Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the Butterflies Present in Different

García Pérez, 1:10 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.466 Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Research Article OpenOpen Access Access Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the Butterflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima- Colombia) Jack Fran Armengot García Pérez* Programme of Environmental Engineering, University of Cundinamarca-Girardot, Ave 19 N 24-209, Colombia

Abstract In the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia) was carried out an inventory and diversity of the diurnal butterflies, found in four different crops during April and May 2009. A total of 209 individuals represented in six families and 26 species are registered, being Anartia Jatrophae most abundant (15%), however the analysis of rarefaction curve indicates that the number of species registered is not approaching the real reachness (X2 =8.62, Df =7 P<0.001) the values of richness and diversity were higher in the crops with associated vegetation and decreased in the less heterogeneous (crops cotton-rice). Jaccard similarity analyses demonstrate a low affinity (<21%) in the community of butterflies between crops and periods of time evaluated, being cosmopolitan species associated with disturbance habitat as Siproeta stelenes the more abundant in April and the Anartia Jatrophae in May.

Elevation Keywords: Rarefaction curve; Richness; Diversity; Similarity Lots of Crops Coordenates Features of Habitat M.A.S.L. National collection National collection Leaf litter, understory Introduction 382 of Mango of Mango and canopy Elements Biological indicators are defined as species or taxonomic groups N 04 ° 11’ 43’’ Soursop fruit lot 380 Leaf litter and scrubs that may reflect the state of the biota in biodiversity, its relationship W 74 ° 57’ 80’’ with other geographical areas, variation along gradients, endemics or N 04 ° 11’ 36’’ Cocoa-plantain lot 377 Leaf litter and scrubs the degree of human intervention (Fagua, 2001). Butterflies are very W 74 ° 57’ 77’’ sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity and solar radiation Table 1: Description of the sites (lots of crops) located in the Center Research caused by disturbances in its habitats, which is why the inventory Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). of their communities through measures of diversity and reachness nets, and at each site (habitat) were transects (a path) from 08: 00 hr represent a valid tool to assess the state of conservation or alteration of to 15:00 hr with an effort to capture was two people/of lots crops. All the natural environment (Kremen et al. Fagua). specimens were sacrificed by constriction (pressure of torax) and the 3274 species of diurnal butterflies are estimated to Colombia [1], individuals were kept in paper bags of white Milano along with silica which have been widely studied by Alvarez [2] in two areas of Risaralda, gel, this in order to avoid fungi and preserving butterflies. For each Salazar [3] in the Departament of Putumayo, Fagua in a gradient of captured specimens scored the number of collect, habitat, hour and the oriental mountain range, Tobar [4] in different forest relict and layer of permanence. open areas of the upper basin of the river Roble (Quindío), Garcia- Robledo et al. [5] with the inventory and the ecology aspect of commun For the process of determining used keys and taxonomic butterflies of the Central mountain range and Campos-Salazar et al. [6] annotation of Ehrlich et al. [12], Smart [13], Vries [14], Renaser, De la in the forest the Aguil, Aguachica, Cesar (Colombian Caribbean). maza [15], Andrade [16], Alvarez [2], Fagua [17] Garcia Robledo et al. 350 species are stimated for the department of Tolima (Reinoso [2] and Valencia et al. [18]. The systematic arrangement used proposal et al.) [7], however studies of diurnal butterflies in low- zones (<1000 of Lamas [19], and confirmation was developed comparing the types of m.a.s.l.) only has been in the basins of the rivers Coello (Garcia and butterflies found in the zoology collection of the diurnal Lepidoptera of Ospina) [8] and Prado [9]. In order to increase the knowledge of the the University of Tolima: Danaus gilippus 000123 CZUT-L, Euptoieta diurnal butterflies in our department, in this study was conducted an hegesia CZUT-L 000145-000151, Anartia jatrophae CZUT-L 00025, inventory of diurnal butterflies found in the Center Research Corpoica Junonia evarete CZUT-L 000291-000294, Battus polydamas CZUT-L Nataima, determining the variation of structure and diversity of the 000775-000779, Urbanus proteus CZUT-L 000800-000807, Pyrgus community in two months (April and May) 2009, and its importance as a indicator group of the type and quality of habitat

Material and Methods *Corresponding author: Jack Fran Armengot García Pérez, Programme of Environmental Engineering, University of Cundinamarca-Girardot, Ave 19 N 24- This study was conducted during the months of April andMay 209, Colombia, Tel: 0115782688581; E-mail: [email protected] 2009, in the Center Research Corpoica Nataima. The center research Received June 14, 2012; Published October 30, 2012 is located in the department of Tolima, Espinal town (4°56´ N-74°56´ Citation: García Pérez JFA (2012) Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the But- W, 410 m.a.s.l ), with annual average temperature of 28°C, relative terflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica humidity of 70% [10]. Placed 4 sites of collection which correspond to Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). 1:466. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.466 different of lots crops and national collection of mango (Table 1). Copyright: © 2012 García Pérez JFA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un- Following the methodology proposed by the Institute Alexander restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original Von Humboldt [11] the specimens were collected with entomological author and source are credited.

Volume 1 • Issue 10 • 2012 Citation: García Pérez JFA (2012) Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the Butterflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). 1:466. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.466

Page 2 of 5 oileus 000820 CZUT-L 000833, Ascia monuste CZUT-L 001018- 001023. According to the matrix of total abundance of diurnal butterflies per lots of crops, were calculated relative abundances (%). Richness was determined as the number of species by lots of cultivation. Using the program PAST 1.34 (2005), calculated the structural index of Margalef richness, diversity of Shannon-Wiener (H`), Pielou (J) evenness and dominance of Simpson (D). Prior verification of the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances (Shapiro-Wilk (w) and Levene). We found differences in diversity index between lots of crops through test t (Magurran [20]) and Kruskall-Wallis for differences in the number of species (Za,r, 1996) (Annex 1). (a) A rarefaction curve was used to determine the sampling effort, using the test Chi-square we compared curve of accumulation of taxon observed and expected, as well as calculate intervals of confidence of 95% as ±2 standard deviations around the expected values. The program StimateSwin 8.2.0 (2006) was used in the analysis. Of the presence- absence matrix were obtained index of similarity between lots of crops/ period of time (Jaccard coefficient) and we used UPGMA (Weight Pair Group Method Using Arithmetical Average) to obtain the respective grouping dendrogram. In the analysis of classification (Jaccardi) used program PAST 1.34 (2005), and STATISTICA 7.1 (2006). Results In the Center research Corpoica Nataima recorded a total of 209 individuals represented in six families and 26 species being Anartia jatrophae, most abundant (15%) (Annex 1). The largest number of (b) individuals was presented in the Mango collecting, however the largest Figure 1: Number of individuals (a) and species present in lots of crops (b). number of species were in lot of crops soursop fruit (Figure 1). Not presented significant differences in the number of species among the lots of crops (Kruskal wallis Hc=3.36, p=0.51) The richness and diversity showed values higher in the lot of crops soursop fruit, decreasing in the lot of crops cocoa-plantain (Figure 2). Registered this lot significant differences with respect to diversity index (t>2.2, p<0.05) Rarefaction analysis determined that the curve of accumulation of taxon observed as a function of the number of sampled individuals does not adjusted to the curve of accumulation expected (Figure 3). Showing differences between the observed distribution and the theoretical distribution (X2=8.62, g.1=7, p<0.001). In April (2009) registered 75 individuals of butterflies and 16 species of which Siproeta Stelenes was the most abundant (29%). The Figure 2: Ecological indices for lots of crops in the Center Research largest number of individuals and species was found in the collection of Corpoica Nataima.

Collection Mango Soursop fruit Cocoa-Plantain Cotton-Rice Mango (Figure 4). There were not significant differences in number of N 26 26 26 26 species between lots of crops (Kruskal-Wallis Hc=4.59, p=0.46). Min 0 0 0 0 Max 25 21 13 12 The richness and diversity showed values higher in the lot of crops Sum 80 65 30 34 soursop fruit, abruptly decreasing in the lot of crops cotton-rice (Figure Mean 3.07692 2.5 1.15385 1.30769 5). Registered significant differences with respect to the diversity in this Std. Error 1.3008 0.916935 0.662611 0.565057 lot of crops (t>6.57, p<0.05). Variance 43.9938 21.86 11.4154 8.30154 The Jaccard’s similarity analysis for April evidenced a very low Stand.dev 6.63279 4.67547 3.37267 2.88124 similarity between the collection of Mango and cocoa-plantain lot W=0.55 W=0.59 W=0.53 Shapiro-W W=0.38 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 (11%) and lots of cotton-rice and soursop fruit didn’t show any kind (test Leven’s p=0.04) of clustering (Figure 6). Annex 1: Descriptive statistics. In May (2009) registered 134 individuals of diurnal butterflies and

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Figure 5: Ecological indices for lots of crops in the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (April 2009). Figure 3: Rarefaction curve for the community of diurnal butterflies presents in the center research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia).

(a)

Figure 6: Dendrogram of similarity (April 2009) using UPGMA with the Jaccard`s index, for lots of crops.

very low similarity between lots of soursop fruit and cotton-rice (21%) adding to this group the collection Mango (13%). The cocoa-plantain

(b) lot does not show any kind of clustering (Figure 9). Figure 4: Number of individuals (a) and species (b) diurnal butterflies in lots Discussion of crops (April 2009). El Center Research Corpoica Nataima account with 0.79 % of the 23 species of which Anartia jatropahe was the most abundant (21%). diurnal butterflies estimated for Colombia (Andrade et al.), 2,6% of The greater number of individuals and species are found in lot of crops diurnal butterflies reported to the central mountain ranger (Garcia- soursop fruit (Figure 7). No significant differences were registered Robledo et to the) and 7.4% for Tolima (Reinoso et al.). Under this respect to the number of species among the lots or crops (Kruskal- scenario, it is important to perform more monitoring in order to determine the actual number of species, but in this study is evidence Wallis Hc=4.59, p=0.46). that the richness and diversity of butterflies increases in areas with The richness and diversity showed values higher in the lotof plant complex structures (leaf litter and understory) as in the national soursopfruit decreasing in the lot of cocoa-plantain (Figure 8). collection of Mango and the lot of crops soursop fruit where bushes Registered significant differences with respect to the diversity in this and shrub elements are found. lots (t>2.4, p<0.05) The increase in the diversity of butterfly in heterogeneous habitats The Jaccard`s analysis of similarity for the month of May howeds has also been reported by Spitzer et al. and Bazz and Garcia-Boyer.

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(a)

Figure 9: Dendrogram of similarity (May 2009) using UPGMA with the Jaccard`s index, for lots of crops.

(bs-T) along with the of very dry tropical forest (bms-T), subtropical moist forest (bh-ST) and low montane moist forest (bh-MB) presented (b) a high level of anthropic disturbance and is due by factors to: slash Figure 7: Number of individuals (a) and species (b) diurnal butterflies in lots and burn system, overcrowded areas, overgrazing and extensive crops of crops (May 2009). supplemented by irrigation which have altered the natural vegetation. With respect to the temporal variation in the community of diurnal butterflies in the evaluated months stays greater richness, diversity and evenness in the collection of Mango and soursop fruit, however classification analyses show that the composicion and species richness change over the months, for example in April the largest abundance was registered for Siproeta stelenes, while in May it was for Anartia jatrophae. This domination of butterflies Nymphalidae has been a pattern extensively registered in other areas of Colombia por Alvarez, Andrade, Rodriguez et al. Arias y Huertas, García y Ospina, García et al. García (2008) y Peña (2007). In case of this Anartia Jatrophae register in different lots of the Center Research and Siproeta stelenes only register in the shrubs layer and trees of the collection of mango. Consistent with that reported by Valencia et al. these species in Figure 8: Ecological indices for lots of crops in the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (May 2009). Colombia are found from sea level to 2000 m.a.s.l however, Anartia jatrophae is common in disturbed habitats while Siproeta stelenes is High values of diversity may be kept in environments with intermediate catalogued as a common species in coffee plantations under edges of levels of disturbance, which means that a greater heterogeneity allows wooded areas. Being thus the mango collection an emerging habitat for the establishment of a large number of species to find different sites the establishment of butterflies of the tropical dry forest. or habitat for perch, feeding, courtship and reproduction (Colwell and Tews et al.). In many habitats, plants community determines Conclusion the physical structure of the environmental and has a considerable The richness and diversity of diurnal butterflies benefits with the influence on the distribution and interaction ns of the animal species increase of the heterogeneity in the lots of crops and decreases in those (Lawton). with little or no element of associated vegetation. The decrease in abundance, richness and diversity of diurnal Acknowledgments butterflies in lots of crops cocoa-plantain and cotton-rice can be due to The authors would like to thank Environmental engineer Cristina Perez representing crops with little or any surrounding vegetation. According and Mr. Juan Evangelista Nova. Engineer Juan Rivera of the Center Research to the IGAC (1963), in Colombia the formation of dry forest presented Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia).

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