DOCSLIB.ORG

Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania 8.2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania 8.2 INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND MEDIATION Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania Institute for Democracy and Mediation 3 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 8 2. Introduction 13 3. Methodology 14 3.1. Methodology of Survey with Citizens 15 3.2. Methodology of Survey with State Police Officials 15 3.3. Qualitative Analysis 16 3.4. Interviews with Hypothetical Scenarios 16 4. Police Corruption 18 4.1. What Is Corruption? 18 4.2. Police Corruption and Its Types 20 4.3. Corruption, Deviance and Misconduct 25 4.4. Police Integrity and Corruption 30 5. Police Corruption in Albania 31 5.1. Corruption as a General Phenomenon 31 5.2. Types of Corruption 36 5.3. Police Corruption in Albania 39 6. Literature Review on Factors of Police Corruption 41 6.1. Combination of PESTL Factors 42 6.2. Combination of Structural and Cultural Influences 43 6.3. Combination of Constant and Variable Factors 44 6.4. The Combination of Individual, Organizational and Societal Factors 48 6.5. Other Factors 53 7. Assessment of State Police Anticorruption Framework in Albania 54 7.1. Anticorruption Policy 55 7.1.1. National Anti-Corruption Strategy 2008-2013 55 7.1.2. State Police Strategy 2007-2013 58 7.1.3. National Plan on Implementation of Stabilization and Association Agreement 2009-2014 59 7.2. Legal Framework 62 7.3. Institutional Framework 67 7.4. Results in the Fight against Corruption 70 8. Extent and types of police corruption in Albania 77 8.1. Extent of Spread of Corruption 77 8.1.1. Spread of Corruption According to the Public 78 8.1.2. Spread of Corruption according to Police Officers 80 4 Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania 8.2. Types of Corruption 81 8.2.1. Official and Media Reports 81 8.2.2. Public Perception 83 8.2.3. Police Officers’ Perception 85 9. Causes of Police Corruption in Albania 88 9.1. Public Perceptions 88 9.2. Police Officers’ Perceptions 90 9.2.1. Overall Environment 90 9.2.2. Organizational Factors 91 9.2.3. Trust in the Anticorruption System 95 10. Police Integrity and Corruption 97 10.1. Assessment of Severity of Conduct 100 10.2. Support for Disciplinary Measures 101 10.3. Willingness to Report Violations 102 10.4. Compliance with the Official Policy 104 11. Conclusions and Recommendations 106 11.1. Conclusions 106 11.2. Recommendations for the Reform 107 12. Annexes 112 12.1. Annex 1 112 12.1.1. Description of sample 112 12.1.2. Acquaintance with police organizations 114 12.1.3. Information and perceptions on corruption 117 12.1.4. Experiences with corruption 122 12.1.5. Types and degree of corruption 125 12.1.6. External factors of corruption 127 12.1.7. Internal factors of corruption 130 12.1.8. Tolerance to corruption 130 12.1.9. Trust in fight against corruption 133 12.1.10. Evaluation of anti-corruption legal framework and policies 136 12.2. Annex 2 140 12.2.1. Sample Description 140 12.2.2. Acquaintance of police organizations 143 12.2.3. Experiences with corruption 149 12.2.4. Types and degree of corruption 151 12.2.5. External factors of corruption 154 12.2.6. Internal factors of corruption 156 12.2.7. Tolerance to corruption 158 12.2.8. Trust in fight against corruption 160 12.2.9. Review of legal framework and anti-corruption policies 164 Institute for Democracy and Mediation 5 12.3. Annex 3 167 12.3.1. Perception on corruption and police organizations 167 12.3.2. Experiences with corruption 173 12.3.3. Types of corruption in State Police – Bribe 175 12.3.4. External and internal factors of corruption 175 12.3.5. Tolerance to corruption & confidence in fight against corruption 178 12.3.6. Appropriateness and enforcement of the anticorruption legal framework/ policies 180 12.4. Annex 4 183 12.4.1. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 183 12.4.2. ACQUENTANCE WITH POLICE ORGANISATIONS 184 12.4.3. INFORMATION ON CORRUPTION 186 12.4.4. PERCEPTIIONS ON CORRUPTION 187 12.4.5. EXPERIENCES WITH CORRUPTION 189 12.4.6. TYPES AND DEGREE OF CORRUPTION 192 12.4.7. EXTERNAL FACTORS OF CORRUPTION 193 12.4.8. INTERNAL FACTORS OF CORRUUPTION 194 12.4.9. TOLERANCE TO CORRUPTION 195 12.4.10. TRUST IN FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION 196 12.4.11. EVALUATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION FRAMEWORK 197 12.5. Annex 5 200 12.5.1. DEMOGRAFIC DATA 200 12.5.2. ACQUENTANCE OF POLICE ORGANISATIONS 201 12.5.3. INFORMATION ON CORRUPTION 202 12.5.4. PERCEPTIONS ON CORRUPTION 203 12.5.5. EXPERIENCES WITH CORRUPTION 205 12.5.6. TYPES AND DEGREE OF CORRUPTION 206 12.5.7. EXTERNAL FACTORS OF CORRUPTION 207 12.5.8. INTERNAL FACTORS OF CORRUPTION 208 12.5.9. TOLERANCE TO CORRUPTION 209 12.5.10. TRUST IN FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION 211 12.5.11. EVALUATION OF ANTI-CORRUPTION FRAMEWORK 212 12.6. Annex 6 214 12.6.1. Table of scenarios 214 12.6.2. Table of responses 216 6 Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania Foreword Police organizations present a unique paradox in modern democracies: they are guarantors of security and protectors of fundamental freedoms; and, at the same time, they are a potent threat to those same liberties. Per- haps no other servants of the state carry so much responsibility and require so much public trust. The police must be able to exercise a wide range of lawful powers - including the use of deadly force - in order to protect citizens and ensure law and order; and, at the same time, they must act in a manner that fully respects the law, civil liberties and basic human rights. The extent to which the police get the balance right is a recognized indi- cator of true democracy in a society. That indicator of true democracy is often measured by the level of public trust in the police. The publication of this IDM research report is both welcome and timely, as a means of measuring public trust in the Albanian State Police (ASP) and indicating the strength of democracy in this country. A wealth of data has been provided that will assist in understanding public perceptions of the police in greater depth and detail than in any previous period of Al- bania’s history. This data will provide a much-needed factual basis for debate about integrity within the ranks of the ASP, and inform the process of police reform and restructuring. The IDM information will also provide added impetus to the revised Code of Ethics and the growing desire within the Government to eradicate police corruption through an uncompromis- ing adherence to moral and ethical principles. Dr. Frank Harris, D.Crim.J. Police Accountability Advisor, Ministry of Internal Affairs ICITAP, Albania Institute for Democracy and Mediation 7 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ASP Albanian State Police CMD Council of Ministers’ Decision CoE Council of Europe CPI Corruption Perception Index EU European Union ICS Internal Control Service ICITAP International Crime Investigative Training Assistance Program IDM Institute for Democracy and Mediation IDRA Institute for Development Research and Alternatives PESTL Political, economic, social, technological, and legal (factors) PSD Professional Standards Department SAA Stabilization-Association Agreement SAA Stabilization-Association Agreement SELDI Southeast Europe Leadership for Development and Integrity SP State Police TI Transparency International UN United Nations US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development WB World Bank 8 Police Integrity and Corruption in Albania 1. Executive Summary This publication treats corruption in the State Police in Albania and the need to strengthen integrity of the institution of the Police as a means to reduce corruption. During the years of transition, corruption has surfaced as one of the major problems of governance in Albania. The data show that corruption is still high and prevalent. The measures undertaken over the last decade to address this problem through constant reforms and by adopting or reviewing the legislation on conflict of interests, by limiting the immunity of politicians and judiciary, or to better address the financing of political parties have produced no steady effects, indicating that corruption has been resistant to these mea- sures. The police have been quite exposed to the threat in this environment of widespread corruption, due to the fact that the police are one of the ma- jor law enforcement institutions to investigate corruption. In this context, police corruption has also constituted one of the causes of the prevailing corruption in other sectors. Similar to other sectors, corruption of police in Albania has been wide- spread and the police are perceived by the public as one of the institutions with the highest level of corruption in the country. Irrespective of efforts made to address this phenomenon among the police, principally through amendments to the legislation and enhancement of institutional capacities, results indicate that police corruption is still persistent. In light of this context, this publication seeks to bring to the attention of policymakers, senior police leaders and officers, other stakeholders, and public at large the problem of police corruption and the particular impor- tance of the fight against this phenomenon among the police. Its main goal is to contribute to the improvement of the anticorruption measures by ac- quiring a better knowledge of the police corruption and the factors that Institute for Democracy and Mediation 9 drive or control it. At first, the study elaborates police corruption as a specific phenomenon by highlighting the need to develop anticorruption measures in conformity with the specifics that characterize it. To this end, the study focuses on an evaluation of (i) the level and forms of police corruption, (ii) the factors that drive police corruption, and, (iii) the relevance, efficacy, efficiency, and sustainability of anticorruption measures.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reviving the Federal Crime of Gratuities
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Law Faculty Scholarly Articles Law Faculty Publications 2013 Reviving the Federal Crime of Gratuities Sarah N. Welling University of Kentucky College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the Legislation Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sarah Welling, Reviving the Federal Crime of Gratuities, 55 Ariz. L. Rev. 417 (2013). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Faculty Publications at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Faculty Scholarly Articles by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reviving the Federal Crime of Gratuities Notes/Citation Information Arizona Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 2 (2013), pp. 417-464 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub/275 REVIVING THE FEDERAL CRIME OF GRATUITIES Sarah N. Welling* The federal crime of gratuities prohibits people from giving gifts to federal public officials if the gift is tied to an official act. Both the donor and the donee are liable. The gratuities crime is dysfunctional in two main ways. It is overinclusive in that it covers conduct indistinguishable from bribery. It is underinclusive in that it does not cover conduct that is clearly dangerous: gifts to public officials because of their positions that are not tied to a particular official act. This Article argues that Congress should extend the crime of gratuities to cover gifts because of an official’s position rather than leaving the crime to cover only gifts because of particular official acts.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Guidelines Albania
    Development of Monitoring Instruments for Judicial and Law Enforcement institutions in the Western Balkans 2009-2011 Programme Guidelines Albania With funding by the CARDS Regional Action Programme European Commission June 2010 Disclaimers This Report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Comments on this report are welcome and can be sent to: Statistics and Survey Section United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime PO Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria Tel: (+43) 1 26060 5475 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 7 5475 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org Acknowledgements UNODC would like to thank the European Commission for the financial support provided for the preparation and publication of this report under the CARDS Regional Programme 2006. This report was produced under the responsibility of Statistics and Surveys Section (SASS) and Regional Programme Office for South Eastern Europe (RPOSEE) of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) based on research conducted during a research mission to Albania in September 2009 by UNODC and the Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime (TRANSCRIME).
    [Show full text]
  • Judicial Corruption in Eastern Europe: an Examination of Causal Mechanisms in Albania and Romania Claire M
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current Honors College Spring 2017 Judicial corruption in Eastern Europe: An examination of causal mechanisms in Albania and Romania Claire M. Swinko James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019 Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Swinko, Claire M., "Judicial corruption in Eastern Europe: An examination of causal mechanisms in Albania and Romania" (2017). Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current. 334. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/honors201019/334 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects, 2010-current by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Judicial Corruption in Eastern Europe: An Examination of Causal Mechanisms in Albania and Romania _______________________ An Honors Program Project Presented to the Faculty of the Undergraduate College of Arts and Letters James Madison University _______________________ by Claire Swinko May 2017 Accepted by the faculty of the Department of Political Science, James Madison University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors Program. FACULTY COMMITTEE: HONORS PROGRAM APPROVAL: Project Advisor: John Hulsey, Ph.D., Bradley R. Newcomer, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Political Science Director, Honors Program Reader: John Scherpereel, Ph.D., Professor, Political Science Reader: Charles Blake, Ph. D., Professor, Political Science Dedication For my dad, who supports and inspires me everyday. You taught me to shoot for the stars, and I would not be half the person I am today with out you.
    [Show full text]
  • Redundancies Companion Chart
    This resource is provided as companion content to our podcast Global Solutions: Episode 7 and the information is current as of August 5, 2020. The global situation with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic is developing very rapidly. Employers may want to monitor applicable public health authority guidance and Ogletree Deakins’ Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resource Center for the latest developments. Redundancies in the Age of COVID-19—Quick Reference Country Minimum Statutory Special issuesii Different for Employee Advance COVID-19- Risk Level (*, notice? termination Collective consultation? government related **, ***) payments?i dismissals?iii notice? restrictions? Argentina 15 days – Severance: 1 Union, Yes Yes Yes (collective Generally *** 2 months month per COVID-19 (collective) – when the prohibited / year of prohibitions business crisis double service; 1 preventive severance month when procedure no notice applies). provided. Australia 1-5 weeks (or Redundancy Modern Yes Yes Yes If receiving * pay in lieu of pay: 4-12 award, (collective) subsidy notice) weeks employment contract, Long-service enterprise leave / annual agreement leave Belgium 1-18 weeks Dismissal Union, works Yes Yes Yes None ** bonus; council (collective) (collective) “redundancy allowance” 1 This resource is provided as companion content to our podcast Global Solutions: Episode 7 and the information is current as of August 5, 2020. The global situation with regard to the COVID-19 pandemic is developing very rapidly. Employers may want to monitor applicable public health authority
    [Show full text]
  • R Isk B U Lletin
    ISSUE 1 | SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2020 THE CIVIL SOCIETY OBSERVATORY TO COUNTER ORGANIZED CRIME IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE SUMMARY HIGHLIGHTS 1. No lockdown for the Kotor gangs 4. The Balkan Route and COVID-19: For more than five years, there has been a gang war More restrictions, more misery between two criminal groups from Kotor, on the During 2015, tens of thousands of refugees and coast of Montenegro. While most of Montenegro migrants moved through South Eastern Europe on was in lockdown during the COVID-19 crisis, the their journeys to the West of the continent. Today, killings continued. Despite the ongoing violence, the so-called Balkan Route is largely closed: borders the two leaders of the feuding Kavač and Škaljari have been securitized, and desperate migrants and clans, who were arrested with much ado in 2018, asylum-seekers are being pushed back. Some of are now both out on bail. The new government in the few winners in this crisis are migrant smugglers. Montenegro has pledged to fight against organized We examine how a growing number of migrants crime and corruption. Will it be able to stop the are entering the Western Balkans from Greece via cocaine war? Albania, and the methods that are used to smuggle them. This story also highlights the impact that this 2. Albanian cannabis moves indoors is having in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where, because Albania has gained the dubious reputation of being of tight border controls with Croatia and fears of ranked as Europe’s top cannabis producer. Some COVID-19, there is a growing humanitarian crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption Assessment Report Albania
    CORRUPTION ASSESSMENT REPORT ALBANIA Copyright © 2016, Albanian Center for Economic Research (ACER), South-East Europe Leadership for Development and Integrity (SELDI) Acknowledgments This report was prepared by ACER under guidance from the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD, Sofia - Bulgaria) within the framework of SELDI network. Research coordination and report preparation: Zef Preci (ACER) Brunilda Kosta (ACER) Eugena Topi (ACER) Lorena Zajmi (ACER) Field research: Fatmir Memaj (Albanian Socio-Economic Think Tank, ASET) Dhimiter Tole (Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana) Sincere thanks are expressed to the staff engaged with dedication and professionalism in the field work carried for the project survey. Project Associates in Albania: House of Europe, Tirana (Albania) Associated partners in Albania: Albanian Media Institute (AMI), Albania Institute for Democracy and Mediation, Albania We would like to acknowledge the contribution to the report of Mr. Ruslan Stefanov (CSD) and Ms Daniela Mineva (CSD). The survey, in which the current report is based, has followed the Corruption Monitoring System methodology. Mr. Alexander Gerganov (Vitosha Research) has provided methodological guidance and instructions in carrying out the survey and delivering the results. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the SELDI initiative and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. 1 Project Title: Civil Society
    [Show full text]
  • Albania Growing out of Poverty
    ReportNo. 15698-ALB Albania Growing Out of Poverty May 30, 1997 Human ResourcesOperations Division Country Department II Europe and Central Asia Region Documentof the World Bank I. I I 1. II I I .1 I lI II , I 'I I1' ro 1, 1 II 11 I I I|1,,, . ,I,,,II I .I , I ,,1 I , IJ ' I Currency Unit: Albania - Lek Average Exchange Rates (Lek per US$1): 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 8.0 14.4 75.0 102.1 94.7 93.3 104.5 Fiscal Year: January 1 - December 31 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations: ADF Albanian Development Fund CMEA Council For Mutual Economic Assistance GDP Gross Domestic Product IMR Infant Mortality Rate MOLSP Ministry of Labor and Social Policy PIP Public Investment Program INSTAT Albanian Institute for Statistics Acknowledgements This report was managed and written by Christine Allison (Senior Economist). The team that prepared the materials for the report included Robert Christiansen, Yvonne Ying and Sasoun Tsirounian (rural poverty), Janis Bernstein, Helen Garcia and Bulent Ozbilgin (urban poverty), Helena Tang (macroeconomic background), Melitta Jakab (demographics and health), Helen Shariari (gender issues), and Harold Alderman (food security and social assistance). Background studies were prepared by Rachel Wheeler (land issues), Ahmet Mancellari (labor market), Nora Dudwick (qualitative survey), Dennis Herschbach (historical overview) and UNICEF (education). Peter Szivos provided techncial assistance to INSTAT. A number of people provided invaluable assistance in Albania: Peter Schumanin and Sokol Kondi (UNDP), Gianfranco Rotigliano and Bertrand Bainvel (UNICEF). Mimoza and Nesti Dhamo (urban surveys) and the staff of the resident mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Against Corruption in Albania (Paca)
    PROJECT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN ALBANIA (PACA) TECHNICAL PAPER CORRUPTION IN THE ALBANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Prepared by: Pellumb Karameta, Council of Europe Expert, August 2010 ECD/31/2010 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................3 1 CORRUPTION IN EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................3 1.1 Definition of corruption in education ...................................................................................3 1.2 Types of corruption in the education system.......................................................................3 1.3 Loci of corruption.....................................................................................................................4 1.4 Impact ........................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Opportunities for corruption: internal and external factors ..............................................5 2 POLICIES TO FIGHT CORRUPTION IN THE ALBANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM .......................................7 2.1 Policy in Albania ......................................................................................................................8 2.2 How to reduce corruption ....................................................................................................10 2.2.1 Creation and maintenance of transparent regulatory systems ......................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Employment & Labour
    Employment & Labour Law 2019 Seventh Edition Contributing Editor: Charles Wynn-Evans Global Legal Insights Employment & Labour Law 2019, Seventh Edition Contributing Editor: Charles Wynn-Evans Published by Global Legal Group GLOBAL LEGAL INSIGHTS – EMPLOYMENT & LABOUR LAW 2019, SEVENTH EDITION Contributing Editor Charles Wynn-Evans, Dechert LLP Editor Sam Friend Senior Editors Caroline Collingwood & Rachel Williams Group Consulting Editor Alan Falach Publisher Rory Smith We are extremely grateful for all contributions to this edition. Special thanks are reserved for Charles Wynn-Evans for all of his assistance. Published by Global Legal Group Ltd. 59 Tanner Street, London SE1 3PL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 207 367 0720 / URL: www.glgroup.co.uk Copyright © 2018 Global Legal Group Ltd. All rights reserved No photocopying ISBN 978-1-912509-49-2 ISSN 2050-2117 This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. The information contained herein is accurate as of the date of publication. Printed and bound by TJ International, Trecerus Industrial Estate, Padstow, Cornwall, PL28 8RW December 2018 CONTENTS Preface
    [Show full text]
  • Greco Eval III Rep 2008 9E FINAL Denmark ETS173 PUBLIC
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND LEGAL AFFAIRS DIRECTORATE OF MONITORING Strasbourg, 2 July 2009 Public Greco Eval III Rep (2008) 9E Theme I Third Evaluation Round Evaluation Report on Denmark on Incriminations (ETS 173 and 191, GPC 2) (Theme I) Adopted by GRECO at its 43 rd Plenary Meeting (Strasbourg, 29 June – 2 July 2009) Secrétariat du GRECO GRECO Secretariat www.coe.int/greco Conseil de l’Europe Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex +33 3 88 41 20 00 Fax +33 3 88 41 39 55 I. INTRODUCTION 1. Denmark joined GRECO in 2000. GRECO adopted the First Round Evaluation Report (Greco Eval I Rep (2002) 6E Final) in respect of Denmark at its 10 th Plenary Meeting (8-12 July 2002) and the Second Round Evaluation Report (Greco Eval II Rep (2004) 6E) at its 22 nd Plenary Meeting (14-18 March 2005). The afore-mentioned Evaluation Reports, as well as their corresponding Compliance Reports, are available on GRECO’s homepage (http://www.coe.int/greco ). 2. GRECO’s current Third Evaluation Round (launched on 1 January 2007) deals with the following themes: - Theme I – Incriminations: Articles 1a and 1b, 2-12, 15-17, 19 paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173), Articles 1-6 of its Additional Protocol (ETS 191) and Guiding Principle 2 (criminalisation of corruption). - Theme II – Transparency of Party Funding: Articles 8, 11, 12, 13b, 14 and 16 of Recommendation Rec(2003)4 on Common Rules against Corruption in the Funding of Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns, and - more generally - Guiding Principle 15 (financing of political parties and election campaigns).
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization Due to the Communist Regime’S Legacy
    Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship Volume 2 Issue 1 Article 2 11-25-2014 Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy Klevisa Kovaci Fairfield University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc Recommended Citation Kovaci, Klevisa (2014) "Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy," Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/vol2/iss1/2 This item has been accepted for inclusion in DigitalCommons@Fairfield by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Fairfield. It is brought to you by DigitalCommons@Fairfield with permission from the rights- holder(s) and is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Democracy in Albania: Shortcomings of Civil Society in Democratization due to the Communist Regime’s Legacy Cover Page Footnote The author gives a special acknowledgement to Dr. Terry-Ann Jones and Dr. David McFadden of Fairfield University, and to Ms. Elena Shomos for their insights. This article is available in Undergraduate Journal of Global Citizenship: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/jogc/ vol2/iss1/2 Kovaci: Democracy in Albania II.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance in Albania: a Way Forward for Competitiveness, Growth, and European Integration‖ a World Bank Issue Brief
    Report No. 62518-AL Public Disclosure Authorized ―Governance in Albania: A Way Forward for Competitiveness, Growth, and European Integration‖ A World Bank Issue Brief June 2011 Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit Europe and Central Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = ALL (Albanian Lek) ALL 1.00 = US$0.0102859 US$ 1.00 = ALL 97.2200 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES The Metric System is used throughout the report Acronyms AL Albania BEEPS Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey CoE Council of Europe CPI Corruption Perceptions Index CSD Child Survival and Development DP Democratic Party EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Commission ECA Europe and Central Asia EEC European Economic Community EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FYR Former Yugoslav Republic GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GRECO Group of States against Corruption HDI Human Development Index IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDRA Institute of Development and Research Alternatives IFC International Finance Corporation INSTAT Albanian Statistical Institute INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOM International Options Market ISSR Implementation Support & Supervision Report LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study MDGs Millennium Development Goals NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGOs Non-governmental Organization NSDI National Strategy
    [Show full text]