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Regina Coelho Neto Substratos Artificiais Na Avaliação Da Universidade do Minho Escola de Ciências Regina Coelho Neto Substratos artificiais na avaliação da diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentónicos Substratos Artificiais na Avaliação da diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentónicos Regina Neto 9 UMinho | 201 abril 2019 Universidade do Minho Escola de Ciências Regina Coelho Neto Substratos artificiais na avaliação da diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentónicos Tese de Mestrado Mestrado em Ecologia Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de Professor Doutor Pedro Alexandre Faria Fernandes Teixeira Gomes abril 2019 DIREITOS DE AUTOR E CONDIÇÕES DE UTILIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO POR TERCEIROS Este é um trabalho académico que pode ser utilizado por terceiros desde que respeitadas as regras e boas práticas internacionalmente aceites, no que concerne aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. Assim, o presente trabalho pode ser utilizado nos termos previstos na licença abaixo indicada. Caso o utilizador necessite de permissão para poder fazer um uso do trabalho em condições não previstas no licenciamento indicado, deverá contactar o autor, através do RepositóriUM da Universidade do Minho. Atribuição CC BY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Doutor Pedro Alexandre Teixeira Gomes, pela oportunidade de poder trabalhar nesta área, pela paciência e motivação prestado durante todo o processo, mas principalmente pela amizade e apoio que mostrou ao longo do ano. Ao pessoal técnico da Estación de Bioloxía Mariña da Graña, Ferrol, pela disponibilidade, simpatia e ajuda sem a qual a amostragem na Ría de Ferrol não seria possível. Aos meus colegas de mestrado Claúdia Machado, Vânia Sofia e Duarte Oliveira pelo companheirismo e amizade. Aos amigos e colegas do Laboratório de Biologia Costeira, Catarina Alves pela ajuda no desenvolvimento da tese, Marisa Gomes pelos conselhos e passeios de barco e Fábio Faria pela boa disposição. Um especial obrigado aos meus companheiros Edgar Fortunas e Diego Flores, por estarem sempre disponíveis, pelas dificuldades que ultrapassamos juntos e por tornarem este trabalho menos stressante e mais divertido. Aos meus grandes amigos Renata Filipa e João Ribeiro porque se mantiveram sempre presentes, com palavras de apoio e preocupação. Ao Hugo Rafael, por sempre me motivar e incentivar a dar o meu melhor e por saber lidar com os meus momentos de dúvidas. E por fim, e não menos importante, à minha família, aos meus pais e ao meu irmão, por simplesmente fazerem parte da minha vida, por me darem o espaço e paciência que precisei nos dias mais difíceis da execução deste trabalho, e pelo amor, carinho e motivação que nunca me faltou. Vocês são os melhores do mundo ! iii DECLARAÇÃO DE INTEGRIDADE Declaro ter atuado com integridade na elaboração do presente trabalho académico e confirmo que não recorri à prática de plágio nem a qualquer forma de utilização indevida ou falsificação de informações ou resultados em nenhuma das etapas conducente à sua elaboração. Mais declaro que conheço e que respeitei o Código de Conduta Ética da Universidade do Minho. iv Substratos artificiais na avaliação da diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentónicos. Resumo As macroalgas são organismos dominantes e abundantes que atuam como um substrato estrutural biológico com impactos positivos na sobrevivência, riqueza e abundância das espécies locais. Através da sua estrutura física, estas espécies modificam as condições físicas do habitat e influenciam direta e indiretamente as interações biológicas, desempenhando assim um papel importante na estruturação das comunidades macrobentónicas. No entanto, estes habitats são difíceis de amostrar devido ao facto de serem substratos estruturalmente complexos, pelo que a utilização de substratos artificiais se torna uma alternativa válida. A vantagem deste tipo de metodologia é a utilização duma unidade padronizada para comparações quantitativas de amostras separadas espacialmente, bem como elimina a necessidade duma amostragem destrutiva dos substratos naturais. Foram colocados dois substratos artificiais diferentes em ambiente entre marés na Torpedera (2 metros) e subtidal na Enseñada de San Cristovo (9 metros) durante um período de 3 meses (maio a agosto). Em relação às métricas utilizadas, os índices de riqueza, abundância, diversidade e equitabilidade mostraram diferenças significativas entre os substratos colocados na Torpedera, enquanto que na Enseñada de San Cristovo só houve diferenças a nível da abundância de organismos. Na Torpedera o substrato AS2MS contêm mais espécies e menos indivíduos, enquanto que na Enseñada de San Cristovo ocorre o oposto. Em ambiente intertidal, a exposição às correntes e fluxo de água levou ao provisionamento de um maior nicho para organismos filtradores e construtores de casulo no substrato AS1-T e maior assentamento de partículas e sedimentos no substrato AS2-T permitindo um maior número de detritívoros. A profundidades maiores houve preferência de certas espécies pelo substrato AS2-SC devido ao aumento dos espaços intersticiais, o que permite a presença de organismos de maiores dimensões. Os padrões de abundância e riqueza de macroinvertebrados sugerem que as preferências de habitat podem estar relacionadas com diferentes modos de alimentação, estratégias reprodutivas, morfologias e mobilidade, além de confirmarem a dependência de vários grupos de organismos para com a arquitetura do habitat e a sua importância na estruturação das comunidades macrobentónicas, bem como a capacidade dos substratos artificiais suportarem comunidades diversificadas. Palavras-chave: Substratos artificiais; Complexidade estrutural; Macrofauna; Diversidade taxonómica; Colonização v Artificial substrates in the evaluation of the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates. Abstract Macroalgae are dominant and abundant organisms that act as a biological structural substrate with positive impacts on the survival, richness and abundance of local species. Through their physical structure, these species modify the physical conditions of the habitat and influence directly and indirectly the biological interactions, thus playing an important role in the structuring of the macrobenthic communities. However, these habitats are difficult to sample because they are structurally complex substrates, so the use of artificial substrates becomes a valid alternative. The advantage of this type of methodology is the use of a standardized unit for quantitatively comparing spatially separated samples, as well as eliminating the need for destructive sampling of natural substrates. Two different artificial substrates were placed in an environment between tides in Torpedera (2 meters) and subtidal in the Enseñada de San Cristovo (9 meters) during a period of 3 months (May to August). In relation to the metrics used, the indices of richness, abundance, diversity and equitability showed significant differences between the substrates placed in Torpedera, whereas in the Enseñada de San Cristovo there were only differences in the abundance of organisms. In Torpedera the AS2MS substrate contain more species and fewer individuals, whereas in the Enseñada de San Cristovo the opposite occurs. In an intertidal environment, the exposure to currents and water flow led to the provision of a larger niche for filtering organisms and tube builders in the AS1-T substrate and greater settlement of particles and sediments in the AS2-T substrate allowing a greater number of detritivores. At higher depths there was preference of certain species for the substrate AS2-SC due to the increase of the interstitial spaces, which allows the presence of larger organisms. The patterns of abundance and richness of macroinvertebrates suggest that habitat preferences may be related to different feeding modes, reproductive strategies, morphologies and mobility, besides confirming the dependence of several groups of organisms on the habitat architecture and its importance in the structuring of macrobenthic communities, as well as the ability of artificial substrates to support diverse communities. Keywords: Artificial substrates; Structural complexity; Macrofauna; Taxonomic diversity; Colonization vi ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS ........................................................................................................................ iii Resumo ............................................................................................................................................. v Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... vi ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................................ vii LISTA DE FIGURAS ......................................................................................................................... ix LISTA DE TABELAS .......................................................................................................................... x 1. INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Zonas costeiras ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Caracterização das rias ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Zona intertidal e subtidal ........................................................................................................
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