CATALOGUE ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 19(1): 1321-1327

FAUNA OF PROTECTED AREAS - 5 FAUNA OF SHENDURNY WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, KERALA

George Mathew, Rashmi Chandran, C.M. Brijesh and R.S.M. Shamsudeen

Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala 680653, India.

Abstract species ‘Chenkurungi’ (Gluta travancorica), found abundantly Altogether 322 species of were collected from in this area. The Sanctuary has an area of 100km2, including the the Sanctuary during the two-month survey, of which Kallada Reservoir, which has an extent of 13.72km2. About 450ha 301 species could be identified. These included 202 of area within the notified boundary of the Sanctuary is under species of butterflies and , 49 species of beetles, private possession. It has a core area of 45km2 (Vignarajan, 25 species of bugs and 12 species of bees and wasps. 1990). The Sanctuary is made up of hills interspersed with The butterflies included 73 species of which five were ravines. The height of slopes ranges from 120-1550m. Most of of protected status and three endemic to Western Ghats. the hills are accessible except for a few which are rugged and The fauna was also very rich comprising mostly of steep. The highest peak Alvarakurichi is 1550m tall forming arboreal feeding forms indicating a fairly undisturbed part of the Sahyadri Hills located along the eastern boundary forest patch in the area. Among beetles, scavenger of the Sanctuary. To meet the irrigation requirements of Kollam beetles showed richness. The passalid beetles found and Pathanamthitta Districts, a dam was constructed across in rotting wood and scarabaeid beetles feeding in dung the Kallada River (Parappar Dam). The resultant lake covering were the most important groups of scavenger beetles. an area of 13.7km2 together with the surrounding forests The herbivorous beetles associated with various plants comprise the wildlife habitat. The Sanctuary receives an annual mostly belonged to the family Chrysomalidae. The bugs rainfall of 3200mm. The temperature varies from 16-35°C. collected, include several species of agricultural importance. Among Hymenoptera, six wasp and three On to the east is the Courtallam Tourist Resort. This area used bee species could be recorded. In addition to these, six to have thick evergreen forest before the advent of Europeans. species of dragonflies, 21 unidentified species of flies, British planters had ruthlessly cleared the forest for tea and three species of grasshoppers and four species of other coffee cultivation. Vegetation of the Sanctuary has been insects were recorded. An inventory of insects classified into west coast tropical evergreen, southern hill top identified from the Sanctuary has been presented. tropical evergreen, west coast semi evergreen and southern moist mixed deciduous forest following Chandrasekaran (1962) Keywords and Champion and Seth (1968). Checklist, Insect fauna, Kerala, Shendurny Wildlife Fauna Sanctuary A diverse population of wildlife is present in the Sanctuary. Elephant, Gaur, Barking Deer, Tiger, Indian Porcupine, Three- Introduction striped Squirrel, Malabar Giant Squirrel, Flying Squirrel and Indian Wild Boar are the most commonly seen mammals. The Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary (77°4'-77°7'E & 8°48'-8°58'N) Reptiles such as Cobra, Viper, Python, Rat Snake and Flying is located in the Thenmala Forest Division of Kollam revenue Snake are also present. With regard to insects no detailed District of Kerala State (Figure 1). It lies on either side of the survey has been made. As per the report under Peoples Shendurny River and is a lush green valley, acclaimed for its Campaign for the Ninth Plan entitled "Forest and Biodiversity", biodiversity. The area was proclaimed a Wildlife Sanctuary in only nine species of insects have been reported specifically 1984 and is the only one in Kollam District. The locality name from this district. In addition to this, some information on certain Shendurny has reference to the presence of the endemic tree specific forest pests is also available. These include the bark

Received 14 May 2003 Finally accepted 18 November 2003

January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 1321 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al.

Palaruvi Ar

Enclosures Puliyara RF Sanctuary Boundary Pallam Kallada Reservoir Vetty Idimuzhagampara Pathu Acre Neduvannur Kadavu Rosemala 8°55 Kattalarpara Dharbhakulam Kuttalam RF

Chavakkattutheri Chudal Eetakanam Marappalam Uruli PallivasalAr Postland Vilakkumaram Muppathu Yerur RF Thalakkal Kallar Estate Perumpara Stephen Arady

Aruvi Ar Rockwood Estate Moolakayam Pathinanchu

Chendurney Ar

Thenginthoppu Uruli Ar TAMIL NADU Chintarmani KM 0 1 2 3 4

N INDIA Kulathupuzha RF 8°50

Kerala Charupara Alvarkurichi Pongumalai Peak Papanasam RF 77°05 77°10 Karimala Kadakkal 77°15

Figure 1. Map of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary

caterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata (Paraserianthes Results and Discussion falcataria), Albizia defoliator (Eurema blanda) and the Albizia Altogether 322 species of insects were collected from the bagworm (Pteroma plagiophleps). Sanctuary during the two-week survey of which 301 species could be identified as given in Table 1. These included 202 Materials and Methods species of butterflies and moths, 49 species of beetles, 25 species Sampling of insects was done using a battery operated light of bugs, 12 species of bees and wasps, six species of dragonflies, trap specially fitted with a switching device to facilitate self- 21 unidentified species of flies, three species of grass hoppers operation at specified hours (Mathew & Rahmathulla, 1995). and four species of other insects. The butterflies included 73 The trap was fitted with solar panels so as to facilitate charging species comprising of five protected species and three Western of battery during the day. In addition to trap catches, collections Ghats endemics. The protected species included Papilio were also made during day times (0800-1300) using hand nets. budha, Euthalia lubentina, Hypolimnas misippus, Mycalesis Collections were made for a period of two weeks in 2000 and the anaxias and Castalius rosimon. Some of the butterflies recorded insects collected were sorted out to species and identified by in this area like Papilio paris tamilana, Cyrestis thyodamas, comparison to material available in the KFRI collections. Kaniska canace, Cupha erymanthis maja, Junonia iphita pulvialis, Cepora nadina and Pantoporia ranga are currently rather rare in distribution. Moths included Achaea janata (vegetable pest), Heliothis obsolete, Mocis frugalis, Parallelia joviana, Prodenia litura, Spodoptera sp., Dasychira mendosa,

1322 January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al.

Table 1. List of insects recorded from Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary

Scientific name Remarks Scientific name Remarks

Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera E. hecabe Lin. Common Papilionidae Ixias marianne (Cramer) Common Chilasa clytia Lin. Rare I. pyrene Lin. Common Graphium sarpedon Felder Common Leptosia nina Fb. Common G. agamemnon agamemnon Lin. Common G. doson doson Felder Common Satyridae Papilio helenus Lin. Common Elymnias caudata Butler Common P. polymnestor parinda Moore Common Melanitis leda Lin. Very common P. buddha Westwood Rare, endemic to the Western Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson Not rare, Schedule II Ghats. Schedule II M. patnia Moore Common P. dravidarum Wood-Mason Rare, endemic to the Western Ghats Lethe rohria Frushstorfer Common P.polytes thesus Cramer Common Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson Fairly common P. demoleus demoleus Lin. Common Ypthima sp. Fairly common P. paris tamilana Moore Rare Pachliopta aristolochiae Lin. Common Hesperidae P. hector Lin. Common Badamia exclamationis Fb. Fairly common Troides minos Cram. Endemic to Western Ghats Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar) Common Potanthus pava pava Fruhstorfer - Nymphalidae Pelopidas mathias Fb. Fairly common Argynnis hyperbius (Johannsen) Common Tagiades litigiosa Moschler Fairly common Cupha erymanthis maja Fruhstorfer Rare Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson) Rare Cyrestis thyodamas Kollar Not rare Telicota acigias Lin. Fairly common Ariadne merione Cramer Common Euthalia lubentina (Cramer) Rare. Schedule IV Lycaenidae Hypolimnas bolina Lin. Common Arhopala centaurus Moore Common H. misippus Lin. Common. Schedules I & II Castalius rosimon (Fb.) Rare Schedule II Neptis hylas varmona Moore Very common Cheritra freja (Fb.) Rare, N. perius perinus Fruhstorfer Rare Euchrysops cnejus (Fb.) Common Pantoporia ranga (Moore) Rare Jamides alecto (Felder) Rare Phalanta phalantha Drury Common Loxura atymnus Cramer Fairly common Junonia atlites Lin. Common Talicada nyseus (Guerin.) Fairly common J. hierta Fb. Very common J. iphita pluvialis Fruhstorfer Rare Riodinidae J. lemonias vaisya Fruhstorfer Common Abisara echerius Stoll Common Kaniska canace Moore Not rare Acraeidae Danaidae Acraea violae (Fb.) - Danaus genutia genutia Cramer Common D. chrysippus (Lin.) Common Heterocera Euploea core core Cramer Very common Noctuidae Parantica aglea Stoll Fairly common Achaea janata Fb. Pest of vegetables Tirumala limniace leopardus Butler Common Anomis figlina Butler - T.septentrionis dravidarum Fruhstorfer Rare A. flava (Fb.) - Carea endophaea Hamp. Pest of Syzygium Pieridae C. subtilis Walker Pest of Syzygium Delias eucharis Drury Common Chasmina rejecta Fb. - Appias indra Moore Rare Condica illecta Walker - A. lyncida (Cramer) Not rare Ericeia inangulata Guen. - Catopsilia florella (Fb.) Fairly common Heliothis obsoleta Crop pest C. pomona Fb. Very common Heliothis sp. Crop pest C. pyranthe (Lin.) Very common Hyblaea puera Cram. Teak skeletonizer Cepora nadina Moore Rare Ischyja sp. - Cepora nerissa Fb. Fairly common Laphygma exigua Hb. - Eurema blanda Boisd. Common Lophoptera sp. - E.brigitta Stoll Common Mocis frugalis Fb. Crop pest

January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 1323 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al.

Scientific name Remarks Scientific name Remarks

Mythimna curvilinea Hamp. - Epiplema quadricaudata Walker Pest of Haldina cordifolia M. vittata Hamp. - E.fulvilinea Hamp. Pest of forest trees Nycteola grisea Hamp. - Eumelea rosalia Cram. - Nyctipao macrops Lin. - Eumelea sp. - Olethreutes paragramma Meyrick - Heterostegane sp. - Ophideres materna Lin. Fruit moth Hypochrosis sp.? abstractaria Walker - O. fullonica Lin. Fruit moth Hypomecis pallida Hamp. - Othreis ancilla Cram. Fruit moth Hypomecis sp. - Ozarba sp. - Hyposidra talaca Walker Feeds of foliage of forest trees Parallelia joviana Stoll. Crop pest Lomographa sp. ? simpliciaria Walker - P. crameri Moore - Scopula sp. - Polytela gloriosae Fb. Pest of Lilly Semiothisa quadraria Moore Feeds of foliage of forest trees Prodenia litura Fb. Crop pest Thalassodes sp. - Spiredonia retorta Cram. - Spodoptera litura (Fb.) Crop pest Pyralidae S. mauritia Boisduval Crop pest Acrobasis olivalis Hamp. - Tiracola plagiata Walker - Agathodes ostentalis Hubn. Crop pest basinotata Hamp. Crop pest Lymantriidae Antigastra catalunalis Swinh. Pest of Gingelli Dasychira mendosa Hb. Crop pest Botyodes asialis Guen. - D. cerigoides Walker Crop pest Bocchoris inspersalis Zell. - Euproctis fraterna Moore Crop pest Bradina admixtalis Walker Pest of Graminae E. bipunctapex Hamp. - Charltona consociella Walker Pets of Graminae Orgyia sp. - Cirrhochrista fumipalpis Feld. - Redoa sp. - Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guen. Pest of rice / graminaceous plants Conogethes suralis Guen. - Eupterotidae Dichocrocis sp. Borer in castor Eupterote flavida Moore - Endotricha sp. - Etiella zinckenella Treit. Pod borer Arctiidae Eutectona macheralis Walker Teak skeletonizer Amata extensa Walker - Eurrhyparodes tricoloralis Zell. - Argina syringa Cram. - Filodes fulvidorsalis Hubn. - A. argus Koll. - Galleria mellonella Lin. Pest of bees A. astrea Drury Pest of legumes Glyphodes celsalis Walker Pest of forest trees A. cribraria Clerck Pest of legumes G. bicolor Swains. Pest of forest trees Argina sp. Pest of legumes G. laticostalis Guen. Pest of forest trees Asura conferta Walker Pest of mosses G. vertumnalis Guen. Pest of Jack Asura sp. - G. glauculalis Guen. - Chionaema peregrina Walker - G. indica Saund. Pest of Cucumber Creatonotus gangis Lin. Pest of Lily G. itysalis Walker - Diacrisia obliqua Walker Polyphagous pest G. marginata Hamp. Pest of forest trees Eilema tetragona Walker - Isocentris filalis Guen. - E. tumida Walker - Lamprosema sp. Pest of pulses Eligma narcissus Cram. Pest of Ailanthus triphysa Lepyrodes geometralis Guen. - Estigmene perotetti Pest of Bamboo Lygropia. orbinusalis Walker - Hypsa alciphron Cram. Pest of Ficus Marasmia trapezalis Guen. Pest of grasses Pericallia ricini Fb. Pest of Castor Nacoleia diemenalis Guen. Pest of pulses Nephopteryx atrisquamella Hamp. - Yponomeutidae Nymphula crisonalis Walker Pest of Graminae Atteva fabriciella Swed. Pest of Ailanthus N. fluctuosalis Zell. Pest of Graminae N. foedalis Guen. Pest of Graminae Geometridae Protrigonia zizanialis Swinh. - ?Catoria sp. Feeds of foliage of forest trees Psara bipunctalis Fb. Pest of pulses Abraxas sp. nr. latizonata Hamp. Feeds of foliage of forest trees Pycnarmon caberalis Guen. Pest of Coleus Abraxas sp. of poliaria Swinhoe Feeds of foliage of forest trees Pygospila tyres Cram. - Buzura? suppressaria Walker Feeds of foliage of forest trees Sylepta sp. - Cleora sp. prob. alienaria Walker Feeds of foliage of forest trees Syngamia abruptalis Walker Pest of Ocimum

1324 January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al.

Scientific name Remarks Scientific name Remarks

S. latimarginalis Walker - Popillia complanata Newm. Adult feeds on foliage Syngamia sp. - Terastia egialealis Walker Pest of Erythrina Buprestidae Adult feeds on foliage Vitessa suradeva Moore - Chrysochroa sp. Larva feeds inside woody stem Sphenoptera cyaniceps Kerr. Larva feeds inside woody stem Tineidae Setomorpha rutella Zell. Borer in bones, horns, etc. Cerambycidae Aeolesthes holocericea Fb. Wood boring Notodontidae Acalolepta rusticatrix Fb. Borer in Gmelina Phalera procera Feld. - Acanthophorus serraticornis Oliv. Polyphagous borer Batocera sp. Polyphagous borer Sphingidae Cerosterna scabrator (Fb.) Polyphagous borer Acherontia lachesis Fb. Crop pest Nupserha madurensis Pic. Polyphagous borer Acherontia sp. Crop pest N. malabarensis Pic. Polyphagous borer Herse convolvuli Lin. Crop pest Prionomma atratum Gmelin. Polyphagous borer Theretra sp. Crop pest Plocaederus obesus Polyphagous borer Xystrocera globosa Oliv. Albizia borer Saturnidae Attacus atlas Lin. - Chrysomelidae Loepa sikkima Moore - Aulacophora cincta (Fb.) Feeds on foliage Aulacophora unicolor Illig. Feeds on foliage Coleoptera Basilepta fulvicornis Jac. Feeds on foliage Cicindelidae Hoplasoma unicolor Illig. Feeds on foliage Cicindela sexpunctata Fb. Predatory on other insects Monolepta longitarsis Jac. Feeds on foliage Neocollyris sp. Predatory on other insects Sagra femorata Drury Borer in stem of Erythrina

Lucanidae Curculionidae Odontolabis cuvera Hope - Sternochaetus mangiferae Fb. Borer in Gluta travencorica, Odontolabis sp. - Mangifera sp. etc. Myllocerus viridanus Fb. Polyphagous pest Anthribidae M.dorsatus Fb. Polyphagous pest Baryrrhynchus planicollis Walker - Dynastidae Passalidae Oryctes rhinoceros Lin. Pest of palms Pleurarina brachyphyllus Stal. - Lampyridae Carabidae Epicauta sp. Fire fly Chlaenius tenuelimbatus Ball. - Lissomus sp. Fire fly Omphra sp. - Tenebrionidae Coccinellidae Amarygmus purpureofossus Fairm. Ground beetle Coccinella septempunctata Lin. - Lyprops curticollis Fairm. Mooply beetle Epilachna septima Dieke - E. vigintioctopunctata Fb. - Hemiptera Eurybrachidae Scarabaeidae Eurybrachis sp. Plant bug Anomala ruficapilla Burmeister Adult feeds on foliage Anomala sp. Adult feeds on foliage Ricaniidae Copris sp. Feeds in dung Ricania sp. Plant bug Gymnopleurus sinuatus (Olivier) Feeds in dung Heliocopris dominus Bates Feeds in dung Flattidae Heterorrhina sp. Feeds in dung Flata ? ocellata Fb. Plant bug Holotrichia rufoflava Brenske Larva feeds on roots H. fessa Brenske Larva feeds on roots Dictyopharidae H. serrata Fb. Larva feeds on roots Dictyopharina ?viridissima Melicher Borer in graminae Maladera sp. Adult feeds on foliage Mimela sp. Adult feeds on foliage

January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 1325 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al.

Scientific name Remarks Scientific name Remarks Cercopidae Pompilidae Cosmocarta relata Dist. Spittle bug Salius aureosericeus Guer. - Cosmocarta sp. Spittle bug Eoscorta sp. Spittle bug Sphecidae Ammophila laevigata Smith. - Lygaeidae Chalybion bengalense Dahl. - Dindymus lanius Stal. - Sceliphron javanum Lepel. - D. sanguineus - Sphex argentatus - Macropes sp. - Melamphaus fulvomarginalis - Chrysididae Odontopus nigricornis - Stilbum cyanurum Forster Cuckoo wasp

Fulgoridae Vespidae Kalidasa lanata Drury - Vespa sp.nr.cincta Fb. - Melicharia sp. - Pochazia fuscata Fb. - Odonata Orthetrum pruinesum neglectum (Ramb.) - Cicadellidae Macromia sp. - Bothrogonia ferruginea Fb. - Nemothemis fulvia Drury - Krishna strigicollis Spinola - N. intermedia (Ramb.) - Tettigoniella indistincta Walker - Trithemis aurora (Burm.) - T.festiva (Ramb.) - Pentatomidae Nezara viridis Lin. Ear-head bug of paddy Diptera Plautia fimbriata Fb. - Muscidae- 10 spp. Tipulparra trivandera producta Ghauri - Tabanidae- 2 spp. Placosternum taurus (Fb.) - Syrphidae- 2 spp. Dysdercus cingulatus Fb. Cotton bug Culicidae- 5 spp. Notobitus sp. - Serinatha augur Fb. - Orthoptera Acrididae Hymenoptera Catantops henryi Bol. - Apidae Catantops sp. - Apis dorsata Fb. Honey bee Onomarchus sp. - A.indica Fb. Honey bee Dictyoptera Xylocopidae Blattidae Xylocopa verticalis Lepel. Carpenter bee Placoblatta asymmetrica Bey-Bienko - Rhabdoblatta sp. - Eumenidae Eumenes conica Fb. Mud wasp Mantidae Deroplatys desicata West - Scoliidae Humbertiella indica Sauss. - Megascolia sp. - - Habits not known

D.cerigoides, Euproctis fraterna, Agathodes ostentalis, of arboreal feeding forms like Carea endophaea (pest of Agrotera basinotata (pests of several agricultural crops); Syzygium), Hyblaea puera (teak defoliator), Abraxes sp., Cleora Bradina admixtalis, Charltona consociella, Nymphula spp., Epiplema quadricaudata, Semiothisa quadraria, crisonalis, N. fluctuosalis and N. foedalis (pests of Hyposidra talaca, Eligma narcissus, Glyphodes caesalis, G. graminaceous plants) besides Setomorpha rutella which is a celsalis and G. bicolor (pests of several tree species) indicating scavenger, deteriorating dead organic matter including buffalo a fairly undisturbed forest patch in the area. The host records horns and skeletons. The moth fauna had a good representation of several species could not be determined except for a few

1326 January 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(1): 1321-1327 Insect fauna of Shendurny Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (India) G. Mathew et al. species which are already reported as pests of agricultural or Chalybion bengalense, Sceliphron javanum and Eumenes forest plants. Some of the moths recorded in this study were conica. Odonates were found in plenty and six species could very colourful and special mention may be made of the Atlas be identified. This included Orthetrun pruinesum neglectum, Moth Attacus atlas, which is the largest moth in addition to the Nemothemis fulvia and Trithemis aurora. With regard to the beautiful saturnid Loepa sikkima. dipteran flies, although 26 species could be collected, none have been identified. Several species of grasshoppers, preying Among beetles, the scavenger beetles showed richness. About mantids and roaches were also collected. a dozen species could be identified which included Anomala ruficapilla, Copris sp., Gymnopleurus sinuatus, Heliocopris Future course of action dominus, Holotrichia fessa and H. rufoflava. Mimela sp., The insect fauna was found to be extremely rich comprising of Popillia complanata and Maladera sp. recorded in this study several endemic and protected species. The study was carried are phytophagous causing injury to foliage of forest plants. out only for a short period of two months and hence we were The passalid beetle Pleurarina brachyphyllus, which is found not able to cover the area exhaustively. Inventorying is the in rotting wood is ecologically important as indicator of stand first step in conservation. The list of insects presented here is quality being found only in relatively undisturbed evergreen a preliminary one. Considering the rich faunal diversity of the forest patches. These insects are important in the conversion area, a more comprehensive study is required to take stock of of dead organic matter and have important roles in nutrient the entire biodiversity present in this area. cycling. The buprestids Chrysochroa sp. and Sphenoptera cyaniceps as well as the cerambycids Xystrocera globosa, Acknowledgements Cerosterna scabrator, Acalolepta rusticatrix and Aeolesthes We thank Dr. J.K. Sharma, Director for his interest and holoceriacea are borers in woody stems sometimes causing encouragement to undertake this study. The co-operation mortality of trees. The chrysomalids Aulacophora cincta, A. rendered by Shri T.U. Uthup, Wildlife Warden, Shendurny unicolor, Monolepta longitarsis and Basilepta fulvicornis as Wildlife Sanctuary and his staff is gratefully acknowledged. well as the curculionids Myllocerus viridanus and M. dorsatus Dr. T.C. Narendran, Professor of Entomology, Calicut University were some herbivorous beetles collected in this study. These kindly identified several species of insects recorded here. insects were mostly associated with the herbaceous flora. References Among bugs, several families such as Eurybrachidae, Ricanidae, Champion, H.G. and S.K. Seth (1968). A Revised Survey of the Flattidae, Dictyopharidae, Cercopidae, Cicadellidae, Fulgoridae, Forest Types of India, Govt. of India Press, Nasik, 323pp. Lygaeidae and Pentatomidae were represented. Most species Chandrasekharan, C. (1962). Forest types of Kerala State Indian collected were already known as crop pests. These included Forester 88: 660-847. the Paddy Ear-head Bug Nezara viridis and the Cotton Bug Mathew, G. and V.K. Rahmathulla (1995). Biodiversity in the Dysdercus cingulatus. The hymenopterans included two Western Ghats - a study with reference to moths in the Silent Valley species of honeybees Apis dorsata and Apis indica and six National Park, India. Entomon 20(2): 25-33. species of wasps, which included Ammophila laevigata, Vignarajan, G. (1990). Shendurny Wildlife Management Plan 1990- 91 to 1999-2000, KFD.

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