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Soils of Deniboota Irrigation District, N.S.W

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Soils of Deniboota Irrigation District, N.S.W SOILS OF DENIBOOTA IRRIGATION DISTRICT, N.S.W. SOILS AND LAND USE SERIES No. 5 DIVISION OF SOILS COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION MELBOURNE 1952 Soils of Deniboota Irrigation District and their Classification for Irrigation By E. J. Johnston Soils and Land Use Series No. 5 DIVISION OF SOILS Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia Melbourne 1952 . CONTENTS Page Summary 5 I. Introduction 5 II. Agricultural and Pastoral History 6 III. Climate 7 IV. Physiography 7 v. The Soils 8 VI. Acknowledgments 37 VII. References 38 VIII. Appendix I. Glossary of Botanical Names of Flora in the Deniboota Irrigation District 39 SOILS OF DENIBOOTA IRRIGATION DISTRICT AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION FOR IRRIGATION SUMMARY A detailed soil survey of the Deniboota Irrigation District revealed that the area was composed of 50 per cent. heavy plain soils of doubtful suitability for the growing of pas­ tures and crops under irrigation and 8.8 per cent. of soils considered definitely unsuitable due to their being too high to be watered from the channels or too broken by gullies and creeks to allow for economic watering. There is 23.4 pE,r cent. of the area considered good irrigation soil for ucerne, summer and winter pastures, and irrigated s~r fodder crops. The remaining 17.8 i:er cent. is considered suitable for pas­ tures and crops but not economically suitabl3 for the growing of lucerne for hay. Most of the good irrigation soils are confined to the southern portion of the district, the moderate soils to the northern part, while the doubtful irrigation soils comprise the central half of the district. These latter soils are, at present, considered to be of doubtful suitability for irrigated crops (except rice) and pastures owing to the hard~setting surface soil, the stiff, imperm­ eable, and intractable clay subsoil, and the high salt content of .the soil. It is hoped that further research into irrigation techniques and cultural practices may reveal a method by which these soils can be converted into an economic asset in the irrigation s~ere. I. INTRODUCTION The Deniboota Provisional Domestic and Stock Water Supply and Irrigation District was constituted on November 16, 1938 and proclaimed in the New South Wales Government Gazette No. 181, December 16, 1938. The district comprises an area of 303,064 acres of land situated in the counties of Townsend and Cadell. It is bounded on the north by the Wakool River and Colligen and 6 Yallakool Creeks, and on the north-west by the Porthole and Thule Creeks. The boundaries of the irrigation district taper from Deniliquin in the east and Thule Creek in the west to a point approximately five miles west of the village of Womboota. The district is to be served with water by the Mulwala Canal, which is being extended across the Edward River and Aljoe's Creek by the construction of the Lawson syphon two miles south-east of Deniliquin. The irrigation district is made up of 147 properties to which have been allocated 23,935 water rights.* The size of the holdings is variable, ranging from 50 to 16,460 acres with an average area of 2,062 acres. The larger holdings are in the northern portion. These figures give a false impression of the actual land use tenure of the area as many properties are run as a family syndicate built up of two or more holdings. Other very small holdings are leased to the owner of a larger adjoining holding and some are used to agist stock awaiting sale in Deniliquin. Other small holdings represent only that portion of a much larger holding, the greater portion of which is outside the boundaries of the irrigation district and can­ not be irrigated. A reconnaissance soil survey of the funiboota Irrigation District was carried out by the Division of Soils, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, in 1942 (Smith and John­ ston 1942). The detailed soil survey here reported was commenced in October 1946 and completed in November 1948. II. AGRICULTURAL AND PASTORAL HISTORY Before 1925 the majority of the area was used for the grazing of sheep for wool and for the fattening of beef cattla. The size of holdings varied from 4,000 to 15,000 acres when used for these purposes. In the south of the area a consider­ able area was sown to wheat each year on smaller properties around Bunnaloo and Womboota. With the construction of the Echuca-Balranald railway by the Victorian Railways, in 1925, the district was provided with the transport facilities nec­ essary for closer settlement. The ruling high prices for agricult':ll'al products led to a * A water right is one acre-foot of water :p3r annum. 7 migration of wheat farmers from Victoria, who bought land along the railway, but the uncertain climate coupled with rather unsuitable soils caused only mediocre success to be obtained from wheat growing. The economic depression of 1929 forced some farmers to surrender their holdings and the remainder returned to sheep grazing. The small size of the holdings lead to overstocking in some cases, followed by wind removal of top soil and loss of native grasses. The effects of this treatrrent are still very evident in some holdings in the district. Population trends over this period can be gauged from the census records for Murray Shire, which embraces most of the Deniboota Irrigation District. These records show that the population was 3,130 in 1933 and 1,937 in 1947. At the present time wheat growing is mainly confined to the soils about Womboota and Bunnaloo proven suitable for it and receiving a 15-inch annual rainfall. The chief industry is still wool production, one sheep being grazed on approxim­ ately three acres of natural pasture. Some cattle are grazed, mainly along the creek frontages where swamps and rough scrub make the land unsuitable for sheep.* III. CLIMATE The climate of the Deniboota Irrigation District has been fully covered by Smith (1943, 1945) and will be only briefly dealt with here. The climate is warm temperate with hot, dry s1.lll1Irers and only few winter frosts. The average annual rain­ fall at Deniliquin is 15.85 inches and 15.55 inches at Wom­ boota. There is a decrease in rainfall in the western portion of the area, only 13 .07 inches being recorded at Wakool. Approximately 60 ·per cent. of the annual rainfall falls during the winter months (April-September) and 40 per cent. occurs, mainly as summer thunderstorms, during the p:!riod October to March. This rainfall is unreliable and the use of irrigation water is essential for the reliable growth of crops and pastures. IV. PHYSIOGRAPHY The area is an even plain with a gentle fall from east to west. The northern and north-western portion is either * Departrrent of Lands, Sydney, kindly supplied details on land settlenent. 8 bounded or dissected by several semi-permanent watercourses such as the Colligen, Yallakool, Thule, and Porthole Creeks and the Wakool River. There are also several seasonal gullies or creeks, the chief of which is the Cochran-Yarrein Creek. The plains adjoining these watercourses have been subjected to periodical flooding and are naturally densely timbered. The central area consists of almost treeless plains with no perm­ anent watercourses. Certain low areas in the plain are liable to inundation by surface run-off and form timbered semi­ swamps. There are, however, many non-functional or dry stream-­ lines traversing the plains in a general east-to-west direc­ tion. These old streams belong to a previous era and have no relation to .the present permanent or seasonal watercourses. They are flanked by levees that form low ridges across the plains. The soils of these ridges are lighter than those of the surrounding plains and are usually lightly timbered. In the southern area these-non-functional streamlines form a net­ work and only small treeless areas of plain occur. The largest of these streamlines is Green Gully, which is located between Womboota and Thule Creek. Most of the others are well defined, but some remain as scarcely distinguishable shallow, linear depressions in the plain. It will be shown that the soils of the area follow a pattern that is closely related to these non-functional streamlines and to the permanent watercourses. The outstanding topograph­ ical feature of the area is the presence of occasional sand­ hills, which may reach a height of 50 feet above the plain. They are usually found close to Green Gully. V. THE SOILS (a) Soil Classification The soils of the Deniboota Irrigation District can be placed in six broad groups: (i) Red-brown Earths.- Brown loam or sandy loam soils carrying timber. They occur in the plains in the north as low timbered ridges associated with non-functional stream­ lines and comprise most of the southern portion of the area. (ii) Grey Soils Subject to Inundation.- Heavy clay soils which have been periodically inundated either by flood waters or rainfall run-off. They are usually heavily timbered and 9 display varying degrees of surrace distortion. This is lmown as gilgai formation or crabholiness. * (iii) Grey and Brown Soils of the Treeless Plains.- These_ are heavy clay soils of the open, level, almost treeless plains. Varying degrees of crabholiness are displayed by the different soil types. (iv) Soils of the Sandhills.- Brown or dull brown deep sands~ (v) Soil Complexes.- These a~e mixed groups of varied miscellaneous soils that cannot be mapped as individual types. They are associated with defunct or seasonal streams . (vi) Soils of the Dry Stream Beds.- These soils occupy the beds of streams that have been non-functional for a great many years.
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