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HSR-22: the European Meteorological Satellite Programme

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HSR-22: the European Meteorological Satellite Programme HSR-22 March 1998 The European Meteorological Satellite Programme HEOS-2 (1972) EXOSAT HEOS-I (1963) (1966) , cow3 (1975) , / ISEE- (1977) GEOS-2 (1978) \ GEOS-1 WE (1977) (1978) _“__... _, Meteosot ‘3, , .I \ __I ipporcos i Olympus ,/’ Ulysses ,,‘.. I I ,,)’ ‘ I’ Soho ,/’ %--% ,/ ,,./ ,_/ ,,i L ,,,i” ,.“ ,’ /- I Huygens (Cossini] ‘“‘.‘.,’ i,,(. Swce Stotiin Attached \ DRS European Space Agency Agente spatiale europienne HSR-22 March 1998 The European Meteorological Satellite Programme bY John Krige CRHST Pat-is France Europem Spute Agency dgente spatMe europienne The ESA History Study Reports are preliminary reports of studies carried out within the framework of an ESA Contract. As such, they will form the basis of a comprehensive study of European space activities covering the period 19581987. The authors would welcome comments and criticism, which should be sent to them at the appropriate address below. The opinions and comments expressed and the conclusions reached are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the Agency. The ESA History Team comprises: Dr John Krige, Director, CRHST, CNRS and Cite des sciences et de l’industrie, 30, Ave. Corgntin Cariou, 75930 Paris, France. Prof. Arturo Russo, Istituto de Fisica, Universita di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, I-90123 Palermo, Italy. Dr Lorenza Sebesta, Facolta di Scienze Politiche, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Forli Campus, Via Giacomo della Torre 5, Forli, Italy. Published by: ESA Publications Division, ESTEC, P.O. Box 29, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Editor: R.A. Harris Price: 50 Dutch Guilders ISBN No: 92-9092-529-9 Copyright: 0 1998 The European Space Agency Printed in: The Netherlands Contents Glossary . ........................... v Part I The Europeanisation, Development and Launch of Meteosat 1. Introduction.. ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. The changing field of meteorology in the 1960s and 1970s.. .............................................................. .3 3. First steps towards a European meteorological satellite: From EARS to EMOS to Meteosat .......... ...5 4. Meteosat: From French to European satellite.. ................................................................................... 1 1 4.1 The space segment: interfacing with CNES.. ........................................................................................ 14 The management and control of the Europeanised Meteosat 4.2 The ground segment: interfacing with the users. ................................................................................... 16 The responsibilities of national meteorological services in data analysis and satellite operation 5. The start of the programme ................................................................................................................. 21 5.1 The STAG ........................................................................................................................................ 21 5.2 The third channel and the Lannion ground station ................................................................................. 22 6. The ongoing technical problems with ground facility computer and software ................................. .24 7. The launch of Meteosat ...................................................................................................................... 28 Part II The Transition to an Operational System 1. The first debates: ESRO will operate the system for three years ...................................................... .29 2. The second launch ........................................................ ..................................................................... 32 3. Extending the Protocol to cover the exploitation of F2.. ................................................................... .35 4. The first steps towards setting up an operational system: building coalitions ) .................................. 39 rebuilding trust in ESA 4.1 The initiatives taken within the WMO framework ................................................................................ 40 4.2 New initiatives from ESA.. ................................................................................................................ .4 1 5. January 198 1: The first intergovernmental conference on an operational ........................................ .44 system and the subsequent deadlock 6. The activities of the MOP Working Group.. ...................................................................................... 45 6.1 The space segment: the satellite and its payload ................................................................................... 47 6.2 The space segment: the launch schedule and the revival of P2 ............................................................... 48 6.3 Ground segment management ............................................................................................................. 51 6.4 The cost of the operational system ...................................................................................................... 53 6.5 The scale of contributions .................................................................................................................. 55 6.6 Institutional and legal instruments.. .................................................................................................... .56 7. The second intergovernmental conference, ....................................................................................... .59 the plenipotentiary conference and the birth of Eumetsat 8. Closing remark: why the sudden acceleration? ................................................................................. .62 Acknowledgement. ......... 65 111 Glossary AFC (ESRO/ESA) Administrative and Finance Committee APT Automatic Picture Transmission (the direct broadcasting, from a satellite, in the VHF band, of cloud images with a resolution of the order 2-6 km) ATS (US) Applications Technology Satellite program CEMS Centre de Meteorologic Spatiale (Lannion, France) CII (French) Compagnie Internationale d’Informatique CNES (French) Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales CST Centre Spatial de Toulouse DATTS Data Acquisition Telecommand and Tracking Station DCP Data Collection Platform, the in situ environmental observations of which are collected by a satellite on an interrogated or self-timed basis EARS European Atmospheric Research Satellite ECMWF European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting EMOS European Meteorological Operational Satellite ERTS Earth Resources Technology Satellite ESA European Space Agency ESOC European Space Operations Centre ESRO European Space Research Organisation ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre FGGE First GARP Global Experiment GARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme GEMS Geostationary European Meteorological Satellite GFGMS Ground Facilities for a Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GOES (US) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (also called SMS) IAPC (ESRO) Interim Application Programmes Committee ICL International Computers Ltd ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IRTS Infrared Atmospheric Temperature Sounder ITOS (US) Improved TIROS Operational Satellite Meteosat French, then European geostationary meteorological satellite MIEC (ESRO) Meteorological Information Extraction Centre MOPWG Meteosat Operational Programme Working Group MP0 (ESA) Meteorological Programmes Office (Toulouse) NOAA (US) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PDUS Primary Data User Station SDUS Secondary (or Small scale) Data User Station SMS Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (also called GOES) SMWG Space Meteorology Working Group STAG Scientific and Technical Advisory Group to the Meteorological Satellite Programme Board WEFAX WEather FAX : The transmission, through a geostationary satellite, of analogue data receivable by an APT ground station WMO World Meteorological Organization www World Weather Watch V Part I The Europeanisation, Development and Launch of Meteosat 1. Introduction On 23 November 1977 a Delta 2914 rocket lifted off from Cape Kennedy carrying aloft Meteosat-1, a meteorological satellite originally conceived at the French Centre des Etudes Spatiales in Toulouse, but ‘Europeanised’ in the early 1970s.’ The satellite was separated from the launcher about 25 minutes later, injected into near synchronous orbit at second apogee and reached its nominal position (O” longitude) on 7 December. Two days later images in three spectral bands, visible, infrared and water vapour were received at ESA’s ground control station ESOC in Darmstadt, Germany. Meteosat thus became the first European satellite successfully placed in geostationary orbit - an honour it snatched from the grasp of the telecommunications satellite OTS, which had been unceremoniously dumped in the Atlantic only a couple of months before. This launch proved to be the first of three using hardware prepared in the framework of the Meteosat pre- operational programme.* One back-up flight model was orbited successfully on 19 June 1981 as a free- riding passenger on the third Ariane launch, where it accompanied the Indian telecommunications satellite Apple. The second flight model of an even earlier vintage in the development plan was also refurbished and launched successfully on the first flight of Ariane 4 on 15 June 1988. This pre- operational programme laid the foundations
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