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Université Pierre Et Marie Curie Université Pierre et Marie Curie Ecole doctorale « Sciences de la Nature et de l’Homme : évolution et écologie » Laboratoire Adaptations et Diversité en Milieu Marin / Equipe Ecogéochimie et Fonctionnement des Ecosystèmes Benthiques Impacts de l’acidification et du réchauffement des océans sur la diversité et le rôle fonctionnel des communautés associées aux macroalgues Thèse de doctorat d’Océanographie Biologique Présentée par Erwann LEGRAND Dirigée par Dr. Pascal RIERA et Dr. Sophie MARTIN Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 6 décembre 2017 Devant un jury composé de : Pr. Philippe DUBOIS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique Rapporteur Pr. Christine DUPUY, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Rapportrice Dr. Jean-Pierre GATTUSO, CNRS, Villefranche sur Mer, France Examinateur Dr. Valérie STIGER-POUVREAU, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France Examinatrice Dr. Jacques GRALL, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France Invité Dr. Pascal RIERA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Roscoff, France Directeur de thèse Dr. Sophie MARTIN, CNRS, Roscoff, France Directrice de thèse Résumé L’acidification et le réchauffement des océans prévus pour la fin du siècle sont susceptibles d’avoir des conséquences drastiques sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins. Un manque de connaissance persiste cependant quant à l’impact des changements futurs sur la réponse des communautés marines. Cette thèse a pour objectif de fournir de nouveaux éléments de compréhension de l’impact de l’acidification et du réchauffement des océans à l’échelle communautaire, en considérant un écosystème aux propriétés physico-chimiques hypervariables, les cuvettes intertidales, et un écosystème plus stable, les bancs de maërl. Des assemblages expérimentaux ont été reconstitués en laboratoire à partir des principales espèces de macroalgues calcaires et non calcaires et de brouteurs, composant ces deux écosystèmes. Ces assemblages ont été soumis à des conditions actuelles et futures de température et de pCO2. L’acidification et le réchauffement des océans sont à l’origine d’une altération de la structure et de fonctionnement des assemblages de banc de maërl, à travers une augmentation de la productivité des macroalgues non calcaires et un déclin des taux de calcification du maërl. De plus, la physiologie des brouteurs est négativement impactée par les changements futurs, altérant la structure trophique des assemblages. L’acidification et le réchauffement des océans n’ont en revanche pas d’effet sur la productivité des assemblages de cuvettes. L’environnement hypervariable confèrerait ainsi une résistantes accrue aux communautés de cuvettes intertidales face aux changements futurs, en comparaison de communautés issues d’environnements plus stables, comme les bancs de maërl. Mots clés : CO2 ; température ; communauté ; bancs de maërl ; cuvettes intertidales ; interactions spécifiques i Abstract Ocean acidification and warming predicted for the end of the century may have drastic consequences on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. However, a lack of knowledge persists on the impact of future changes on the response of marine communities. This thesis aims to provide new understanding of the impact of ocean acidification and warming at the community level. For this, two ecosystems have been considered: rockpools, characterized by high physico-chemical variations, and maerl beds, with smaller variations. In the laboratory, artificial assemblages were created from the main calcareous and fleshy macroalgae and associated grazers present in these two ecosystems. Created assemblages have been subjected to ambient and future temperature and pCO2 conditions. Ocean acidification and warming altered the structure and functioning of maerl bed assemblages, through an increase in the productivity of non-calcareous macroalgae and a decline in maërl calcification rates. The physiology of grazers is negatively impacted by future changes, which altered assemblages’ trophic structure. On the other hand, ocean acidification and warming had no effect on the productivity of rockpool assemblages. The highly variable environment may thus increase the resistance of rockpool communities to future changes, compared to communities from more stable environments, such as maerl beds. Keywords: CO2, temperature, community, maerl beds, rockpools, species interactions ii Remerciements Tout d’abord, je remercie Christine Dupuy et Philippe Dubois pour avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de ce travail de thèse. Merci à Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau pour avoir étudié et évalué ce travail. Un grand merci aussi à Jean-Pierre Gattuso et Jacques Grall pour leurs précieux échanges lors des comités de thèse et leurs participations à ce jury. Merci également à Catherine Leblanc pour sa participation aux comités de thèse. Je tiens à adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à Sophie Martin et Pascal Riera, pour m’avoir encadré pendant ces trois années de thèse. Merci à tous les deux pour votre accompagnement et votre investissement. J’ai eu un immense plaisir à travailler avec vous et pour avoir pu partager autant de choses, aussi bien sur un plan professionnel, qu’humain. Je vous remercie pour tous vos conseils, commentaires et corrections que vous avez apportés à ce travail. Sophie, merci pour avoir très largement contribué à faire de ma thèse une superbe aventure. Tu m’as permis de m’ouvrir à d’autres projets et de faire ainsi de très belles rencontres. Tu m’as aussi associé à différentes activités qui me tenaient à cœur, comme l’enseignement et la vulgarisation. Pour tout ça, je t’en suis très reconnaissant. Merci aussi pour ces bons moments passés une raquette de bad à la main. Pascal, merci pour tous les conseils et les commentaires que tu m’as apportés. Je garderai en mémoire les discussions isotopes, toujours illustrées par un petit schéma sur une feuille A4. Merci aussi d’avoir accepté de partager ton bureau pendant ces trois années et supporté l’étalement de mes affaires. Je tiens également à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance aux autres membres de l’équipe EFEB : - Dominique, notre grand patron, de m’avoir accueilli dans l’équipe et fait confiance dès 2013. Merci aussi pour ta contribution récurrente au « café des braves » qui m’a offert mon quota de caféine jusqu’à la fin. - Jérôme, pour ton aide très précieuse dans la conception du système expérimental et pour ta très grande disponibilité lors des expérimentations. Les nombreuses discussions sportives auront permis de rythmer les journées (et parfois les nuits) au CRBM et sur le terrain. Je garderai ton idée des cyalumes pour repérer les cuvettes la nuit ! - Olivier, pour les très très nombreux coups de main sur le terrain ou en laboratoire. Je n’aurais pas réussi à terminer ce travail dans les temps sans ton aide. Merci aussi pour toutes ces chroniques « on refait le monde », à parler politique, social, économie… sur le chemin du Gulf Stream et ce au grand dam d’Aline… iii - François, EFEB d’adoption, pour tous ces très bons moments passés à la pause-café du couloir. Merci pour ta bonne humeur et pour toutes ces blagues, parfois très (trop ?) subtiles, qui ont rythmé les pauses. - Zujaila, pour m’avoir permis de prendre l’air un peu plus souvent en rade de Brest. Merci pour les données que tu m’as transmises afin de compléter ce manuscrit. - Stéphane, pour tes « astuces » sur ImageJ. Et les coups de main lors des manips. - Florian, pour les nombreuses discussions handball, qui m’ont permis, notamment, de me changer les idées ces derniers mois. - Aline, pour ta bonne humeur et pour avoir largement contribué au « régime minceur » de toute l’équipe par l’allure que tu as imposée pour aller au Gulf Stream. Heureusement qu’il y avait les repas et les gâteaux des stagiaires pour reprendre quelques calories… - Doriane, pour ces très bons moments lors des congrès. Merci aussi pour la tasse que tu m’as offerte, elle m’a été indispensable ces derniers mois. Un grand merci au Centre de Ressources Biologiques Marines (CRBM) de la station pour avoir hébergé le système expérimental. Mercis à Xavier, Gaëtan, Sébastien et Ronan pour vos aides et vos disponibilités à chaque fois que j’en ai eu besoin. Merci aussi à Marilyne pour les sessions « alimentation et dressage » des seiches au CRBM et pour les odeurs de poisson/crevette dans la salle dès 9 h du matin. ;-) Je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à Thierry Cariou pour les analyses chimiques des échantillons et pour avoir répondu à mes demandes de données SOMLIT. Merci aussi à Eric Macé et Marc Vernet pour leurs conseils. Un grand merci également à Cédric Leroux pour sa disponibilité et son investissement dans l’analyse isotopique des échantillons. Mercis également à Murielle Jam, Gaëlle Correc et Aurélie Prechoux pour leurs aides précieuses dans la lyophilisation des échantillons. Un immense merci à Stéphanie Auzoux-Bordenave et Aïcha Badou, de la station de Concarneau, pour votre super accueil à chaque fois que je suis passé dans le sud Finistère et pour toutes ces précieuses discussions lorsque nos chemins se sont croisés. Merci aussi de m’avoir permis de donner quelques cours dans le cadre de l’UE de « Biominéralisation ». Merci à l’équipage de l’Albert Lucas, et notamment Franck et Daniel, pour leurs aides en mer. Je garderai en mémoire ces longues journées passées à récolter des espèces sur les bancs de maërl, toujours dans une excellente ambiance. Parce que cette thèse n’aurait pas pu avoir le même contenu sans eux, je remercie tous les stagiaires qui, ont contribué à ce projet. Mercis à Marie C., Robin, Mathieu, Marie D., Loïc et Ferdinand pour votre travail, votre motivation et votre bonne humeur ! J’inclue également à ces remerciements tous les autres stagiaires passés dans le couloir et que j’ai pu iv côtoyer : Nolwënn, Nicolas, Clémence, Morgane, Paul, Louis, Bastien, Coralie et Maureen. Le vent de fraîcheur (et les gâteaux !!) que vous avez apportés a permis d’insuffler une motivation supplémentaire dans la réalisation de ce travail.
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