DOCSLIB.ORG

Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Software Controlled Proportional Valve for NIBP Measurements Heesakkers, Jeroen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Software Controlled Proportional Valve for NIBP Measurements Heesakkers, Jeroen Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Software controlled proportional valve for NIBP measurements Heesakkers, Jeroen Award date: 1997 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ilraaer Technische Universltelt t(i1 Eindhoven Software controlled proportional valve for NIBP measurements Author: J. Heesakkers Date: August 1997 Place: Best ilraser Technische Universlteit t~ Eindhoven Business Unit Monitoring, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Research and Development. Department of Measurement and Control Systems (MBS), Section of Medical Electrical Engineering Software controlled proportional valve for NIBP measurements Author: Jeroen Heesakkers graduate University ofTechnology Eindhoven Written by order of: prof dr. ir. P.P.J. van den Bosch dr. ir. P.J.M. Cluitmans University ofTechnology Eindhoven A.W. Bodbijl Drager Date: August 1997 Place: Best Summary The blood pressure in the human body can be determined by pressurizing a cuffthat is wrapped around a persons arm and measuring pressure pulsations inside the cuff, while the cuffis deflated. The oscillometric method ofNon Invasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) measurement uses this concept for the determination ofsystolic-, diastolic- and mean blood pressure. The equipment that is engineered by Drager is able to perform automated NIBP measurement by pressing one button, thereby facilitating the work ofphysicians and nursing staff The equipment uses a pump to inflate a cuffto an initial cuffpressure and uses two deflate valves to deflate the cuffpressure. The cuffpressure is measured with a pressure transducer. Because the valves that deflate the cuffhave only two positions; open or shut, the cuffis deflated stepwise (steps ofapproximately 8 mmHg are taken). A deflate valve is opened shortly to deflate the cuffto a preferred pressure level. The valve is then closed and the pressure pulsations in the cuffat this pressure level are measured. The amplitude ofthe pulsations ranges (for most patients) from 0 to approximately 5 mmHg, depending on the cuffpressure. After a number ofpulsations have been measured, the cuffis deflated again to the next pressure level. The amplitude ofthe measured pulses at each level is used to calculate blood pressure. Lately, a new generation ofvalves has become available; proportional valves, which offer current (or voltage) controllable flow restriction at a cheap price. The purpose ofthis research was to investigate the usability ofa proportional valve for NIBP measurement. The possibility oflinear deflation with a proportional valve was investigated. For this investigation, the valve was integrated in a test setup with a Dialog 2000 monitor device and a personal computer. For this setup a data acquisition system was developed. Using the data acquisition system, a digital feed forward PI controller was implemented that performs linear cuff deflation by using the proportional valve. The data acquisition and control system was developed according to the strategies for real-time system specification from Hatley & Pirbhai and the Drager coding standard. The proportional valve is a non linear component, which has a hysteresis of 15%, a dead zone of approximately 50% ofthe control voltage range and an undefined point at which the plunger first reacts to the applied voltage (end ofthe dead zone). Despite these properties, measurements show that with the current setup, the cuffpressure can be controlled within 1 mmHg accuracy. The maximum accuracy is limited by the sample rate ofthe digital controller and the resolution of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions. The advantages the new method ofdeflation offers are: estimated 25% shorter average measurement time and a more comfortable measurement for the patient. Investigations remain to be done on how the measurement time can be shortened even more in relation to the patients heart rate. Also the integration ofthe data acquisition and control system in a monitor device remains subject offuture research. Preface This report was written in the scope ofthe completion ofmy study at the University of Technology in Eindhoven, faculty ofElectrical Engineering. The Drager company offered me the possibility to do a research at the Research and Development department in Best, for which I am very grateful. The assignment was to investigate a new method for NIBP (non invasive blood pressure) measurement. The new method required a continuous deflation ofthe cuffthat is used for NIBP measurement. In order to be able to measure NIBP with this new method, high demands are made concerning artifact recognition and suppression. At first the research concerned the development ofa device that controls an analog pneumatic valve and the development ofan algorithm that can deflate the cuffwith constant pressure, regardless the cuffvolume. After this, a new software algorithm that can detect and measure pulses was planned to be developed in order to determine blood pressure. During the research I also wrote the document 'Structured analysis ofa static cuffpressure controlling application', which can be read in addition to Chapter 4 and 5. Furthermore I wrote the manual for the data acquisition and control system. I want to thank the people at the Research and Development department ofDrager in Best for their kind help and time they took to answer my questions. Especially, I want to thank my supervisor, Aad Bodbijl for his advice, critical remarks and help during the assignment. I also want to thank John Wijers for his 'real-time' advice and for introducing me to the C-world. I also want to thank the people at the university at the section ofMedical Electrical Engineering for their critical remarks and questions at the time ofthe intermediate presentations. Especially I want to thank my supervisor dhr. Cluitmans for his support during the application at Drager and for the involvement he showed to make this assignment successful. I also use this opportunity to send kind regards to professor van den Bosch who took the final responsibility for my assignment. III Table ofcontents .. Summary n Preface iii Chapter 1. An introduction to NIBP measurement 1 1.1 Medical parameters; NIBP 1 1.2 Automated oscillometric NIBP measurement 3 1.3 Cuffdeflation during NIBP measurement '" 7 1.4 Current application; open/close valves 10 Chapter 2. Starting point a •••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 2.1 Assignment 13 2.2 Partitioning ofthe assignment 17 2.3 Requirements for the system to develop 18 Chapter 3. Design constraints 19 3.1 Available and recommended hardware 19 3.1.1 The Dialog 2000 and PC 19 3.1.2 The proportional valve 21 3.2 Software development 23 3.2.1 Structured analysis and structured design 23 3.2.2 Coding standard 23 3.3 Goal and planning 24 €hapter 4. Analysis 25 4. 1 External interface requirements 25 4.2 Capability requirements 26 4.3 Data element requirements 28 4.4 Sizing and timing requirements 28 4.5 Design constraints 28 IV Cbapter 5. Digital PID control 29 5.1 Control system 29 5.2 Discrete implementation 30 5.2.1 Proportional action 30 5.2.2 Integral action 31 5.2.3 Derivative action 31 5.3 Feed forward algorithm 33 5.4 Aspects ofdigital control _ 37 5.4.1 Digital oscillation. 37 5.4.2 Output wind-up 37 5.4.3 Rounding 37 5.4.4 Pressure errors 38 Chapter 6. Design and Implementation 41 6.1 Hardware design and implementation 41 6.1.1 PC system 41 6.1.2 The Dialog 2000 42 6.2 Software 42 6.2.1 Introduction to real-time multitasking systems. 42 6.2.2 The real-time kernel 44 6.2.3 External software modules 47 6.2.4 Software configuration 48 6.2.5 Static cuffpressure control application 49 Chapter 7. Measurement results 57 7.1 Test setup 57 7.2 Measurement data 60 7.3 Data analysis 63 7.3.1 Linear deflation graphs 63 7.3.2 Error signal graphs 63 7.3.3 Valve control graphs 64 Chapter 8. Evaluation of the control system....•...•........•.....••..••..•.................•..65 8.1 Accuracy and performance '" 65 8.2 Accuracy and performance in a NIBP application 65 Chapter 9. Conclusions 67 v Chapter 1O. Recommendations 69 10.1 Filtering 69 10.2 Introducing local linearization 69 10.3 Recommendation to reduce resolution errors 71 10.4 Measurement time reduction 71 Bibliography 73 Appendix A Dialog 2000 technical information Al Appendix B Electrical valve characteristics A2 Appendix C Serial connection PC and Dialog 2000 A6 Appendix D Feed forward measurements; U-RC relationship A7 Appendix E Error calculations A20 Appendix F Input file syntax and commands A2I Appendix G Hardware adapter schematics A27 Appendix H Measurement data A28 Drager VI Chapter 1 An introduction to NIBP measurement This chapter introduces the reader to the oscillometric measurement of blood pressure. Using the Dialog 2000 as an example, the automated non invasive blood pressure measurement is discussed. Because the measurement is based on the deflation ofa cuff, wrapped around a patients limb, this is modeled in a mathematical review to show the behavior ofthe cuffpressure under this conditions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Adaptive Quantization Matrices for High Definition Resolutions in Scalable HEVC
    Original citation: Prangnell, Lee and Sanchez Silva, Victor (2016) Adaptive quantization matrices for HD and UHD display resolutions in scalable HEVC. In: IEEE Data Compression Conference, Utah, United States, 31 Mar - 01 Apr 2016 Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73957 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher’s statement: © 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting /republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version.
    [Show full text]
  • Dell 24 USB-C Monitor - P2421DC User’S Guide
    Dell 24 USB-C Monitor - P2421DC User’s Guide Monitor Model: P2421DC Regulatory Model: P2421DCc NOTE: A NOTE indicates important information that helps you make better use of your computer. CAUTION: A CAUTION indicates potential damage to hardware or loss of data if instructions are not followed. WARNING: A WARNING indicates a potential for property damage, personal injury, or death. Copyright © 2020 Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. Dell, EMC, and other trademarks are trademarks of Dell Inc. or its subsidiaries. Other trademarks may be trademarks of their respective owners. 2020 – 03 Rev. A01 Contents About your monitor ......................... 6 Package contents . 6 Product features . .8 Identifying parts and controls . .9 Front view . .9 Back view . 10 Side view. 11 Bottom view . .12 Monitor specifications . 13 Resolution specifications . 14 Supported video modes . 15 Preset display modes . 15 MST Multi-Stream Transport (MST) Modes . 16 Electrical specifications. 16 Physical characteristics. 17 Environmental characteristics . 18 Power management modes . 19 Plug and play capability . 25 LCD monitor quality and pixel policy . 25 Maintenance guidelines . 25 Cleaning your monitor. .25 Setting up the monitor...................... 26 Attaching the stand . 26 │ 3 Connecting your monitor . 28 Connecting the DP cable . 28 Connecting the monitor for DP Multi-Stream Transport (MST) function . 28 Connecting the USB Type-C cable . 29 Connecting the monitor for USB-C Multi-Stream Transport (MST) function. 30 Organizing cables . 31 Removing the stand . 32 Wall mounting (optional) . 33 Operating your monitor ..................... 34 Power on the monitor . 34 USB-C charging options . 35 Using the control buttons . 35 OSD controls . 36 Using the On-Screen Display (OSD) menu .
    [Show full text]
  • Detectability Model for the Evaluation of Lossy Compression Methods on Radiographic Images Vivek Ramaswami Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1996 Detectability model for the evaluation of lossy compression methods on radiographic images Vivek Ramaswami Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Electrical and Electronics Commons Recommended Citation Ramaswami, Vivek, "Detectability model for the evaluation of lossy compression methods on radiographic images" (1996). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 250. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/250 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Detectability model for the evaluation of lossy compression methods on radiographic images by Vivek Ramaswami A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Electrical Engineering Major Professors: Satish S. Udpa and Joseph N. Gray Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1996 Copyright © Vivek Ramaswami, 1996. All rights reserved. 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Vivek Ramaswami has met the t hesis requirements of Iowa State University Signature redacted for privacy 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 2 IMAGE COMPRESSION METHODS 5 201 Introduction o 0 0 0 0 0 5 2o2 Vector quantization 0 0 ..... 5 20201 Classified vector quantizer 6 20202 Coding of shade blocks o .....
    [Show full text]
  • EN User Manual 1 Customer Care and Warranty 28 Troubleshooting & Faqs 32 Table of Contents
    499P9 www.philips.com/welcome EN User manual 1 Customer care and warranty 28 Troubleshooting & FAQs 32 Table of Contents 1. Important ...................................... 1 1.1 Safety precautions and maintenance ................................. 1 1.2 Notational Descriptions ............ 3 1.3 Disposal of product and packing material .......................................... 4 2. Setting up the monitor .............. 5 2.1 Installation .................................... 5 2.2 Operating the monitor .............. 9 2.3 Built-in Windows Hello™ pop- up webcam .................................14 2.4 MultiClient Integrated KVM .....16 2.5 MultiView ..................................... 17 2.6 Remove the Base Assembly for VESA Mounting ..........................18 3. Image Optimization ..................19 3.1 SmartImage .................................19 3.2 SmartContrast ............................20 3.3 Adaptive Sync .............................21 4. HDR ............................................. 22 5. Technical Specifications ......... 23 5.1 Resolution & Preset Modes ...26 6. Power Management ................ 27 7. Customer care and warranty . 28 7.1 Philips’ Flat Panel Displays Pixel Defect Policy ..............................28 7.2 Customer Care & Warranty ...... 31 8. Troubleshooting & FAQs ......... 32 8.1 Troubleshooting ........................ 32 8.2 General FAQs ............................. 33 8.3 Multiview FAQs .........................36 1. Important discoloration and damage to the 1. Important monitor. This electronic
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Adaptation Dimensions on Video Quality
    Impact of Adaptation Dimensions on Video Quality Jens Brandt and Lars Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks (IBR), Technische Universitat¨ Braunschweig, Germany [email protected] Abstract—The number and types of mobile devices which well as the network conditions, may vary more often over time are capable of presenting digital video streams is increasing compared to static devices. Thus, the experience of watching constantly. In most cases the devices are trade-offs between video streams on mobile devices differs to a great extent from powerful all-purpose computers and small mobile devices which are ubiquitously available and range from cellular phones to those scenarios related to static displays usually found in the notebooks. This great heterogeneity of mobile devices makes area of home entertainment. For sequences from soccer games video streaming to such devices a challenging task for content McCarthy et al. observed that potential users preferred lower providers. Each single device has its own capabilities and indi- frame rates but higher detail resolution on mobile devices [2]. vidual requirements, which need to be considered when sending For other genres similar findings were presented for scalable a video stream to it. Thus, to support a great range of different devices, the video streams need to be adapted to the requirements video coding by Eichhorn and Ni in [3]. Besides concentration of each device. To get an idea of how different adaptation methods solely on the temporal resolution of a video stream, in our may affect the experience of users watching a streamed video on a work we additionally investigated the effect of adapting the mobile device, we inspect the influence of three major adaptation spatial and the detail resolution as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Developed by the Consumer Technology Association Video Division
    4K Ultra High-Definition TV A display system may be referred to as 4K Ultra High-Definition if it meets the following minimum performance attributes: Display Resolution – Has at least 8 million active pixels, with at least 3840 horizontally and at least 2160 vertically. Physical pixels shall be individually addressable such that the horizontal and vertical resolution above can be demonstrated over the full range of colors provided by the display. Aspect Ratio – The width to height ratio of the display’s native resolution is 16:9 or wider. Upconversion – The display is capable of upscaling HD video and displaying it at 4K Ultra High- Definition display resolution. Digital Input – Has one or more HDMI inputs supporting at least 3840x2160 native content resolution at 24p, 30p, & 60p frames per second. At least one of the 3840x2160 HDMI inputs shall support HDCP v2.2 or equivalent content protection. Colorimetry – Processes 2160p video inputs encoded according to ITU-R BT.709 color space, and may support wider colorimetry standards. Bit Depth – Has a minimum bit depth of 8 bits. Connected 4K Ultra High-Definition TV A display system may be referred to as Connected 4K Ultra High-Definition (or Connected 4K UHD) if it meets the following minimum performance attributes: 4K Ultra High-Definition Capability – Meets all of the requirements of CTA’s 4K Ultra High-Definition Display Characteristics V3. Video Codec – Decodes IP-delivered video of 3840x2160 resolution that has been compressed using HEVC* and may decode video from other standard encoders. Audio Codec – Receives and reproduces, and/or outputs multichannel audio.
    [Show full text]
  • The H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) Standard
    Whitepaper: The H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) Standard What It Means to Web Camera Performance Introduction A new generation of webcams is hitting the market that makes video conferencing a more lifelike experience for users, thanks to adoption of the breakthrough H.264 standard. This white paper explains some of the key benefits of H.264 encoding and why cameras with this technology should be on the shopping list of every business. The Need for Compression Today, Internet connection rates average in the range of a few megabits per second. While VGA video requires 147 megabits per second (Mbps) of data, full high definition (HD) 1080p video requires almost one gigabit per second of data, as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1. Display Resolution Format Comparison Format Horizontal Pixels Vertical Lines Pixels Megabits per second (Mbps) QVGA 320 240 76,800 37 VGA 640 480 307,200 147 720p 1280 720 921,600 442 1080p 1920 1080 2,073,600 995 Video Compression Techniques Digital video streams, especially at high definition (HD) resolution, represent huge amounts of data. In order to achieve real-time HD resolution over typical Internet connection bandwidths, video compression is required. The amount of compression required to transmit 1080p video over a three megabits per second link is 332:1! Video compression techniques use mathematical algorithms to reduce the amount of data needed to transmit or store video. Lossless Compression Lossless compression changes how data is stored without resulting in any loss of information. Zip files are losslessly compressed so that when they are unzipped, the original files are recovered.
    [Show full text]
  • EN User Manual 1 Customer Care and Warranty 27 Troubleshooting & Faqs 31 Table of Contents
    B Line 346B1 www.philips.com/welcome EN User manual 1 Customer care and warranty 27 Troubleshooting & FAQs 31 Table of Contents 1. Important ...................................... 1 9.3 Multiview FAQs .........................34 1.1 Safety precautions and maintenance ................................. 1 1.2 Notational Descriptions ............ 3 1.3 Disposal of product and packing material .......................................... 3 2. Setting up the monitor .............. 5 2.1 Installation .................................... 5 2.2 Operating the monitor .............. 8 2.3 MultiClient Integrated KVM ......11 2.4 MultiView .....................................12 2.5 Remove the Base Assembly for VESA Mounting ..........................14 3. Image Optimization ..................16 3.1 SmartImage .................................16 3.2 SmartContrast ............................. 17 3.3 Adaptive Sync .............................18 4. Designs to prevent computer vision syndrome (CVS) .............19 5. PowerSensor™ ..........................20 6. Technical Specifications ......... 22 6.1 Resolution & Preset Modes ...25 7. Power Management ................26 8. Customer care and warranty . 27 8.1 Philips’ Flat Panel Displays Pixel Defect Policy .............................. 27 8.2 Customer Care & Warranty .....30 9. Troubleshooting & FAQs .......... 31 9.1 Troubleshooting ......................... 31 9.2 General FAQs ............................. 32 1. Important proper cooling of the monitor’s 1. Important electronics. This electronic user’s
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the MPEG 4 Standard
    ).4%2.!4)/.!,/2'!.)3!4)/.&/234!.$!2$)3!4)/. /2'!.)3!4)/.).4%2.!4)/.!,%$%./2-!,)3!4)/. )3/)%#*4#3#7' #/$).'/&-/6).'0)#452%3!.$!5$)/ )3/)%#*4#3#7'. $ECEMBER-AUI 3OURCE 7'-0%' 3TATUS &INAL 4ITLE -0%' /VERVIEW -AUI6ERSION %DITOR 2OB+OENEN /VERVIEWOFTHE-0%' 3TANDARD %XECUTIVE/VERVIEW MPEG-4 is an ISO/IEC standard developed by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), the committee that also developed the Emmy Award winning standards known as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. These standards made interactive video on CD-ROM and Digital Television possible. MPEG-4 is the result of another international effort involving hundreds of researchers and engineers from all over the world. MPEG-4, whose formal ISO/IEC designation is ISO/IEC 14496, was finalized in October 1998 and became an International Standard in the first months of 1999. The fully backward compatible extensions under the title of MPEG-4 Version 2 were frozen at the end of 1999, to acquire the formal International Standard Status early 2000. Some work, on extensions in specific domains, is still in progress. MPEG-4 builds on the proven success of three fields: • Digital television; • Interactive graphics applications (synthetic content) ; • Interactive multimedia (World Wide Web, distribution of and access to content) MPEG-4 provides the standardized technological elements enabling the integration of the production, distribution and content access paradigms of the three fields. More information about MPEG-4 can be found at MPEG’s home page (case sensitive): http://www.cselt.it/mpeg . This web page contains links to a wealth of information about MPEG, including much about MPEG-4, many publicly available documents, several lists of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ and links to other MPEG-4 web pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Instruction Manual
    HEM-790IT_EN_SP_r2.qxd 11/19/09 9:57 AM Page 1 INSTRUCTION MANUAL Automatic Blood Pressure Monitor with ComFitTM Cuff Model HEM-790IT ESPAÑOL ENGLISH HEM-790IT_EN_SP_r2.qxd 11/19/09 9:57 AM Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Before Using the Monitor Introduction . .4 Safety Information . .5 Operating the Device . .5 Risk of Electrical Shock . .7 Care and Maintenance . .7 Before Taking a Measurement . .8 Operating Instructions Know Your Unit . .9 Unit Display . .11 Display Symbols . .12 Irregular Heartbeat Symbol . .12 Movement Error Symbol . .12 USER ID Symbol . .12 Morning Hypertension Symbol . .13 Heartbeat Symbol . .14 Average Value Symbol . .14 Morning Average Symbol . .14 Evening Average Symbol . .14 Battery Installation . .15 Using the AC Adapter . .17 Setting the Date and Time . .19 Applying the Arm Cuff . .23 2 HEM-790IT_EN_SP_r2.qxd 11/19/09 9:57 AM Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Taking a Measurement . .27 Using the Guest Mode . .27 Selecting the USER ID . .28 Using the USER ID . .28 Selecting the TruReadTM Mode . .29 Using the Single Mode . .31 Using the TruReadTM Mode . .34 Special Conditions . .36 Using the Memory Function . .37 Averaging Function . .37 To Display the Measurement Values . .38 Morning and Evening Averages . .40 Morning Averages . .40 Evening Averages . .40 To Display Morning and Evening Averages . .41 Display Combinations . .42 To Delete All Values Stored in the Memory . .43 Downloading Instructions Installing the Software . .44 Downloading and Installing Microsoft® HealthVaultTM . .44 Downloading and Installing Omron® Health Management Software . .46 Using the Software . .48 Care and Maintenance Care and Maintenance . .52 Error Indicators and Troubleshooting Tips .
    [Show full text]
  • VA2719-2K-Smhd Display User Guide
    VA2719-2K-smhd Display User Guide IMPORTANT: Please read this User Guide to obtain important information on installing and using your product in a safe manner, as well as registering your product for future service. Warranty information contained in this User Guide will describe your limited coverage from ViewSonic Corporation, which is also found on our web site at http://www.viewsonic.com in English, or in specific languages using the Regional selection box in the upper right corner of our website. “Antes de operar su equipo lea cu idadosamente las instrucciones en este manual” Model No. VS16861 Thank you for choosing ViewSonic As a world leading provider of visual solutions, ViewSonic is dedicated to exceeding the world’s expectations for technological evolution, innovation, and simplicity. At ViewSonic, we believe that our products have the potential to make a positive impact in the world, and we are confident that the ViewSonic product you have chosen will serve you well. Once again, thank you for choosing ViewSonic ! Contents 1. Cautions and Warnings ..................................... 1 2. Getting Started ................................................... 4 2-1. Package Contents ............................................................. 5 2-2. The Exterior of the Monitor ................................................ 6 2-3. Hardware Installation ........................................................ 7 2-4. Quick Installation ............................................................. 11 2-5. Power On .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Video Resolution - an Overview from Robert Silva, Nov 16 2005
    Video Resolution - An Overview From Robert Silva, Nov 16 2005 The Basics A television or recorded video image is basically made up of scan lines. Unlike film, in which the whole image is projected on a screen at once, a video image is composed of rapidly scanning lines across a screen starting at the top of the screen and moving to bottom. These lines can be displayed in two ways. The first way is to split the lines into two fields in which all of the odd numbered lines are displayed first and then all of the even numbered lines are displayed next (this is in analog video formats. Digital video switches this, displaying even number lines first then odd number lines- this is what is meant by field dominance), in essence, producing a complete frame. This process is called interlacing or interlaced scan. The second method, used in digital video recording, digital TVs, and computer monitors, is referred to as progressive scan. Instead of displaying the lines in two alternate fields, progressive scan allows the lines to displayed sequentially. This means that both the odd and even numbered lines are displayed in numerical sequence. Analog Video: NTSC/PAL/SECAM The number of vertical scan lines dictates the capability to produce a detailed image, but there is more. It is obvious at this point that the larger the number of vertical scan lines, the more detailed the image. However, within the current arena of video, the number of vertical scan lines is fixed within a system. The current analog video systems are NTSC, PAL, and SECAM.
    [Show full text]