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INTERTIDAL DEPOSITS River Mouths, Tidal Flats, and Coastal Lagoons

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INTERTIDAL DEPOSITS River Mouths, Tidal Flats, and Coastal Lagoons INTERTIDAL DEPOSITS River Mouths, Tidal Flats, and Coastal Lagoons Doeke Eisma Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) Texel, The Netherlands and Institute of Earth Sciences Utrecht University with P. L. de Boer G. C. Cadee K. Dijkema H. Ridderinkhof and C. Philippart CRC Press Boca Raton Boston London New York Washington, D.C. Table of Contents Preface Introduction Chapter 1 Worldwide Distribution of Intertidal Areas 1 1.1. Tides 10 1.2. Zonation 12 1.3. Vegetation 12 1.4. Benthic Fauna 15 1.5. Sediment 16 Chapter 2 Macrotidal Deposits 19 2.1. The Wash (North Sea) 19 2.2. Baie du Mont-St. Michel 24 2.3. Bassin d'Arcachon 27 2.4. Macrotidal River Estuaries, Rias, and Bays in Northwest Europe 29 2.5. Mozambique 48 2.6. Madagascar, West Coast 50 2.7. Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) and the Gulf of Kachchh (Kutch) 50 2.8. Ganges-Brahmaputra (Meghna) River Mouths 54 2.9. Irrawaddy RiverDelta 58 2.10. West Coast Korea 58 2.11. China: Jiangsu Coast 65 2.12. China: The Chang Jiang River Mouth and Hangzhou Bay 72 2.13. China, Southeast Coast: Intertidal Deposits in Embayments 81 2.14. Taiwan, West Coast 86 2.15. Red River Mouths 88 2.16. King Sound, Cambridge Gulf (Northwest Australia) 89 2.17. North Australia 95 2.18. Broad Sound (Queensland) 97 2.19. Cook Inlet, Glacier Bay, (Alaska) 102 2.20. Queen Charlotte Islands (Canada) 107 2.21. Colorado River Delta Area 108 2.22. Bay of Fundy Ill 2.23. St. Lawrence Estuary 115 2.24. Hudson Strait — Ungava Bay — Baffin Island 117 2.25. San Antonio Bay (Argentina) 121 2.26. San Sebastian Bay (Tierra del Fuego) 121 2.27. Colombia-Ecuador 125 2.28. Macrotidal Deposits 127 Chapter 3 Mesotidal Deposits 131 3.1. The Wadden Sea 131 3.2. Mesotidal River Estuaries and Rias in Western Europe 145 3.3. Guinea-Bissau — Guinea 153 3.4. Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea 155 3.5. Tanzania and Kenya 156 3.6. Northwest Persian Gulf 156 3.7. Indus River Delta and Rann of Kutch 156 3.8. Northern Gulf of Thailand 162 3.9. West Coast of Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia (Andaman Sea Coast) 164 3.10. Mekong River Mouth 164 3.11. The Philippines 166 3.12. Indonesia 168 3.13. Gulf of Papua 170 3.14. Gulf of Carpentaria and Northern Queensland 173 3.15. Firth of Thames, New Zealand 179 3.16. Bristol Bay, Alaska '. 183 3.17. Fraser River Delta 183 3.18. Yaquina Bay, San Francisco Bay : 185 3.19. The U.S. East Coast: Georgia, South Carolina, Maine 188 3.20. Southern Hudson Bay, Labrador 196 3.21. The South America North Coast: Amazon River Mouth-Guyanas-Orinoco Delta 199 3.22. South America East Coast 207 3.23. Bahia Blanca, Argentina , 209 3.24. Mesotidal Deposits 212 Chapter 4 Microtidal Deposits 217 4.1: Dyfi Estuary, Wales 217 4.2. The White Sea, Northern Siberia, The Gulf of Anadyr, and the Sea of Okhotsk 218 4.3. Northwest Africa 221 4.4. Senegal and Gambia 224 4.5. Sierra Leone — Benin 227 4.6. Niger Delta 231 4.7. Zaire River Estuary 237 4.8. Langebaan Lagoon 240 4.9. Kwazulu-Natal 243 4.10. The Persian Gulf: Qatar to Oman 245 4.11. Kerala Lagoons, Estuaries, and Mud Banks 250 4.12. Deltas, East Coast, India 252 4.13. Sri Lanka 253 4.14. Gulf of Thailand 254 4.15. Bohai Sea — Huang He (Yellow River) Delta 257 4.16. West Australia 260 4.17. South and East Australia: South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales 265 4.18. New Zealand 268 4.19. Pacific Islands 268 4.20. Alaska 269 4.21. MarChiquita 271 4.22. Venezuela-Colombia 273 4.23. The Louisiana Coast-Mississippi Delta 273 4.24. Northwest Florida 278 4.25. Southwest Florida-Belize 281 4.26. Andros, Caicos, and Grand Cayman Island (Bahamas-British West Indies) 285 4.27. East Coast United States: South Carolina to Massachusetts 291 4.28. Iceland 303 4.29. Microtidal Deposits 304 Chapter 5 Wind Flat Deposits 309 5.1. The Baltic 309 5.2. The Mediterranean '. 310 5.3. The Black Sea '. 310 5.4. The Caspian Sea 311 5.5. East Siberia 312 5.6. Laguna Madre, Mexico/Texas 312 Chapter 6 Morphology of Intertidal Areas 317 6.1. The Intertidal Surface 320 6.2. Channels, Creeks, and Gullies 323 6.3. Single Channels: Straight Single Channels 327 6.4. Sinuous Single Channels 328 6.5. Meandering Channels 329 6.6. Channel Width 331 6.7. Levees 333 6.8. Channel Systems: Systems of Parallel Channels or No Channels at All 333 6.9. Dendritic Channel Systems 334 6.10. Braided and Distributary Channels 339 6.11. Interconnecting Channels 340 6.12. Erosional Steps and Marsh Ponds 342 6.13. Barrier Beaches and Cheniers 342 6.14. Qualitative Comparison of Macro-, Meso-, and Microtidal Areas 343 Chapter 7 Intertidal Sediments: Composition and Structure 345 P. L. de Boer 7.1. Siliciclastic Systems 347 7.2. Carbonate Systems 347 7.3. Cold Regions: Influence of Ice 350 7.4. Sediments 350 7.5. Sedimentary Structures 353 7.6. Deformation Structures 357 7.7. Facies 358 7.8. Sedimentary Sequences 358 7.9. Preservation 359 7.10. Evolutionary Trends and Variations of Controlling Mechanisms through Geological History 360 Chapter 8 Sediment Transport in Intertidal Areas 363 with H. Ridderinkhof 8.1. Introduction 363 8.2. Flow in Tidal Areas 363 8.3. Tides 363 8.4. Tidal Asymmetries 364 8.5. Density-Driven Circulations •. 366 8.6. Meteorological Forcing 366 8.7. The Small-Scale Current Field 367 8.8. Flow Over Tidal Flats 368 8.9. Wind Waves 368 8.10. Tidal Flow and Sediment Transport 368 8.11. Tidal Areas with No or Weak Density Gradients 374 8.12. Tidal Areas with Marked Density Gradients: Estuaries 377 Chapter 9 Intertidal Fauna and Vegetation ....383 9.1. Influence of Benthic Fauna and Microflora 383 Gerhard C. Cadee 9.2. The Influence of Salt Marsh Vegetation on Sedimentation 403 with K. Dijkema 9.3. Mangrove 415 9.4. Algal Mats 433 9.5. Seagrasses 436 with C. Philippart Chapter 10 < Holocene Development of Intertidal Deposits 439 Chapter 11 Influence of Man 453 References 461 Author Index 501 Subject Index 509 Index of Geographical Names 513 Latin Fauna Names r 523 Latin Flora Names 525.
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