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Children of the Stars: Strategies to Fight the Stigmatisation of Autism in Mainland China

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Children of the Stars: Strategies to Fight the Stigmatisation of Autism in Mainland China Children of the Stars: Strategies to Fight the Stigmatisation of Autism in Mainland China MIZINGA Chinyama (6880000) MHSM_LINGNAN UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION Definition: Autism is a spectrum disorder that manifests itself in multiple symptoms such as repetitive activities, highly temperamental behavior, challenges with social skills and/or Figure 2: Increased Digital Health Literacy speech impairment (Speaks, 2011). Symptoms: heightened senses of touch, Figure 5: Social interaction platforms for autistic children certain smells, sudden loud noises, extreme temperature contrast, and even certain colors (Speaks, 2011). Diagnosis and Treatment: Autism has no cure; however, early detection is (Speaks, 2011). Autism in China: First case diagnosed of in Figure 6&7: Technological advancement in autism 1982. In the Chinese culture, Autistic children Figure 4: Media involvement in autism awareness management referred to as “Children of the Stars” (SCMP, 2019) STRATEGIES AGAINST STIGMATISATION OF AUTISM Challenges: High rates of stigmatisation of affected The social environment is what makes the autistic people and families (Tang & Bie, 2016; person disabled. Mak & Kwok, 2010) Low level of knowledge and awareness Create conducive environment Negative infodemics associated with Fight the stigmatisation →“them vs us”. Autism Strategies include: Universal Designs: “Universal design is Table 1 below summarises the current Autism Figure 1 shows the relationship between knowledge and stigma. highlighted as a more process-oriented but less statistics in China (Wang et al, 2018, Tang & Source: Wong, et al. 2020 stigmatising concept” (Iwarsson & Stahl, 2003, Bie, 2016; SCMP, 2019, Bie & Tang, 2015). Some strategies to achieve high knowledge and pg.57) low stigma as indicated in Figure 1 include: → equity among people of diverse characteristics CURRENT SITUATION IN MAINLAND and abilities (Figure 5). CHINA 1. Increased Digital Health Literacy (Figure Description Statistic 2): enables people to search, find, analyse Technological advancement (Figure 6&7): Robotics in Autism management can positively Total number of Autistic 13.7 million (est.) and appraise, understand, integrate and apply knowledge, provided there is an impact: people electronic environment (Norman & Skinner, Language development, Number of Autistic children 2 million 2006). Social skills training Number of Autism doctors 100 Emotional handling, (as at 2014) No. of internet users: 668 million Adaptation of spontaneous sounds, reactions Number of registered 1345 Internet penetration rate (Figure 3): and behaviors. Autism facilities 48.8% (Griffiths, 2015) Improves their reintegration into society(Chan, Proportion of Autism 10% Time spent on phone/day (Figure 3): at 2017; Tian and Zhou, 2017) facilities to total autism least 6 hours on (Zhang, 2020) CONCLUSION population Table 1: Autism statistics from Mainland China Increase in internet usage, Digital Health WHY IS STIGMA HIGH IN CHINA? Literacy, Media involvement, Technological breakthroughs, implementation of Universal Survey→309 Chinese parents with autistic children. designs, the fight against stigmatisation of 70.0% → stigmatised; Autism would not only be the burden of the affected families, but for the entire community. 38.7% → anxious and Figure 2: Rate of Internet penetration Figure 3. People on phone in the MTR Low stigmatisation→ “uncovering” 17.4% → guilty Most parents of children with Autism only Researchers reveal that stigmatisation of Autism is 2. Media involvement: This strategy can know how to raise a ‘normal’ child, but no as a result of: Disseminate health information child chooses to be different. Low awareness of autism Raise awareness Interventions should not be focused on ‘fixing’ Misconception of the condition Educate the masses about rare health the autistic child but rather create an inclusive Insufficient institutionalised social support conditions (Tang & Bie, 2016). world in which their needs are considered. Culture: expectation to have “normal” It is not the child that has to change, it’s the children (Bie & Tang, 2015) Example: South China Morning Post raising world. awareness on Autism in Figure 4 above. REFERENCES 1. Bie, B. and Tang, L., 2015. Representation of autism in leading newspapers in China: A content analysis. Health communication, 30(9), pp.884-893. 2. Chan, H.2017. Robots break communication barriers with autistic Hong Kong children. South China Morning Post, 6th June, 2017. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education- Contact community/article/2097135/robots-break-down-teaching-barriers-autistic-hong. Accessed 15.03.2021 3. Griffiths, J. 2015. There are 668 million internet users in China, and almost all of them are using smartphones. South China Morning Post, 23rd July, 2015. https://www.scmp.com/tech/social- gadgets/article/1843115/there-are-668-million-internet-users-china-and-almost-all-them. Accessed 14.03.2021 4. Huang, A.X., Jia, M. and Wheeler, J.J., 2013. Children with autism in the People’s Republic of China: Diagnosis, legal issues, and educational services. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), Name: MIZINGA Chinyama pp.1991-2001. 5. Iwarsson, S. and Ståhl, A., 2003. Accessibility, usability and universal design—positioning and definition of concepts describing person-environment relationships. Disability and rehabilitation, 25(2), pp.57-66. Institution: Lingnan University 6. Luisa, T. (2019). Coping with autism: how the right support can make the world of difference to sufferers, parents. South China Morning Post, 4th April, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health- wellness/article/3004539/coping-autism-how-right-support-can-make-world-difference. (Accessed on 07.03.2021) Email: [email protected] 7. Mak, W.W. and Kwok, Y.T., 2010. Internalization of stigma for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hong Kong. Social science & medicine, 70(12), pp.2045-2051. 8. Norman, C.D. and Skinner, H.A., 2006. eHEALS: the eHealth literacy scale. Journal of medical Internet research, 8(4), p.e27. 9. S CM P, 2019. Autism in China: The challenges parents face raising ‘children of the stars’. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GqvapE-AlI8. (Accessed, 07.03.2021) 10. Speaks, A., 2011. What is autism. Retrieved on November, 17, p.2011. 11. Tang, L. and Bie, B., 2016. The stigma of autism in china: an analysis of newspaper portrayals of autism between 2003 and 2012. Health communication, 31(4), pp.445-452. 12. Tian and Zhou, 2017. High-tech help for autistic kids: Robots. China Daily.cn, 29th September, 2017. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-09/29/content_32627643.htm. Accessed 15.03.2021 13. Wang, F., Lu, L., Wang, S.B., Zhang, L., Ng, C.H., Ungvari, G.S., Cao, X.L., Lu, J.P., Hou, C.L., Jia, F.J. and Xiang, Y.T., 2018. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in China: a comprehensive meta- analysis. International journal of biological sciences, 14(7), p.717. 14. Wong, D.T.L., Tong, S.F., Daud, T.I.M., Aziz, S.A. and Midin, M., 2020. Factors Influencing Professional Help-Seeking Behavior During First Episode Psychosis in Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Study on MHSM 5 Caregivers’ Perspective. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, p.962. 15. Zhang, J. 2020. Chinese mobile users now spend over 6 hours every day online – that’s almost 2 full days a week. South China Morning Post, 3rd January, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps- social/article/3044344/chinese-mobile-users-now-spend-over-6-hours-every-day-online-thats Accessed 13.03.2021.
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