García Pérez, 1:10 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.466 Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Research Article OpenOpen Access Access Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the Butterflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima- Colombia) Jack Fran Armengot García Pérez* Programme of Environmental Engineering, University of Cundinamarca-Girardot, Ave 19 N 24-209, Colombia Abstract In the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia) was carried out an inventory and diversity of the diurnal butterflies, found in four different crops during April and May 2009. A total of 209 individuals represented in six families and 26 species are registered, being Anartia Jatrophae most abundant (15%), however the analysis of rarefaction curve indicates that the number of species registered is not approaching the real reachness (X2 =8.62, Df =7 P<0.001) the values of richness and diversity were higher in the crops with associated vegetation and decreased in the less heterogeneous (crops cotton-rice). Jaccard similarity analyses demonstrate a low affinity (<21%) in the community of butterflies between crops and periods of time evaluated, being cosmopolitan species associated with disturbance habitat as Siproeta stelenes the more abundant in April and the Anartia Jatrophae in May. Elevation Keywords: Rarefaction curve; Richness; Diversity; Similarity Lots of Crops Coordenates Features of Habitat M.A.S.L. National collection National collection Leaf litter, understory Introduction 382 of Mango of Mango and canopy Elements Biological indicators are defined as species or taxonomic groups N 04 ° 11’ 43’’ Soursop fruit lot 380 Leaf litter and scrubs that may reflect the state of the biota in biodiversity, its relationship W 74 ° 57’ 80’’ with other geographical areas, variation along gradients, endemics or N 04 ° 11’ 36’’ Cocoa-plantain lot 377 Leaf litter and scrubs the degree of human intervention (Fagua, 2001). Butterflies are very W 74 ° 57’ 77’’ sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity and solar radiation Table 1: Description of the sites (lots of crops) located in the Center Research caused by disturbances in its habitats, which is why the inventory Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). of their communities through measures of diversity and reachness nets, and at each site (habitat) were transects (a path) from 08: 00 hr represent a valid tool to assess the state of conservation or alteration of to 15:00 hr with an effort to capture was two people/of lots crops. All the natural environment (Kremen et al. Fagua). specimens were sacrificed by constriction (pressure of torax) and the 3274 species of diurnal butterflies are estimated to Colombia [1], individuals were kept in paper bags of white Milano along with silica which have been widely studied by Alvarez [2] in two areas of Risaralda, gel, this in order to avoid fungi and preserving butterflies. For each Salazar [3] in the Departament of Putumayo, Fagua in a gradient of captured specimens scored the number of collect, habitat, hour and the oriental mountain range, Tobar [4] in different forest relict and layer of permanence. open areas of the upper basin of the river Roble (Quindío), Garcia- Robledo et al. [5] with the inventory and the ecology aspect of commun For the process of determining used keys and taxonomic butterflies of the Central mountain range and Campos-Salazar et al. [6] annotation of Ehrlich et al. [12], Smart [13], Vries [14], Renaser, De la in the forest the Aguil, Aguachica, Cesar (Colombian Caribbean). maza [15], Andrade [16], Alvarez [2], Fagua [17] Garcia Robledo et al. 350 species are stimated for the department of Tolima (Reinoso [2] and Valencia et al. [18]. The systematic arrangement used proposal et al.) [7], however studies of diurnal butterflies in low- zones (<1000 of Lamas [19], and confirmation was developed comparing the types of m.a.s.l.) only has been in the basins of the rivers Coello (Garcia and butterflies found in the zoology collection of the diurnal Lepidoptera of Ospina) [8] and Prado [9]. In order to increase the knowledge of the the University of Tolima: Danaus gilippus 000123 CZUT-L, Euptoieta diurnal butterflies in our department, in this study was conducted an hegesia CZUT-L 000145-000151, Anartia jatrophae CZUT-L 00025, inventory of diurnal butterflies found in the Center Research Corpoica Junonia evarete CZUT-L 000291-000294, Battus polydamas CZUT-L Nataima, determining the variation of structure and diversity of the 000775-000779, Urbanus proteus CZUT-L 000800-000807, Pyrgus community in two months (April and May) 2009, and its importance as a indicator group of the type and quality of habitat Material and Methods *Corresponding author: Jack Fran Armengot García Pérez, Programme of Environmental Engineering, University of Cundinamarca-Girardot, Ave 19 N 24- This study was conducted during the months of April and May 209, Colombia, Tel: 0115782688581; E-mail: [email protected] 2009, in the Center Research Corpoica Nataima. The center research Received June 14, 2012; Published October 30, 2012 is located in the department of Tolima, Espinal town (4°56´ N-74°56´ Citation: García Pérez JFA (2012) Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the But- W, 410 m.a.s.l ), with annual average temperature of 28°C, relative terflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica humidity of 70% [10]. Placed 4 sites of collection which correspond to Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). 1:466. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.466 different of lots crops and national collection of mango (Table 1). Copyright: © 2012 García Pérez JFA. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits un- Following the methodology proposed by the Institute Alexander restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original Von Humboldt [11] the specimens were collected with entomological author and source are credited. Volume 1 • Issue 10 • 2012 Citation: García Pérez JFA (2012) Preliminary Inventory and Diversity of the Butterflies Present in Different Areas of Cultivation of the Center Research Corpoica Nataima (Tolima-Colombia). 1:466. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.466 Page 2 of 5 oileus 000820 CZUT-L 000833, Ascia monuste CZUT-L 001018- 001023. According to the matrix of total abundance of diurnal butterflies per lots of crops, were calculated relative abundances (%). Richness was determined as the number of species by lots of cultivation. Using the program PAST 1.34 (2005), calculated the structural index of Margalef richness, diversity of Shannon-Wiener (H`), Pielou (J) evenness and dominance of Simpson (D). Prior verification of the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances (Shapiro-Wilk (w) and Levene). We found differences in diversity index between lots of crops through test t (Magurran [20]) and Kruskall-Wallis for differences in the number of species (Za,r, 1996) (Annex 1). (a) A rarefaction curve was used to determine the sampling effort, using the test Chi-square we compared curve of accumulation of taxon observed and expected, as well as calculate intervals of confidence of 95% as ±2 standard deviations around the expected values. The program StimateSwin 8.2.0 (2006) was used in the analysis. Of the presence- absence matrix were obtained index of similarity between lots of crops/ period of time (Jaccard coefficient) and we used UPGMA (Weight Pair Group Method Using Arithmetical Average) to obtain the respective grouping dendrogram. In the analysis of classification (Jaccardi) used program PAST 1.34 (2005), and STATISTICA 7.1 (2006). Results In the Center research Corpoica Nataima recorded a total of 209 individuals represented in six families and 26 species being Anartia jatrophae, most abundant (15%) (Annex 1). The largest number of (b) individuals was presented in the Mango collecting, however the largest Figure 1: Number of individuals (a) and species present in lots of crops (b). number of species were in lot of crops soursop fruit (Figure 1). Not presented significant differences in the number of species among the lots of crops (Kruskal wallis Hc=3.36, p=0.51) The richness and diversity showed values higher in the lot of crops soursop fruit, decreasing in the lot of crops cocoa-plantain (Figure 2). Registered this lot significant differences with respect to diversity index (t>2.2, p<0.05) Rarefaction analysis determined that the curve of accumulation of taxon observed as a function of the number of sampled individuals does not adjusted to the curve of accumulation expected (Figure 3). Showing differences between the observed distribution and the theoretical distribution (X2=8.62, g.1=7, p<0.001). In April (2009) registered 75 individuals of butterflies and 16 species of which Siproeta Stelenes was the most abundant (29%). The Figure 2: Ecological indices for lots of crops in the Center Research largest number of individuals and species was found in the collection of Corpoica Nataima. Collection Mango Soursop fruit Cocoa-Plantain Cotton-Rice Mango (Figure 4). There were not significant differences in number of N 26 26 26 26 species between lots of crops (Kruskal-Wallis Hc=4.59, p=0.46). Min 0 0 0 0 Max 25 21 13 12 The richness and diversity showed values higher in the lot of crops Sum 80 65 30 34 soursop fruit, abruptly decreasing in the lot of crops cotton-rice (Figure Mean 3.07692 2.5 1.15385 1.30769 5). Registered significant differences with respect to the diversity in this Std. Error 1.3008 0.916935 0.662611 0.565057 lot of crops (t>6.57, p<0.05). Variance 43.9938 21.86 11.4154 8.30154 The Jaccard’s similarity analysis for April evidenced a very low Stand.dev 6.63279 4.67547 3.37267 2.88124 similarity between the collection of Mango and cocoa-plantain lot W=0.55 W=0.59 W=0.53 Shapiro-W W=0.38 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 (11%) and lots of cotton-rice and soursop fruit didn’t show any kind (test Leven’s p=0.04) of clustering (Figure 6).