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Evolução Nos Padrões De Teias E Análise Comparativa Do Comportamento De Autolimpeza Em Mygalomorphae"

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Evolução Nos Padrões De Teias E Análise Comparativa Do Comportamento De Autolimpeza Em Mygalomorphae UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM NEUROCIÊNCIAS E COMPORTAMENTO "EVOLUÇÃO NOS PADRÕES DE TEIAS E ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO COMPORTAMENTO DE AUTOLIMPEZA EM MYGALOMORPHAE" DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO ALUNA: CAMILA HUFFENBAECHER ORIENTADOR: DR. HILTON FERREIRA JAPYASSÚ Maio/2009 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE PSICOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM NEUROCIÊNCIAS E COMPORTAMENTO "EVOLUÇÃO NOS PADRÕES DE TEIAS E ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DO COMPORTAMENTO DE AUTOLIMPEZA EM MYGALOMORPHAE" Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Neurociências e Comportamento. ALUNA: CAMILA HUFFENBAECHER ORIENTADOR: DR. HILTON FERREIRA JAPYASSÚ Maio/2009 “The very general opinion that the tarantula “looks so horrible” is also obviously without any basis. To anyone who has learned to know this spider, it is a handsome as a goldfinch and fully as interesting.” William J. Baerg, 1958 Agradecimentos Venho agradecer aqueles que contribuíram não só para a construção deste trabalho, mas também para a minha vida durante estes três anos em São Paulo. Pode parecer engraçado, mas esta está sendo a parte mais difícil de escrever nesta dissertação (e o medo de esquecer alguém?!), por isso adiei o máximo possível. Mas aqui vão os meus sinceros agradecimentos: À minha família, que sempre acreditou em mim e me apoiou em todas as minhas decisões, especialmente ao meu avô, João, a quem dedico esta dissertação. Ao meu orientador Hilton, que há sete anos conseguiu me convencer que comportamento de aranhas era o assunto mais legal e interessante do mundo, obrigada pela paciência e transmissão de conhecimentos. Aos companheiros de laboratório (ou depósito, ou fundão!!) Gandhi, Vanessa, Danilo e Tatiana, pelo companheirismo, pelas conversas, pelo apoio nos momentos difíceis, pela disposição em me ajudar TUDO que eu precisei. Sem vocês, este trabalho não seria possível, vocês também são responsáveis por ele. Aos “migalomorfólogos” Dra. Sylvia Lucas, Rafael Indicatti e Flávio Yamamoto, pela paciência e disposição em ajudar, por emprestarem alguns animais para observação, por enriquecerem este trabalho com a transmissão de seus conhecimentos. Aos colegas Samuel Guizze e Paulo André Goldoni, e à Dra. Irene Knysak pelo auxílio no acesso e manutenção dos animais utilizados nos experimentos. Rafael Indicatti, Flávio Yamamoto e Danilo Guarda por permitirem que eu utilizasse muitas de suas fotos nesta dissertação; Claúdio, Gandhi e Danilo pela ajuda nas coletas. A todos os amigos que fiz no Laboratório de Artrópodes, aqueles que contribuíram de alguma maneira para este trabalho (com discussões sobre o trabalho, com ajuda na identificação dos animais, compartilhando experiências de vida, com conversas sobre música e futebol, ou aqueles que se lembravam de me chamar lá no fundo quando o café ficava pronto ou iam até lá para falar “tchau” no fim do dia): Dr. Antonio Brescovit, Lina, Daniele, Cris, Yuji, Tulipas, Gustavo, Francês, Pãozinho, Igor, Kellie, Carol (você faz falta!!), Denise, Batman, Robin, Pica-pau, e a todos os aracnólogos (foram muitos) que por ali passaram. Aos funcionários do biotério do Instituto Butantan, responsáveis pelo fornecimento da alimentação das aranhas. Aos professores Fernando Ribeiro, Emma Otta, Vera Bussab, Elisabeth Spinelli, pelas orientações e sugestões durante a realização do trabalho. Aos professores José Paulo Guadanucci, John Wenzel, Fernando Pérez- Miles e Robert Raven por toda a valiosa ajuda que me deram através de conversas, indicação de bibliografia, sugestões e pelo interesse que demonstraram pelo meu trabalho. Ao pesquisador Pedro Ismael, pela disposição em realizar a análise da saliva de uma aranha para o trabalho. Às minhas amigas Gabi, Ágatha, Camila Santos, Lilian Luchesi, por todo o apoio durante esses três anos de mestrado, por tolerarem todas as minhas reclamações e chatices, por ouvirem pacientemente meus problemas e me acalmarem nos momentos de crise. Aos amigos de faculdade Fernanda Luccas e Leandro Tarosso, e aos outros “Filhos” que estão por aí, vocês fazem falta! Aos meus amigos “do rock” Camila Garcia, Lily, Matel, Rogério Japa, Kaio, Thiagones, Boka, Gustavo FYP, Athos, por me aturarem aos finais de semana. Ao rock e ao hardcore, ao futebol e às cervejas de fim de semana que ajudaram a manter a minha sanidade durante este tempo. Greg Graffin, responsável pelo meu interesse em biologia e também pela formação do meu caráter. À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. À minha mãe, a pessoa mais importante da minha vida, sem a qual nada disso seria possível; obrigada por me apoiar incondicionalmente, pelas lágrimas e sorrisos ao longo dos anos, e principalmente por me manter de pé. HUFFENBAECHER, C. Evolução nos padrões de teias e análise comparativa do comportamento de autolimpeza em Mygalomorphae . Dissertação de mestrado, Programa de Pós Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. 102 p. Aspectos do repertório comportamental e de estruturas resultantes de comportamento foram levantados para aranhas da infraordem Mygalomorphae. Os principais objetivos são buscar subsídios em informações provindas de caracteres comportamentais para auxiliar a elucidação da história evolutiva do grupo e entender como estes evoluíram dentro do grupo. Foi realizado um levantamento de informações sobre refúgios nas migalomorfas, a partir das quais foram delimitados 8 caracteres. Os caracteres foram incorporados a uma matriz de dados morfológicos provinda do trabalho de Goloboff e foi realizada uma análise de evidência total. A árvore resultante do consenso estrito da análise de evidência total mostrou-se melhor resolvida do que a árvore obtida apenas com os dados morfológicos. Foi realizada a otimização para a verificação da evolução dos padrões de teias dentro do grupo. Nossa análise mostra a existência de um padrão geral na evolução destes caracteres, com muitos deles apresentando fortes correlações. A construção de buracos está presente no ancestral comum entre migalomorfas e Mesothelae e aparece correlacionada com refúgios de alta conexão com o substrato. A hipótese de Coyle de que as tiras de seda teriam originado os lençóis de captura não é corroborada por nosso estudo. Ao contrário do que sugerem alguns autores, as estruturas finais resultantes de comportamentos podem ser uma fonte confiável de caracteres para o estudo da filogenia dos indivíduos que as produzem, além de possibilitar um melhor entendimento da evolução dos comportamentos que as originam. Também foi realizada uma análise comparativa do comportamento de autolimpeza em dois gêneros da família Theraphosidae. Observações deste comportamento resultaram na elaboração de um catálogo comportamental composto por 11 categorias. Análise das sequências comportamentais demonstra que este é um comportamento bastante fixo, com realização repetitiva de algumas sequências por longos períodos de tempo, não existindo um padrão geral que permita detectar início, meio e fim de uma sequência. São sugeridas algumas funções para este comportamento nas caranguejeiras, como a limpeza de estruturas sensoriais e/ou a proteção contra parasitas. A autolimpeza observada em indivíduos de outras famílias de Mygalomorphae mostrou a realização das mesmas categorias de modo semelhante. A manutenção destas categorias em famílias que divergiram há milhões de anos pode indicar um alto valor adaptativo das mesmas. A partir destes resultados, sugerimos que o tanto o comportamento quanto as estruturas finais são boas fontes de dados para análises filogenéticas. Palavras-chave: Comportamento, Mygalomorphae, evolução, teias, autolimpeza. HUFFENBAECHER, C. Webs pattern evolution and comparative analysis on grooming behavior in Mygalomorphae. Master Dissertation, Programa de Pós Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. 102 p. Aspects of behavior and end-products of behavior were studied on Mygalomorph spiders. The main goal is to understand the evolution of these behavioral characters and to discover the evolutionary history of the group. As a result of an extensive review of the literature, 8 web characters were delimited in mygalomorphs. The characters were incorporated to a morphological matrix used by Goloboff and a total evidence analysis was performed. The resulting tree was better resolved than the strictly morphological one. Web related characters show a clear evolutionary signal, and some of them evolve in a correlated fashion. Burrow construction is an ancestral feature of spiders and appears correlated with silk-lining behavior. Coyle’s hypothesis that sheetwebs derive from silk lines is not supported by our analysis. Contrarily to some authors’s suggestions, in our study the end-products proved to be a reliable source of characters for phylogenetic reconstructions, besides making possible a better understanding of the evolution of the behaviors that give rise to them. We performed a comparative analysis of grooming behavior in two genera of the family Theraphosidae. A behavioral catalog including 11 categories was concluded. Analysis of the behavioral sequences shows that grooming behavior is stereotyped, with some sequences being repeated for long periods of time, without a general pattern that let us detect the beginning, the middle or the end of a sequence. Spiders from distant Mygalomorph families perform the same repertoire of grooming behaviors, performed
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