 1894:106-114). Toujours en 1841, le Baron Clément Augustus de Bode, premier secrétaire de l’Ambassade de Russie à Téhéran, grâce à qui Layard avait obtenu son permis de voyage dans le pays Baxtyari, découvre les quatre fameux bas-reliefs de Tang-é Sarvak près de Béhbahan; il en publie les dessins dans son livre (de Bode, C.A. 1845). Peu de temps après de Bode, en 1296 H.L/1917, Hassan Husaini Fasayi, produit des dessins préliminaires des bas-reliefs de Tang-é Sarvak (Forsat-od-Dowleh, 1934). Cent vingt ans plus tard, les archéologues trouvent d’autres bas-reliefs datant de l’époque élyméenne dans les monts baxtyaris, Zagros Central (Mehr Kian, J. 1997). En 1964, Louis Vanden Berghe découvre les bas- reliefs de Kuh-é-Taraz et Bard-é But-é Kuh-é Tina, à proximité de la piste de Zardeh à Shimbar (Vanden Berghe, L./Schippmann, K. 1985). En 1965, Roman Ghirshman découvre les bas-reliefs ornant la façade et les colonnes des temples de Bard-é Neshandeh et de Masjid Soleiman. (Ghirshman R. 1976). Par la suite, les archéologues iraniens découvrent à leur tour d’autres bas- reliefs: – En 1972, Ali-Akbar Kargar Sarfaraz, lors des fouilles de courte durée à Tépeh Kal-é gah à Masjid Soleiman, trouve un bas-relief sur la façade rupestre d’un monument ancien (Sarfaraz, A.A.K.). – En 1986, l’auteur de ces lignes découvre le bas-relief de Shaivand sur le flanc nord du Kuh-é Mongast (Izeh) (Mehr Kian, J. 1997). – Deux ans plus tard, en 1988, il trouve le bas-relief de Shirinow-Mowri sur l’ancienne piste de Shimbar4 à Bazoft, et peu après celui de Yaso- wah Algui à Bazoft dans la direction de Zardeh (Mehr Kian, J. 1998). – En 1995, il découvre le bas-relief de Chowze à Hati, Masjid Soleiman. 4 Shimbar diminutif de Shirin Bahar (=doux printemps) rappelle la beauté de cette région verdoyante et riche en pâturages au printemps, pendant la période de migration. UN NOUVEAU BAS-RELIEF D’ELYMAIDE A «SHIRINOW» 59 Outre les bas-reliefs sus-mentionnés, on connait des bas-reliefs taillés sur des blocs de Tisiyoun5 à Dasht-é Susan, et Mourd-é Tang-é Zir6, connu sous le nom de Bajul (Bashshash R. 1994; Curtis et Simpson7 1997). Bazoft8, habitat des nomades et passage de migration de Zardeh. Sur la carte politique de l’actuelle province de Char-Mahal Baxtyari, Bazoft est un canton situé au nord-ouest de la petite ville de Farsan. La rivière Bazoft qui a donné son nom à ce canton, a sa source dans les som- mets enneigés du Zard-Kuh et Hafttanan9 dans la chaîne du Zagros Cen- tral. Après être grossie par de nombreuses rivières, tout au long de la longue vallée entre ces deux montagnes et la montagne de Kuh-é Séfid, elle poursuit son cours vers l’est où rejoignant d’autres rivières, pour for- mer le fleuve Karoun qui en tournant vers le sud-ouest, poursuit un long trajet avant de se jeter dans le Golfe Persique. Bazoft est un lieu de séjour d’été (Yeylaq) avec des hivers glaciaux et des étés frais et verdoyants. Le climat favorable permet de bons pâturages, des plantations de chênes, de pistachiers, d’amandiers et d’autres arbres. Situé dans le voisinage du torride Khouzistan, Bazoft représente une région favorable pour le séjour des nomades du Khouzistan. Depuis plu- sieurs siècles, voire plusieurs millénaires, la différence climatique entre l’hiver froid du nord et l’été chaud du sud du Zagros, a imposé le noma- disme aux habitants de cette région, pasteurs pour la plupart10 5 Tisiyun, connu sous le nom de Mehr Nan, situé dans la plaine de Susan, site qui devrait être submergé selon le projet de construction de barrage Karoun II. Klaus Schipp- mann le mentionne sous le nom de Mehr Nan (Schippmann, K. 1970). 6 Ce bas-relief fait partie d’un bâtiment de culte, sur la rive meridionale du Karun, à proximité du village de Mourd-é Tang-é Zir-é Salu du canton de Dehdez. Il fut mis au jour lors de l’installation des gazoducs. En ce qui concerne les inscriptions élyméennes conf. Bashshash, R. 1994. 7 Pour l’étude la plus complète des bas-reliefs conf. Vanden Berghe, L. et Schipp- mann, K. 1985. L’article le plus récent sur les élyméens est celui de Vesta Curtis (1994). 8 Bazoft ou Bazift, allusion à Bazyaft, «retrouvé». L’auteur est convaincu que Serveh est l’ancien Bazoft, site recélant des traces de l’époque préhistorique et de la période ély- méenne. Les vestiges d’une ville islamique, peut-être du 12e au 15e siècles ont été retrou- vés lors des brèves fouilles archéologiques en 1980, et ont aidé à éclaircir le passé histo- rique de Bazoft. 9 Hafttanan Chalmisan, l’entrée des voies menant aux sommets de Zard-Kouh, ayant plusieurs sommets de plus de 4000 m. d’altitude. 10 Le nomadisme des Baxtyaris a été repris sous sa forme actuelle, au moins depuis l’époque des Atabaks lurs au 15e siècle. 60 J. MEHR KIAN Le grand clan Mowri passe l’automne et l’hiver (qéslaq) aux alentours de Masjid Soleiman, et migre vers la mi-avril à Bazoft pour s’y établir pendant le printemps et l’été, faisant paître ses troupeaux dans les riches pâturages de cette région. D’autres nomades baxtyaris, traversent également Bazoft. Les clans Behdarvand, Babadi et Baba Ahmadi, conduisent leurs troupeaux par les passages ardus de Bazoft, sur la piste des nomades de Monar à Zardeh. Le déplacement saisonnier (Mal-Kanoun en Baxtyari), à partir de la région froide qu’est Bazoft vers le chaud Khouzistan, suivant les lieux de séjour de diverses branches des clans Baxtyaris, dure quelquefois plus d’un mois. Les pistes des nomades n’étant pas nombreuses11, il arrive que plusieurs clans franchissent ensemble un passage difficile pour se séparer ensuite et suivre chacun son propre itinéraire. La domination de ces passages est depuis toujours signe de puissance. La longueur des trajets parcourus par divers clans baxtyaris s’explique par des raisons naturelles et historiques. La plupart des conflits tribaux avait pour cause, la lutte pour la maîtrise de ces passages et des positions d’une importance stratégique, décisive12. Les nomades dont la piste de Monar est leur passage traditionnel, suivent le trajet montagneux presque infranchissable de Sogol jusqu’à Cham-Qal’é à Bazoft en l’espace de dix jours. Ils passent la nuit à proximité des bas-reliefs de Tang-é Botan à Shimbar13, et marchent toute une journée pour arriver à Chelow où ils font halte pour la nuit. Après avoir traversé le village de Mowri, leur prochain relais (vargah, dans le dialecte baxtyari) sera Shirinow14. La région de Shirinow-Mowri Les deux montagnes qui entourent le village de Mowri se réunissent au nord-ouest, ne laissant qu’un corridor difficilement franchissable. La 11 La piste des nomades et la route pavée ancienne de Desparte ou Despard (le trajet de la nouvelle route Izeh-Shahr-é Kord) et la piste de nomade Susan-Khoda Afarin, sont de ces traces.
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