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Universidad Autónoma De Madrid Facultad De Ciencias Departamento De F´Isica Teórica Type II String Duality and Massive Super

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Universidad Autónoma De Madrid Facultad De Ciencias Departamento De F´Isica Teórica Type II String Duality and Massive Super Universidad Aut´onomade Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de F´ısicaTe´orica Type II String Duality and Massive Supergravity Memoria de Tesis presentada por: Patrick A.A. Meessen Madrid - 2000 Vielleicht ist es aber auch unerlaubt, warf Walters Mutter ein, immer gleich an die großen Gestalten wie Mozart oder Einstein zu denken. Der Einzelne hat meist nicht die M¨oglichkeit, an einer entscheidenen Stelle mitzuwirken. Er nimmt mehr im stillen, im kleinen Kreise teil, und da muß man sich doch eben uberlegen,¨ ob es nicht sch¨oner ist, das D-Dur-Trio von Schubert zu spielen, als Apparate zu bauen oder mathematische Formeln zu schreiben. Ich best¨atigte, daß mir gerade an dieser Stelle viele Skrupel gekommen w¨aren, und ich berichtete auch uber¨ mein Gespr¨ach mit Sommerfeld und daruber,¨ daß mein zukunftiger¨ Lehrer das Schillerwort zitiert hatte: Wenn die K¨onige bauen, haben die K¨arner zu tun. Rolf meinte dazu: Darin geht es naturlich¨ uns allen gleich. Als Musiker muß man zun¨achst unendlich viel Arbeit allein fur¨ die technische Beherrschung des Instru- ments aufwenden, und selbst dann kann man nur immer wieder Stucke¨ spielen, die schon von hundert anderen Musikern noch besser interpretiert worden sind. Und du wirst, wenn du Physik studierst, zun¨achst in langer muhevoller¨ Arbeit Apparate bauen mussen,¨ die schon von anderen besser gebaut, oder wirst mathematischen Uberlegungen¨ nachgehen, die schon von anderen in aller Sch¨arfe vorgedacht worden sind. Wenn dies alles geleistet ist, bleibt bei uns, sofern man eben zu den K¨arnern geh¨ort, immerhin der st¨andige Umgang mit herrlicher Musik und gelegentlich die Freude daran, daß eine Interpretation besonders gut geraten ist. Bei euch wird es dann und wann gelingen, einen Zusammenhang noch etwas besser zu verstehen, als es vorher m¨oglich war, oder einen Sachverhalt noch etwas genauer zu vermessen, als die Vorg¨anger es gekonnt haben. Darauf, daß man an noch wichtigerem mit- wirkt, daß man an entscheidener Stelle weiterkommen k¨onnte, darf man nicht alzu bestimmt rechnen. Selbst dann nicht, wenn man an einem Gebiet mitarbeitet, in dem es noch viel Neuland zu erkunden gibt.[58] Contents Introducci´on III 1. String Theory: A Short Introduction 1 1.1. Bosonic Strings . 1 1.1.1. Closed Strings in Minkowski Space . 3 1.1.2. Open Strings in Minkowski Space . 5 1.1.3. Compactification and T-duality . 5 1.2. Fermionic Strings . 7 1.3. Strings on Curved Manifolds . 12 1.3.1. T-duality and Background Fields: Buscher’s Map . 18 1.4. D = 11 Sugra and M Theory . 19 2. Black holes and Duality 21 2.1. The Derivation of the Duality Transformations . 22 2.1.1. T Duality Transformations . 24 2.1.2. S Duality Transformations . 26 2.2. TNbh Asymptotics . 28 2.2.1. Inclusion of Constant Terms . 31 2.3. Transformation of the Charges under Duality . 33 2.3.1. Deriving the Form for the T Duality Transformation Matrices . 33 2.3.2. The One-Parameter Subgroups of the T Duality Group . 34 (B) 2.3.3. The Mapping-Class Group T Duality Transformations Z2 . 38 2.3.4. Constant Parts in the Gauge Fields and the Closed Set of Asymptotic “Charges” Under τ ............................... 39 2.3.5. Transformation of the Charges under S Duality . 40 2.4. The Asymptotic Duality Subgroup . 42 2.4.1. Identification of the Asymptotic Duality Subgroup . 42 2.4.2. The Bogomol’nyi Bound and its Variation . 43 2.4.3. Primary Scalar Hair and Unbroken Supersymmetry . 45 2.5. Conclusions . 50 3. Massive Supergravity in D = 10, i.e. IIAm 53 3.1. Massive D = 10 IIA Supergravity . 53 3.1.1. Equations of Motion etc. ............................ 55 3.2. Sl(2, R) Covariant D = 9 Sugra and T-duality . 57 3.2.1. Generalized Dimensional Reduction: A Toy Model . 57 i 3.2.2. The Sl(2, R)-Covariant Generalized Dimensional Reduction of Type IIB Supergravity: An S Duality Multiplet of N = 2, d = 9 Massive Super- gravities . 61 3.2.3. An Alternative Recipe for Generalized Dimensional Reduction: Gauging of Global Symmetries . 68 3.3. The Eleven-Dimensional Origin of IIAm . 71 2 3.3.1. Compactification of 11-Dimensional Supergravity on T and Sl(2, R) Sym- metry ...................................... 71 3.3.2. Sl(2, R)-Covariant Massive 11-Dimensional Supergravity . 75 3.4. BPS Solutions and Intersections . 79 3.4.1. Standard Intersections . 82 3.4.2. Massive String . 84 3.4.3. Massive D6-Brane . 86 3.5. More on D7-branes . 87 3.5.1. Point-Like (in Transverse Space) 7-Branes . 88 3.5.2. 7-Branes with a Compact Transverse Dimension . 93 3.6. KK-7A- and KK-8A-branes and T Duality . 94 Acknowledgements 101 A. Conventions et. al. 103 B. KK Decompositions and T-Duality 105 B.1. 9-Dimensional Einstein Fields Vs. 10-Dimensional Type IIA String Fields . 105 B.2. 9-Dimensional Einstein Fields Vs. 10-Dimensional Type IIB String Fields . 107 B.3. Generalized Buscher T-Duality Rules . 107 ii Introducci´on Aunque la formulaci´onde la teor´ıade las (super)cuerdas aun se desconoce, lo que s´ıse sabe promete mucho [4, 53, 83, 95]. Una cuerda es la idealizaci´onde un cord´on, donde se ignora su gordura: la cuerda es un espacio unidimensional cuando lo miramos a un tiempo fijo. Para los espacios unidimensionales s´olo existen dos topolog´ıasdiferentes: el c´ırculo y el intervalo. As´ıque antes de empezar tenemos que distinguir entre las cuerdas cerradas, el c´ırculo, y las cuerdas abiertas, el intervalo. La idea b´asicaes la de introducir las interacciones: dos cuerdas cerradas pueden juntarse as´ıformando una cuerda cerrada y a la inversa. En caso de la cuerda abierta, las interacciones se hacen jun- tando los extremos de las cuerdas abiertas. Esto tambi´enquiere decir que una cuerda abierta se puede cerrar: una teor´ıade cuerdas abiertas necesita las cuerdas cerradas para su consistencia. Empezando en el primer cap´ıtulo con la acci´onde Nambu-Goto, que describe cl´asicamente c´omo una cuerda se mueve en el espacio de Minkowski, se linealiza ´esta, lo cual resulta en la acci´onde Polyakov. Utilizando las invariancias de la acci´onde Polyakov, ´esta es equivalente a una teor´ıa dos dimensional de D bosones libres, donde D es la dimensi´onen la que la cuerda se mueve. Esta teor´ıa,cuando se cuantiza s´olo es consistente, es decir que no haya estados de norma negativa en el espectro f´ısico, si D = 26. Al igual que para una cuerda de un viol´ın, las vibraciones de la cuerda se clasifican en modos (tonos). La cuerda cerrada tiene dos tipos de modos: las vibraciones que se mueven a la derecha y las que se mueven a la izquierda.1 La cuerda abierta s´olotiene, gracias a las condiciones de contorno, un tipo de modos. Analizando estos modos en t´erminos del grupo de Poincar´een D = 26, las cuerdas siempre tienen un escalar de masa imaginario, un taqui´on, en el espectro (de hecho, el taqui´ones el vac´ıodel espacio de Fock.). Las part´ıculassin masa son un gravit´on, Gµν, un escalar, Φ, llamado el dilat´on y un campo antisim´etrico, Bµν, llamado el Kalb-Ramond para la cuerda cerrada2 y un campo vectorial para la cuerda abierta. Un hecho decepcionante de las cuerdas, aparte de vivir en 26 dimensiones y ser, posiblemente, inestables gracias al ta- qui´on,es la ausencia de fermiones en el espacio-tiempo. La supercuerda soluciona este problema introduci´endolos en la s´abana por medio de supersimetr´ıa. Supersimetr´ıaes una simetr´ıaque intercambia bosones y fermiones. Sabiendo esto, las cargas que generan las transformaciones de supersimetr´ıatienen que ser spinores, lo cual implica que dos transformaciones de supersimetr´ıa tienen que generar, entre otras cosas, traslaciones. En la supercuerda, pues, aparte de los D bosones de la cuerda bos´onica, se introducen tambi´en D spinores de Majorana-Weyl en la s´abana, que se transforman como un vector bajo el grupo de Poincar´een D dimensiones. Las condiciones de contorno para los spinores admiten dos po- sibilidades: o bien se transforman con un signo menos o no; dependiendo del signo se les llama 1La teor´ıapone la pega que el n´umerode oscilaciones que van a la derecha tiene que ser el mismo que el de las que van a la izquierda. 2Estos tres estados aparecen en la mayor´ıade las teor´ıas de cuerdas, y se llama el sector com´unde la cuerda. iii spinores Neveu-Schwarz (NS) o spinores Ramond (R). La diferencia se nota cuando cuantiza- mos la cuerda fermi´onica: los spinores NS se comportan como bosones en el espacio-tiempo, mientras que los spinores R son aut´enticos spinores en el espacio-tiempo. Adem´as,la dimensi´on del espacio-tiempo para la supercuerda es 10. Aplicando estas ideas a las cuerdas, vemos que todav´ıa aparece el taqui´onen el espectro. Existe una projecci´onsobre el espectro que es consistente y hace que el taqui´ondesaparezca: la pro- yecci´onde Gliozzi, Scherk y Olive (GSO). La proyecci´onconsiste, m´aso menos, en tirar todos los estados que se generan a partir del taqui´onpor medio de la aplicaci´onde cualquier conjunto de operadores de creaci´onque no sea fermi´onico. La proyecci´onde GSO quiere decir que, ya que los estados de la cuerda bos´onica se crean a partir del taqui´onutilizando s´olooperadores bos´onicos, todos los modos correspondientes a la cuerda bos´onicason eliminados por la proyec- ci´onde GSO.
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