CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfillmentof the requirementsfor thedegree of Master Artsof P roducing Departmentof Sociology and Anthropology Social Supervisors: Central European University

Budapest, Hungary Dalit Texts in English J Submitted to ulia Perczel ulia

D P rem Kumar Rajaram on on Kalb 2014 By 1

CEU eTD Collection intellectually, emotionally andmaterially. owe greatest the deb me.with He project and B Kumar Rajaram andDon Kalb for their encouragement andguidance. writing and giving to books. birth It to is him I that have thank to for the encounter with Ajay Navaria, both hisin place, I have thank to Anand for taking me his under writing. It emerged from discussions with anumber of people whom of I projectThis Acknowledgement öbe for , I owe in in is did did remindingme the of marathon runners. a real the result of special debt Ahmad to not not life. life. t to my to t father and mymother who lose s I also have to thank Marko for givingme book the andmy professors Prem

interest myin even project towards the end the verythe

indissoluble social processes ,

mymost patient listener

2 wings Of all the

have and makingme of the part supported me in

people who helped me think that ; ; even I argue

I also thank Cicek for the last laugh who l

have lost have In lost count. the first if hedid istened me to my discuss all shape Ajay the decisions I make ,

he never showed it. I ,

and experience of Navaria also thought ’ s : CEU eTD Collection Secon PrimarySources Conclusion issuesThe of class and work Generational conflict politicalThe strategy dreamingof endThe criticalof innocence? Conclusion Publishing and Marketing theBook ActorsThe HindiThe Dalit Literary Field Hegemonic forcesrevealed Conclusion Economicaspects literaryof production politicalThe importance of the dalitsubject in Indian history Brahminical Hegemony Language of Theory Emergentof Literature Methodology What is Dalit Literature and literary politics? Conceptual Framework and Main Argument Introduction Abstract Acknowledgements Contents Thwarted mobility Roles reversed:dalit boss, brahmin peon Class differences publishingThe house internationalThe academic authorThe importanceThe Englishof influenceThe of Hindi literature dary Sources

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CEU eTD Collection limits that enable the production of certain kind of literary discourses and practices. a particular moment the in continuous and indissoluble processes that exert their pressures and set representation in literature stories forces come play to a role in producing dalit texts. At samethe time, I also show how apart fr publishing createcan forces of hegemony and‘alternative hegemony’ determine extent the to publishing process of the procesthe literature using Bourdieu’s theory the of field of cultural remains limited if it does not take into account product of historically situated determination com collection of short stories in English, English and its ef Inmy I thesis examine the processes and forces thatgo into the production of dalit literary texts Abstract e

to prominenceto today. Through to identify the ways which in Navaria, a relatively ne ses of brahmin hegemonymaterial production. and

a process literary text and be can incorporated into hegemonic practices fect ondiscourses on dalit om author the , the actors involved the and marketing strategies translated .

The conclusion is that ’

s ‘authentic’ dalit experience, other considerations, constrictions and short story collection Raymond Williams’ (1977) theory of Unclaimed Terrain identity. As my study case I takeproduction the of a , and the forces of hegemony,I showhow the study dalit Navaria 4

, by AjayNavaria ,

’s writing’s Unclaimed Terrain w literary voice, opens upquestions of dalit This studyThis demonstrates through

reveal the interplay of these forces and his translated collection represent which new transgressive voices . , literature I text as showthe the I demonstrate how t a Hindi writer dalit offer a ,

how the read

ing of oppositional

the shortthe the the he who has in in

the . I CEU eTD Collection 1 bo literary stories many signification literature tradition. aur These Introduction

Translation undaries

anya

explicit

two to

politics

kahaniyan indicat Taking inspiration f a writer stop dreaming have may My stories literature? according to the labyrinth they identity everymoment. dalit. It nocoincidence is that the brave. blunt In

paragraphs

he

mine. these

is

rules

call call them stories, but to understand them makes

such dreamssuch

In today’ needed the

by ing

(asmita) lines

providing edge

of

how

(Navaria 2006, 5) (2006) must be seen as

an

the

have

as Navaria

either s society, of intertextual his Consequently

his . by norms and standards set

amp , After entering this been may bedeemed

by

writing a now stories rom

try to become like non

way

le Ajay attempts

for taken

criticism the established it is

out

fear of religious

go

stands reference Navaria, the creativethe

main characters or tradition of 1

inevitable that

from of beyond it is veryit difficult for them keep to

to

the

that apart give

as the

dalit labyrinth a labyrinth to

acts against society, religion and

the comes

contemporary preface

meaning ‘religious but characterisation writers’

by non literary accepted

5 also diktats - dalits are confronted by non

d

his

alits alits , of

fully, th

to dalits often forg

the

connects

to - fearlessness, I

way;

social dalits. ca the diktats

or it expected is of them live to and

and fatwas? and dream ‘aesthetics’ non

Hindi first

then ey be should

situate life. . s of mys of dreams How

He

and

ing protagonists of these stories are to collection ,

writer

he For dalit first

fatwas’ has has

his

locates et et waythe out also chosealso of Should he

his

states literary

intact intact

the story

dalit writing who

approached daring

o

which f

his

established norms writes literature that — short their selftheir -

dalits politics

for conveniencefor in own

abandon and prepared beto push been different in

he

suggests the stories

. in

dreams

Lost p at at every and step

as dreams. To against

dalit lace the . - and

respect andrespect Such

such dreams?such ,

in this in

dalit

Patkatha

in violate body he

up function

a dalit

the takes

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is the

place

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to concept incorporation of thesis

In concept

be

religious (1977,

brought The

of Williams’ separated especially

directly

These

literature remains

understood

and

the from for examines

advantage the of

for

110). indissoluble us of a in

hegemony

processes ffected

out specific Salman pressure

upon hegemony their to the

limited

from of term limite and

in look

purpose Gramsci’s the as

these the forms

of

its by

the

dominant, opposed

Rushdie historical d particular at .

Williams’ in

are

English actual referring changes

for

social this economic

k and Main Argument

wider society. was

of structured of the

process practical term

rebuilding

products worked

to

and processes

context

short fields. circumstances hegemonic in moment

to rule

theory

had

the the

and “a

thr story by by

consciousness, out complex

Therefore latter’s economic been

of occupy political ough

politics the over directly which in

counter by

collection,

forms dalit named Gramscian

Williams Raymond

Bourdieu’s

refusal

in

in

interlocking exert

field

(McGuian literature political and the which

-

6 the should hegemonic

a

impact

fundamental political

(Williams wider their to as Uclaimed

to

concept

William’s Italian give in

theory not mean forms

occupied pressures

effect

1992,

context

of of

up

be

literature field,

a fascism

political,

“the

2003) of writing seen and Terrain of counter

a

64).

moment

(1977)

hegemony, saturation cultural

of its

by relations effective and

as

. The

society.

cu defeated While the

because

controversial totally -

social, (2013). set hegemonic

ltural theory

relevance translation for production

the

of of

the coercion

originally

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products

and

limits

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the socialism domination

of

li

terary

literature literary whole cultural

culture to

literature of

of

can studies

(Williams cultural

and

deve Navaria’s literary as field

and

theory process

be

field

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Hall 1977, the

of

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to

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differences, hegemonic while against (1977,

,

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Terrain of

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tudy residual

I

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many

I emergent argue shape alternative

literary approach

I those

and of 113). argue

brahminical dalit lay may ,

a dalit its

that

process

will culture

representation

rising and different s which out

that

forms cultural

own literature While arise that the

representation.

limit literature.

illuminate t practices ‘economic’”

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o

the exclusion, class

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th

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Finally, of

have

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dalit to certain

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edition oppositional affect

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struggle,

process, processes

intellectuals. the

new in can processes but

process

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third

Navaria’s politics this

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identity 1977,

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CEU eTD Collection hegemonic dalit literary project struggle to bring the level of language becomes most the illustrative of the which affect her selection of the stories. The publisher tohas take into account international academic, through struggle her for academic prestige, has to fulfil certain requirements, writeto in a certain lang political project of dalit writers, ithas to contend with hegemonic at forces every step. The author needs stories in English has been made anintegral part of furthering the cause of the counter exerted by dominant literary practices, well as market as forces become hegemonicof forces t In Conclusion vernaculars. Navayana. constitutes for remains hegemony Still Indian. au society o the selection of stories, the translation and the editorial process dience this chapterthis I

novels. savarna

low

through

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a

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31 to to a minute detail

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- can can see how hegemonic the hegemonic literary project as CEU eTD Collection capture 7 impossible, and struggle of experiences and Such representation white black historical terms Stuart The The end of critical innocence Chapter

The

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to

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