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Research Commons at The View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. BEYOND ROMANCE’S UTOPIA: THE INDIVIDUAL AND HUMAN LOVE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Waikato by CAROLYN STOCK The University of Waikato 2007 There must be brotherly love, a wholeness of humanity. But there must also be pure, separate individuality, separate and proud as a lion or a hawk. There must be both. In the duality lies fulfillment. Man must act in concert with man, creatively and happily. This is greatest happiness. But man must also act separately and distinctly, apart from every other man, single and self-responsible and proud with unquenchable pride, moving for himself without reference to his neighbor. These two movements are opposite, yet they do not negate each other. We have understanding. And if we understand, then we balance perfectly between the two motions, we are single, isolated individuals, we are a great concordant humanity, both, and then the rose of perfection transcends us, the rose of the world which has never yet blossomed, but which will blossom from us when we begin to understand both sides and live in both directions, freely and without fear, following the inmost desires of our body and spirit, which arrive to us out of the unknown… Lastly, there is the love of God; we become whole with God… the Holy Spirit, the unknowable, is single and perfect for us. D. H. Lawrence, as cited in De Forest, 1954, p. 183 ii Abstract This thesis is a critique of romantic love theoretically premised on the analytical psychology of Carl Jung and the humanistic psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm. The aim of this critique is to explore whether there are grounds for postulating a conception of love beyond the current romantic framework. As the critique is primarily concentrated at the depth level, romantic love is examined via the medium of Cinderella folklore, with particular focus on Andy Tennant’s 1998 film adaptation of Cinderella, Ever After. Based on a Jungian approach to the psyche and psychic products, the methodological framework incorporates the three following tools: The tool of interpretation at the subjective level, in which the characters of the Cinderella fairy tale are read symbolically rather than taken to denote literal fictitious characters; the tool of constructive analysis, in which it is argued that romantic love is more than ‘nothing but’ a boy/girl love story or ‘nothing but’ a myth depicting patriarchal oppression; and the tool of amplification, in which archetypal similarities between the Christian myth and the Cinderella fairy tale are highlighted. The central argument of this critique is that while romantic love does not provide a viable model of relatedness if taken and practiced literally, the romantic myth nonetheless contains within it the basis for a fuller and richer experience of love and relatedness if read subjectively. The rationale for a depth critique of romantic love is based upon the Jungian postulate that phenomena such as dreams and myths issue fundamentally from the unconscious psychic realm, and further upon Jung’s recognition of a psychological developmental process he refers to as ‘individuation’ activated by engagement with the products of the unconscious. A symbolic/psychological reading of romantic love brings to light that romantic desire toward another is an outward manifestation of an inner desire for individual realisation, and is expressive of the individual’s own capacity for wholeness. The value of a symbolic reading of romantic love is appreciated if it is conceived that it is precisely individual realisation that forms the basis for what is referred to by Erich Fromm as productive or knowledge-based love, argued here to be the ideal and only firm basis for human relatedness generally and intimate relatedness specifically. iii Acknowledgements To Dr Ted Ninnes and Dr Carolyn Michelle: Thank you for the guidance and support you have given me throughout this journey of learning and discovery. You have been the very BEST supervisors! I greatly appreciate the help you have given me. Thank you also to Dr Kirstine Moffat, Violet Stock, France Riddell, Maureen Harte, and Craig Davie. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements..................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 Aim of critique .............................................................................................. 1 The analytical psychology of Carl Gustav Jung ........................................... 8 Archetypes.............................................................................................. 19 Individuation .......................................................................................... 22 Jung’s empiricism .................................................................................. 26 The humanistic psychoanalysis of Erich Fromm........................................ 30 Methodological framework......................................................................... 40 Interpretation at the subjective level ...................................................... 40 Constructive/synthetic analysis.............................................................. 42 Amplification ......................................................................................... 45 Cinderella folklore: Historical development and Ever After ...................... 51 Chapter outlines .......................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................ 67 Cinderella: Identification and the ego......................................................... 68 The Cinderella fairy tale: Individuality and the self ................................... 78 The centrality of love .................................................................................. 90 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................... 98 In defence of spontaneity .......................................................................... 110 The ‘right’ way.......................................................................................... 118 Respecting difference................................................................................ 126 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................ 133 Oedipus: Wicked or wounded?................................................................. 135 The ‘victim’s responsibility’..................................................................... 144 Symbiotic attachment................................................................................ 157 The question of good and evil................................................................... 164 CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................... 176 Soul, persona and differentiation .............................................................. 177 Relatedness beyond romance.................................................................... 195 Mr/Ms. Right............................................................................................. 206 v CHAPTER FIVE..................................................................................... 214 Home: Origin and destination................................................................... 215 Productive love: God and idols................................................................. 229 Self-love: Productive love’s undergird ..................................................... 243 CHAPTER SIX........................................................................................ 253 Fate............................................................................................................ 253 CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 268 Appendix .................................................................................................. 275 References ................................................................................................ 280 vi BEYOND ROMANCE’S UTOPIA: THE INDIVIDUAL AND HUMAN LOVE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at
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