NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 5 NUMBER 4 • AUGUST 1984

The American Scholar in the Soviet Union _-

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Moscow, the State VH, Lenin Library

Most Americans are surprised to the U.S. Information Agency, and they are as different from one their own testimony, count among learn that our country's exchanges our embassy in Moscow in ad­ another as from the Soviet programs the most memorable personal and with the U.S.S.R. in the humanities ministering these critical programs. and would require a separate essay.) intellectual experiences of their and social sciences are in reason­ The National Endowment for the The exchange experience with the lives. They become sojourners in a ably good health despite the sharp Humanities has played a major U.S.S.R. is extraordinarily complex. land where the permanent struggle deterioration in political relations. funding role in these exchange pro­ It is embedded in an adversarial between cant and truth, between il­ While contacts in sciences and grams since 1971, and its present relationship between the super­ lusion and reality, brings them into technology have dwindled, the core level of support—$1 million a powers that is replete with tensions daily collision with the most fun­ programs in the humanities and year—has been a powerful in­ at every level—including the ex­ damental issues of values. No social sciences have continued fluence in maintaining a leading changes themselves—and yet is one wonder that they return home with without interruption since they role for the humanities in American of the few areas where there is exquisitely heightened sensitivities were inaugurated in 1958 and have scholarship on the Soviet Union. genuine and mutually beneficial to the contours of their own culture even flourished in recent years. Compared with the more spon­ cooperation and a modicum of that few can experience who have These programs were among the taneous flow of scholarly traffic good will. American participants, not shared their journey. fruits of the first thaw in the cold between, say, the United States most of them specialists in history, The success of this small band of war more than a quarter of a cen­ and Western Europe, the volume of culture and contemporary society, Americans derives in the first place tury ago. They predate detente and exchanges is exceedingly modest: must cope with bureaucratic, from their own skills and per­ have so far survived its demise. About 100 American scholars a year political and ideological obstacles to sistence. The IREX program is not The principal, official US-U.S.S.R. spend a semester or an academic their work that are all but unimag­ for casual visitors or sabbatical academic exchanges' are conducted year in the Soviet Union, while inable to their homebound col­ pleasure seekers, but emphasizes by the International Research & Ex­ about twice that number take part leagues or those accustomed to advanced research under unusual changes Board (IREX), a New York- in such organized projects as joint more conventional foreign venues. conditions. Those who participate based subsidiary of the American or parallel research and scholarly Yet the overwhelming majority not must have rigorous training and Council of Learned Societies. IREX symposia. But in the rarefied at­ only manage to accomplish signifi­ preparation in the Russian or is the private-sector, nonprofit mosphere of things Soviet- cant, even prodigious, research Soviet aspects of their disciplines, a broker for the nation's network of American, these exchanges have an feats, but become profoundly in­ good grasp of the language in­ universities and research institu­ impact quite out of proportion to volved in academic and personal cluding, in small but increasing tions and works closely with the their size. (IREX also conducts ex­ relationships with their Soviet numbers, the non-Russian lan­ foundations, the State Department, changes with Eastern Europe, but counterparts and hosts that, by guages of the U.S.S.R., and research projects that affirm American observers of the Soviet nominees. From the U.S. side, Editor's seriousness of purpose both to their Union, the exchange scholars as a widened concern about technology American sponsor and their Soviet group undoubtedly emerge with transfer most frequently rules out hosts. In fact, their credentials and the most nuanced sense of Soviet Soviet nominees. On the Soviet Notes their on-the-ground performance society, and those who have done side, young American scholars on determine which doors shall be their stints in locations only infre­ the university exchange are most As guest editor, I find my task opened to them. Many of the par­ quently visited by foreigners frequently caught in the inability of simplified by the Humanities' ticipants are veterans of earlier become an especially valuable the Ministry of Higher and editorial tradition, which indicates visits, who are encouraged to resource in understanding how the Specialized Secondary Education to that these notes should serve as a return periodically for fresh system works at its far reaches. arrange appropriate placements out­ brief introduction to the issue's research; all are screened by com­ The IREX exchanges with the side the university system. Thus, contents. mittees of peers who review the U.S.S.R. involve two partners: the because there are presently no of­ This issue is largely devoted to significance and feasibility of their Soviet Ministry of Higher and ficial U.S. agreements with the humanities disciplines as they deal projects as well as the produc­ Specialized Secondary Education, Soviet Ministry of Culture, it is dif­ with the non-Western world, i.e. tiveness of their previous visits. which provides a link with the ficult to place American specialists scholarly exchanges, cooperative Newcomers are also carefully Soviet university system, and the in such fields as musicology or programs of international complex­ reviewed, interviewed, and selected U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, theater. Scholars may also run ity, travel, translation, culture by the same panels and are inten­ which houses the prestigious afoul of the rather rigid bureau­ shock, and communication. sively briefed and prepared by research institutes. cratic Soviet research establishment Twenty years ago I was intro­ those who have recently returned The ministry exchange is part of and find that their proposed duced to Chinese and Japanese about the conditions under which the intergovernmental cultural research does not fit into the plans literature and civilization in a they can expect to work. agreement that lapsed in 1979 of a particular institute or archive. seminar for liberal arts college Exchange participants' scholarship following the Soviet invasion of Americans assume that the over­ faculty presided over by the same constitutes a major portion of our Afghanistan, but the IREX portion whelming reason for the failure of Professor de Bary of Columbia who fund of published knowledge of of the exchanges has continued on the Soviet side to accept U.S. is featured in the article on that critical world area. Three titles the basis of an informal under­ scholars is political, either in the “Eastern Civ.” The consequent published in 1983 alone are ex­ standing. The ministry program in­ sense of the political views of the geographic and comparative amples of the breadth and scope of cludes graduate students and individual involved or the political breadth of my course-offerings in the work accomplished: Gold and young faculty, as well as a senior sensitivity of the research project. Classics was largely due to that Azure: 1000 Years of Russian Architec­ scholar program and an exchange From our experience, the causes for enlightening experience. My friends ture by William Craft Brumfield; of teachers of Russian and English, rejection appear to be complex and were amazed, my students mysti­ Poland's Place in Europe: General and covers all disciplines. In prac­ frequently of the more prosaic sort fied . . But such personal Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder- tice, most American participants in just mentioned. Only a handful of reminiscences are not condoned by Neisse Line, 1939-1943 by Sarah the IREX-ministry exchange (who American specialists have been editorial precedents. Meiklejohn Terry; The Other Push­ must as a minimum have com­ repeatedly denied placement, and Let me add that our page of NEH kin: A Story of Pushkin's Prose Fiction pleted all requirements for the there is seldom a clear reason why deadlines and Notes and News will by Paul Debreczeny. The last ex­ doctoral degree except the thesis) these scholars are singled out. Un­ be regularly enhanced by articles haustive survey of their publica­ are in the humanities and social fortunately, the leverage we once exploring the evaluation of applica­ tions, conducted in 1978, revealed sciences—that is, they are special­ had because we were in a position tions in the review process and that alumni of the Soviet and East ists on Russia or the U.S.S.R.— to assure entry to the United States other matters that should be of in­ European exchanges had by then while the Soviets typically for any and all Soviet nominees has terest to potential applicants and attributed more than three thou­ have given priority to science disappeared. Yet, even in these would-be grantees. sand scholarly books and articles to and technology. times of poor intergovernmental —Harold Cannon their overseas research—a rate of The exchange with the academy relations, apparently firm Soviet one publication every other day arises from a nongovernmental decisions have been reversed. over the two preceding decades. agreement between the academy IREX's relationship with its ex­ This emphasis on hard research, and the American Council of change partners—in itself a reveal­ rather than on a more sentimental Learned Societies, which is ad­ ing subchapter of Soviet-American hands-across-the-seas variant of ex­ ministered by IREX. The academy relations that has yet to be Humanities changes, is one of the great exchange is exclusively in the written—can best be described as strengths of the programs. humanities and social sciences in cordial but bumpy. The cordiality The majority of American par­ both directions, and is primarily for comes from the sense of mutual ad­ ticipants carry out their work in senior scholars. vantage inherent in the exchange A bimonthly review published by the Moscow or Leningrad, for, in the The organization and administra­ process and from the stability and National Endowment tor the Humanities highly centralized Soviet system, Chairman: William J. Bennett tion of the exchanges are fraught continuity of personal contacts. Director of Public Affairs: Marion Blakey that is where the principal concen­ with difficulties. A main task for (The IREX directorate for Soviet Assistant Director for Publications: trations of resources are to be IREX has been to insulate these programs has been in place since Caroline Taylor found. A significant minority, sensitive channels insofar as possi­ its founding sixteen years ago.) The Editor: Judith Chayes Neiman however, are to be found in more ble from the intrusion of bilateral bumps come mostly in the form of Managing Editor: Linda Blanken exotic locations, including the political tensions, always a disputes, some of them intense, Editorial Board: Marjorie Berlincourt, Caucasus, Central Asia, and challenge but one that has become over specific cases of what con­ James Blessing, Harold Cannon, Richard Siberia. The exchange scholars, acute in recent years. This has re­ stitutes fair and sufficient access; Ekman, Donald Gibson, Thomas especially those who are in the quired a delicate balance involving this issue, complicated by some­ Kingston, Armen Tashdinian Soviet Union for long-term stays, the academic community, official times icy binational relations at Production Manager: Robert Stock are among the relative handful of America, funders, public opinion, diplomatic levels, is rooted mostly Designed by Maria Josephy Schoolman foreigners who actually live in the and of course the Soviets them­ in opposing practices and traditions system, without the official insula­ selves who, despite the appearance of academic administration. The The opinions and conclusions expressed in tion typically provided for visitors of monolithism, have their own in­ Soviets emphasize planning, ac­ Humanities are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect Endowment policy. Material to the U.S.S.R. Thrown together in ternal arguments about the value countability, and supervision, in appearing in Humanities may be freely dormitories and lodgings with their and conduct of exchanges. So the contrast to the individualism and reproduced although the editor would appreci­ Soviet contemporaries, they live, clash interests—ideological, independence of the American ate notice and copies for the Endowment's reference. Use of funds for printing this work, and play within the bureaucratic, and scholarly—is con­ scholar. Nowhere is this better il­ publication has been approved by the Office framework of everyday Soviet stantly in the background. lustrated than in the Soviet in­ of Management and Budget. Send address realities. In this, they have a decid­ The exchanges are conducted in a sistence that researchers, their own changes and requests for subscriptions to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern­ ed advantage over, even if they do strictly reciprocal fashion, a strong as well as visiting foreigners, sub­ ment Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402. not share the comforts of, resident incentive to each partner to accom­ mit a “scientific plan" before they (USPS 521-090) Other communications should diplomats and businesspeople, modate the other's nominees. This can be admitted to archives, and be addressed to Editor, Humanities, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1100 Pennsyl­ whom the Soviets tend to isolate in does not mean, however, that the the American insistence that no vania Avenue, NW, Washington, D C. 20506. special apartment compounds for nomination and placement process sensible planning can take place Telephone 202/786-0435. ISSN 0018-7526. foreigners in order to minimize un­ is smooth, and each year both sides until after the scholar has had ac­ controlled contacts. Among fail to place some of the other's cess to the archive to determine 2 what is there and what is not. American Historical Association and Although IREX has once, briefly, the National Committee of Histor­ suspended exchange traffic to drive ians of the Soviet Union. In the (top to bottom) The State home a point about reciprocity, for coming year, a guide to the social M. Lomonosov Universi­ the most part the partnership has science and humanities institutes of ty on Lenin Hills in been quite productive, the more so the Soviet Academy and to the Moscow. A festival in when measured against the dismal scientific councils of the U.S.S.R. Red Square, 5/82. At Old results of most other Soviet- will be published. These materials University, Moscow, American dealings. were compiled by the Institute for new students wear tradi­ It would be going too far to Scientific Information in the Social tional caps. speak of a flourishing community Sciences in Moscow as the result of of scholarship between academics an agreement with the Kennan In­ of the two countries—contacts are stitute of the Woodrow Wilson In­ simply too thin—yet here and there ternational Center for Scholars. we see glimmerings of what might The commission engages the par­ be. In 1975, convinced that beyond ticipation of Americans specializing the exchange of individuals there in Russia and the Soviet Union, but lay unexploited potentials for sus­ also has played a ground-breaking tained, cooperative project research, role in its practice of involving IREX proposed the creation be­ leading scholars from other fields tween the American Council of who would not otherwise have the Learned Societies and the Soviet opportunity to work with their Academy of Sciences of a commis­ Soviet counterparts. This has ex­ sion on the humanities and social posed a widening network of our sciences. This commission, which academics and their institutions to meets alternately in the United the mysteries, frustrations, and States and the Soviet Union every triumphs of working across one of two years, establishes a binational the most formidable intellectual bar­ agenda of colloquia, field research, riers of our day. It is especially in exchanges of data and information, the commission that one sees the and joint publications, on topics potential scope of intellectual comi­ ranging from archaeology to inter­ ty that is now so rare. national security. In the human­ At a time when the humanities in ities, the commission covers such the United States have been suffer­ fields as history, ethnography and ing from a general identity crisis, as anthropology, language and well as from the practical dif­ literature, information and docu­ ficulties associated with the strait­ mentation, and will probably take ened circumstances of American up philosophy in the future. A re­ higher education and advanced cent symposium on factors that research, the work of humanities contribute to the persistence and scholars concerned with the Soviet decline of ethnic identification in Union—and Eastern Europe—has modern industrial societies was one been one of the brighter chapters. of several commission projects con­ Although Russian-Soviet human­ cerned with the study of ethnicity; ities scholarship in the United its literary expression is the subject States has been no less vulnerable of interrelated meetings on Ameri­ than most other fields to the can ethnic literature and the decline of graduate studies and to literatures of the Soviet Central faculty shrinkage, its close ties to Asian nationalities. Literary scholars the exchanges and to the intensity from both countries are also work­ of the in-country experience have ing on a project on Russian-Ameri­ given it both immediacy and in­ can literary relations in the nine­ tellectual relevance. One result has teenth century. In this project, both been the creation in the United sides are exploring the personal States of world-class work on Rus­ and creative contacts between their sian history as well as powerful classic writers with the possibility resources in literature. of conducting archival surveys to After a long period of decline, the collect essential materials for renewed American concern about publication. William Faulkner's relations with the Soviet Union is work has been the subject of a leading to a resurgence of Russian project coordinated on the Ameri­ and Soviet studies in the United can side by the Center for the States. At the government level, Study of Southern Culture; future the Soviet and East European plans call for a symposium on the Training Act of 1983 signals official publication and study of Faulkner's involvement, while the private works in the.U.S.S.R. foundations are beginning to invest With the general decline of resources at levels that have not Soviet-American contacts, the com­ been known since the late 1960s. mission appears to be the only cur­ All of this will place new demands rently active source of joint publica­ on the exchanges. They will have tions. The two most recent are to provide on-the-ground access for parallel works in Russian and a new generation of American English—Soviet Quantitative History, scholars as well as for the veteran edited by Don Carl Rowney, and exchange participants who have published in California in 1984 and made American research on Russia Quantitative Methods in Soviet and and the Soviet Union preeminent. American Historiography, edited by —Allen Kassof Valery A. Tishov, and published in Mr. Kassof is Executive Director of the Moscow in 1983—the results of a International Research and Exchanges series of joint inquiries between the Board (IREX). The Nizami Station of Baku's modern the car was familiar to me as well: question many times over. A few subway system, (bottom) The city of These were the voices of Ajda Pek- days before my departure, in the Baku, Azerbaidzhan, S.S.R., as seen kan, Nesrin Sipahi, and other midst of a discussion that had from the harbor at night. popular Turkish performers. For a nothing to do with "the Azeri moment, I imagined that this was a obsession with Turkey" but con­ taxi taking me from the Yesilkoy centrated on the difference between airport to Istanbul, not the same working women and career taxi on the way to Baku. As it women, my young Azeri friend turned out, the interest of this asked me whether I liked Bayats (an driver in Turkish music was one of Azeri folk poetry genre). Without the many manifestations of na­ waiting for my answer, she recited tionalism that I would gradually one of her favorites: discover in Baku. Walking the The morning mist and the mountain streets of Baku, listening to its The drops of dew and the roses sounds, talking to the Azeri men My soul flies from its cage and women whom I met, I learned To greet brothers over this mountain how remarkably resilient their na­ range. tionalism was and how diverse Even as I was realizing that she were the forms in which they ex­ had just answered my question pressed it. For instance, I learned most eloquently, her husband add­ that when Azeris want to relax, it ed: "After all, despite her economic In the summer of 1982 I traveled to centuries, Turkic tribes migrated in­ is not a recording of "Moscow and political problems, why the Soviet Union under the to Azerbaidzhan and mixed with Nights" or "Kalinka" they reach shouldn't Turkey deserve our atten­ auspices of the exchange program the local population. The cultural for, but rather Azeri or Turkish tion and love? It is the only in­ between IREX-ACLS and the and biological assimilation that en­ music. I also found out that from dependent Turkish nation!" Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R. sued resulted in the emergence of a store clerks and taxi drivers to I pondered that evening about The main objective of the trip was people who spoke a Turkic academics, Azeri men and women the definition of national identity, to continue my study of the status language but whose religion was were reasonably well informed with about the place of acculturation, as of Muslim women in Russia at the Shiite Islam. regard to Turkish politics and much as I wondered about the end of the nineteenth and the I landed in Baku on July 19, at 9 culture. Given a chance to travel future of sblizhenie (drawing beginning of the twentieth century p.m. after a two-hour flight from abroad, regardless of their educa­ together) and sliianie (merger) of by investigating the roots and Moscow. When the noisy and tional background or age group, cultures in the Soviet Union. Once dimensions of the movement to joyous welcomes that had accom­ they all indicated Turkey as the more, I realized the importance of emancipate them. I had chosen to panied the arrival of the passengers first choice. becoming immersed in the milieu begin this investigation of the on my flight dissolved into the This Azeri interest in Turkey trig­ that one studies. Only then can one women's issue with Azerbaidzhan night, I found myself standing gered my own curiosity. Whenever hope to identify those dimensions because at the end of the nine­ alone in an almost empty terminal. I had a chance to speak with Azeris of a culture that remain elusive teenth century the Azeris, together It was quiet, and the few voices in a less controlled environment, I even after the most meticulous with the Tatars, were the leaders of still echoing around me, which had made sure to bring up the issue of scrutiny of documents and the movement of Muslim reform earlier blended in the general hum, what I had come to call "the Azeri archives. and revival in Russia. Conse­ now assumed personality and obsession with Turkey." The Throughout my stay in Baku, I quently, my final destination was meaning. Suddenly I realized that answers were not always candid was reminded of the implications not Moscow, but Baku, the capital this was no longer Russia, even and forthcoming, but at times that the radical changes brought of the Republic of Azerbaidzhan. though it was in the Soviet Union, literary references and an Aesopian about by the revolutions of 1917 Azerbaidzhan is a land at a for the sounds around me were language would provide protective had for the power structure and crossroads of civilizations. In an­ those of a Turkic not Slavic shields for those who had the traditional culture of Azerbaidzhan. cient times its territory was part of language, and the faces of those courage to say more than was The new regime was successful in the Median Kingdom; in the sixth men, women, and children were allowed by ideological taboos. The socializing the women of Azerbaid­ century B.C. it was invaded by dark with dark, almond eyes. answer of one young couple is par­ zhan. Women are better educated Cyrus the Great, who was followed In a taxi on my way into the city ticularly vivid in my memory. I had and almost 80 percent work outside by Alexander of Macedon in 330 I became confused: The night was met them in one of the libraries their homes: They work in the B.C., by the Sassanids in A.D. 226, dark, the sights unknown, but the where I was beginning to trace the fields, in factories, in services; they and by Muslim Arabs in the driver spoke a familiar language, life of Muslim women in prerevolu­ staff the lower echelons of the seventh century. and the music that radiated into the tionary Baku. We had talked many bureaucracy; many are teachers, Between the tenth and twelfth night from the cassette player of times, and they had avoided my medical doctors, and, increasingly, Novosti the ninth and nineteenth centuries) jadids' (reformers) perception of the of the Manuscript Collection of the women's issue. As productive as Azeri Academy of Sciences. The those weeks spent in the Manu­ building is a living testimony to the script Collection were, more than whimsical, lavish and eclectic ar­ once I had to accept whimsical chitecture of the oil-boom era in decisions that prevented me from Baku. I learned that before the consulting materials previously ap­ revolution the building had housed proved. On such occasions, I tried the first girls' school in the East to overcome the frustration by and during the Soviet period had reminding myself how much I had been converted into a Teacher's learned about the Azeri people School only to be taken over by the and their culture only by meeting Academy of Sciences in 1950 when them, living among them and it became the home of the Manu­ listening to them even if I had been script Collection. Those weeks denied access to libraries and spent in the ground floor reading archives altogether. room of the Manuscript Collection, —Azade-Ayse Rorlich as well as discussions with col­ leagues over glasses of tea flavored Ms. Rorlich is an associate professor of with rose petals added significantly history at the University of Southern to my understanding of the Azeri California. engineers. There are many "stars” replaced by the Latin in 1928, and among Azeri women: A. Dzhafar- the Latin alphabet was in turn zade, writer and professor of replaced by the Cyrillic in 1937. Literary History; A. Babaeva, writer Regardless of their educational and journalist; R. Topchubasheva, level or social position, Azeri Letters to the Editor painter; F. Gulieva, pianist; and women impressed me in their com­ Kh. Mukhtarova, a tanker captain, mitment to the survival and growth The Past Since the Sixties rank have incorporated the insights to name only a few. They do of Azeri culture, traditional values, Nathan Glazer's assessment of of social history—with its renewed belong to the cultural and and distinctive life style. I read in the legacy of the student revolts of attention to matters of region, technocratic elite, however, and as their disapproval of mixed mar­ the 1960s (Humanities, Vol. 5, No. cities, gender, class, race, and such, they are considered by the riages and insistence on speaking 2) contains a telling flaw. I heartily ethnicity—into their textbooks. . . . "average” woman atypical. The Azeri further signs of nationalism. disagree when he contends, "The One enterprising publisher even "average" woman (at least those I As I began identifying more and disciplines most affected were not brings together so unlikely a pair as talked to) has mixed feelings with more signs of cultural resilience, I much improved by this swing of Forrest McDonald, an avowed con­ regard to her "liberation." She also became more acutely aware of the younger members to the left." servative of long standing, and views full-time work outside the the fact that this resilience is the Professor Glazer leaves himself Eugene Genovese, whose scholar­ home as an economic necessity and result of an ingenious manipulation open to the claim that he is apply­ ship is associated with the Marxist not necessarily as fulfillment of self. of official ideology. Acquiescence to ing what amounts to an ideological perspective. Generally speaking, Ideally, many women would like to orthodoxy provides a passport to eraser, especially when his gener­ textbooks assigned to undergradu­ have the option of not working at maintaining and developing the alization is applied to the field of ates are better than ever. all or working part-time. traditional values and national American history. The foregoing observations, how­ Some of my hosts often boasted heritage of the Azeris. The major The discipline of history was ever, are not meant to convey the about the fact that the new regime, prerequisite for the continued suc­ constructively affected by the impression of a seamless web that despite its many darker aspects, cess of the campaign aimed at events of the sixties, a statement af­ has survived the 1960s. Rather, the had initiated the emancipation of retrieving the national past is, in firmed by anyone with even pass­ very vitality of social history has women and had educated them. the words of my Baku friends, pa­ ing knowledge of the subfield of spawned varying perspectives. My own investigation in the ar­ tience. "Boldness may win us social history. To be sure, some Witness the sharp exchanges on chives and libraries made it pos­ fleeting fame abroad at the price of very good social history was being Afro-American slavery between sible for me to gather enough national suicide. We have to be pa­ written prior to this time—one Eugene Genovese and Herbert evidence to argue that in Azerbaid­ tient in order to survive and grow thinks of Oscar Handlin, Constance Gutman, each of whom has un­ zhan challenge to traditional affir­ strong and only then can we worry McLaughlin Green, and Merle questionably influenced scholarship mations concerning the role of about the fact that a falcon is born Curti—but its practice was not falling under this broad rubric. women had emerged prior to 1917. to enjoy only free skies," one of widespread. Indeed, what is most There is also the continued debate Muslim men—the reformers of the them said. In situ research makes exciting in the teaching and writing about antebellum social structure turn of the century—had raised im­ one aware of the modes of thought about the American past, circa stimulated by the prolific research portant social, political, and moral that generate such statements. It 1984, stems from seeds sown nearly of Edward Pessen. Bernard Bailyn, questions with regard to the place expands a topic to include nuances two decades ago. A conference of a distinguished contributor to the and role of women in their society. and reduces considerably the American intellectual historians literature of American history, and Moreover, documentary evidence likelihood of a black and white pic­ convened in 1977 at Wingspread to clearly not identified with the indicated that even at the end of ture. Finally it offers the invaluable assess their current circumstances political milieu of the 1960s, has the nineteenth century Muslim opportunity of engaging in a quickly discovered that the in­ research in progress on the Azeri women were not merely ob­ dialogue with colleagues, exchang­ fluence of social history upon their demography of early North jects of reform but had become ac­ ing views and discovering in the craft was undeniable. All who have America that already stands pre­ tively involved in the general effort process new dimensions of an old studied The Past Before Us: Contem­ eminent as an example of social aimed at reconciling Islam with the project or valuable sources that at porary Historical Writing in the United history and promises to offer an in­ imperatives of a rapidly changing first glance may have seemed irrele­ States, edited by Michael Kammen cisive critique about certain of its world. Most Azeri women, and for vant to the topic. for the American Historical Associa­ underlying theoretical assumptions. that matter most Azeri men, are The approval of my project by tion in 1980, cannot escape being It is a tribute to the importance of poorly acquainted with or the Academy of Sciences of the aware of social history's role. social history—and its origins in the altogether oblivious of the scope of U.S.S.R. contained a complete list But the latest textbooks for the student radicalism of the 1960s— the emancipation of women in the of institutions and materials that college-level survey courses provide that it has not only endured, but prerevolutionary period. It's dif­ would be open for my consultation the best support for my contention. flourished in unforeseen ways. Pro­ ficult for most Azeris to challenge in Moscow and Baku. In both cases Once the textbook was a preserve fessor Glazer's sweeping claim the government's claims to ex­ I had been denied archival access for narrative political history, or about disciplines not being "much clusivity in initiating the emancipa­ but given approval for the use of what has been labelled the improved" deserves revision when tion of Muslim women because of a all library holdings that I had re­ "presidential synthesis." Much applied to American history. lack of access to archival materials quested. One of my hosts and col­ more recently, clearly influenced by —Michael H. Ebner and because of an alphabet barrier. leagues, however, called to my at­ the legacy of the sixties, this has Associate professor The Arabic alphabet, which the tention the rich holdings (40,000 changed for the better. Accom­ Department of History Azeris had used for centuries, was titles covering the period between plished scholars of the very first Lake Forest College 5 7

(left) Victor Nekrasov (b. 1911) was among the first to write about the Rus­ sian soldier's return to civilian life. Sasha Sokolov (b. 1943) has taken the Writing in Exile Russian novel into unexplored territory with his highly original use of language.

No, neither under alien horizons the West, acknowledged that poli­ to warn the West. The opposite the writer as conscience and con­ Nor under the shelter of alien wings— tics—or its deliberate absence- opinion is held by Andrei Sinyav­ sciousness of the Russian people I was then with my people played a key role in their writing. sky, who delivered the writers' has earned him the displeasure of Where my people unfortunately was. According to Olga Matich, chair­ keynote address at the conference. older, more conservative emigre —Anna Akhmatova man of USC's Department of Slavic Sinyavsky is famous to Slavist writers. Since the Russian Revolution, there Languages and Literature and scholars as Abram Tertz, the A major difficulty to be faced by have been three successive waves organizer of the 1981 conference, pseudonym under which he led a third-wave writers, according to of emigration to the West where, "Although there are exceptions, second, secret literary existence Slavist scholar Deming Brown, was under the shelter of alien wings, ar­ Russian literature today is judged until he was identified in 1965 and the fact that they no longer enjoyed tists and writers have established by its political content, both in the sentenced to seven years' hard the great social prestige that they cultural centers in exile. Soviet Union and abroad. As a labor. Both writer and literary had as poets and writers—even as The first wave, most notably Kan­ result, the apolitical Russian writer critic, he has taught at the members of the literary under­ dinsky, Chagall, Stravinsky, and is just about trapped in the Sorbonne since emigrating and ground—in the Soviet Union. Nabokov, played a pivotal role in stranglehold of politics, even in the believes that literature serves its In the West, except among fellow the development of Western art. West where . . . critics tend to ap­ own purpose and need not be dic­ emigres, they inevitably have less The second wave fled from Stalin's ply political criteria to Russian tated by social conscience. prestige or recognition. For purely regime after World War II. Since literature. It is judged for the most Because stylistic dissidence can demographic reasons their reader­ the 1966 trial of Sinyavsky and part according to its testimonial and make a political statement even if ship is bound to be more limited Daniel for publishing tamizdat propaganda value." the work is not explicitly political, and, unless their writing should literature (publication abroad of If the reading public has come to scholars at the 1981 conference ex­ somehow circulate widely in the manuscripts ideologically or expect a political statement in Rus­ amined the self-proclaimed apoliti­ Soviet Union (very unlikely), their aesthetically unacceptable to the sian emigre writing, how does that cal position of some of today's Russian-language readership will Soviet intellectual establishment), affect the market for writing that is writers. The younger writers— shrink over the years. This cir­ emigration has been forced on a devoid of political message? Should Sokolov, Limonov, Tsvetkov, and cumstance is bound to take a third wave of writers as an alter­ the writers align themselves with Bokov—see themselves as being psychological toll. native to prison, internal exile, or Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the most radically different from the older, The scholars discussed Solzhenit­ psychiatric treatment. widely published of the third-wave politically engaged writers because syn's opinion that he is misunder­ In May 1981, a group of third- writers, and other anti-Soviet they believe they have freed them­ stood and beleaguered in both the wave writers—Sinyavsky, Aksyo­ writers engaged in the political selves from Soviet literary shackles. East and West, particularly as ex­ nov, Dovlatov, Tsvetkov, Limonov, issues of our times; or should they Edward Limonov declared his in­ pressed in his controversial speech Voinovich, Korzhavin, Aleshkov­ disengage and, by writing literature dependence by writing an auto­ at Harvard in 1978 and his 1980 ar­ sky, Bokov, Bobyshev, Nekrasov, of a more apolitical bent, risk not biographical novel, It's Me, Eddie!, ticle in Foreign Affairs, "Misconcep­ Gladilin, Sokolov (Solzhenitzyn only their livelihoods but the con­ which sent shock waves through tions About Russia Are A Threat to declined an invitation to attend)— demnation of their fellow exiles? the Russian emigre community America." In his paper, "The Exile met with American Slavist scholars The issue of disengaged vs. with its lavish use of obscenities Experience," Edward J. Brown sug­ in a conference, funded in part by engaged writing seems to divide and explicit descriptions of a series gested that an NEH grant, at the University of itself along age lines. Some of the of sexual encounters he experienced Perhaps the behavior of Solzhenitsyn in Southern California. older emigre writers at the con­ while living in New York City and our midst is merely a symptom of Recently published proceedings ference supported Solzhenitsyn's searching for a niche in this alien disorientation in an environment where from the 1981 conference, The Third view that the evils of the Soviet culture. the writer is neither honored as a pro­ phet nor persecuted as an enemy of the Wave: Russian Literature in Emigra­ system must be exposed both at Although the novel would not be state—two things which in the Soviet tion (Ardis, 1984), discuss the home and abroad. considered particularly shocking to Union could be the same thing. . . . writers and their work as well as For Solzhenitsyn, the message re­ Western readers, it is among the There is nothing comparable to that ex­ the issue of politics and its place in mains foremost, both to provide a first to violate an unspoken tradi­ perience in the pragmatic pluralistic Russian emigre writing. Most of the historical account of what actually tion in Russian literature against societies of the West. The reason writers are both honored and perse­ writers in attendance, although has occurred in Russia since the the use of obscenities. That viola­ cuted in the Soviet Union is that there holding widely divergent political Revolution (and not what is record­ tion and Limonov's rejection of the they are important, and there they are views about the Soviet Union and ed in official Soviet histories) and traditional Russian reverence for regarded as dangerous. The danger can be masked by the It's all around the hemisphere, without clever use of Aesopian language or any borders outside of grammar. In it can appear in satirical form as in spite of the forests felled to keep the Markovs and Bondarevs going, they'll the case of Vladimir Voinovich's be lucky to get asterisks in the history private Chonkin: Too good-natured of Russian literature. But the genuine and stupid to understand the writers—wherever their weary bonds elaborate structure of lies, half- and brains are located at the moment truths and pretenses inherent in they conceive, or write, or photocopy, or publish their works—will survive, the Soviet system, private Chonkin and the best of these will even flourish. constantly disarms or confuses the defense mechanisms of those Without a market for the around him to the point that they, literature of the third wave, as voluntarily or involuntarily, let out writers, their prospects for survival, the truth about themselves and the let alone success, were seen as ex­ world. tremely limited. Vasily Aksyonov, on the other In a paper titled "Book Publish­ hand, created "The Steel Bird," the ing and the Emigre Writer," Ashbel main character in a short story, Green of Alfred A. Knopf Pub­ who, over time intimidates the in­ lishers, reminded the writers that habitants of a Moscow apartment only a small community of house, becomes a tyrant, but is Americans reads serious literature finally driven out. Like Darth with 5,000 copies being the average Vader, the steel bird does not die print run for a single hardcover but simply flies away, perhaps one title. He advised the writers to find day to return. Aksyonov warns publishers and editors who be­ that, as with Stalin, although he lieved in their work; to promote may be dead, there are other "steel themselves, particularly on univer­ men" ready to take his place. sity campuses by giving readings Only Sasha Sokolov is truly apo­ and lectures; to be true to their litical in Matich's eyes, especially in own sensibilities and not try to Between Dog and Wolf, his post­ write for the popular audience; and modernist novel with its exclusive to keep themselves in the public EASTERN CIV focus on form and language and its eye by writing short fiction for Seymour Glass, J.D. Salinger's fic­ about Asia? intricate and difficult narrative publication in periodicals. titious hero, believed no education Barrier says that his university structure. Events in this novel oc­ Green also cautioned the writers was complete without study of has a handful of instructors cur in a timeless twilight, the time that "those Americans who do buy Asian thought and culture. teaching Asian courses in the social between the dog and the wolf, that and read books are primarily in­ He encouraged younger sister sciences, "but we've got very little hazardous time of day when the terested in reading about the and brother Franny and Zooey to in terms of the humanities." shepherd is unable to distinguish American experience or foreign read the Upanishads and the Dia­ In an effort to learn how to between his guard dog and the stories told from an American point mond Sutra, and to examine the bolster his program, Barrier attend­ wolf menacing his flock—a twilight of view. . . . The exception like lives of Gautama and Lao-tse even ed a two-day conference hosted by zone between fantasy and reality in Pasternak or Solzhenitsyn may be as they were discovering Homer, Columbia University last April on which all is possible and nothing is as much a result of publicity as Shakespeare and Walt Whitman. Asian studies in the undergraduate certain. Sokolov uses poetry in con­ literature. And although American Seymour thought the siblings curriculum. Also attending the veying the boredom felt by his hero publishers diligently continue to needed to broaden their horizons in NEH-sponsored conference were Yakov: publish translations, I won't pre­ tend that the aggregate is either order to understand people and the representatives from thirty-two Shall I have my old, tight housecoat substantial or increasing." world better. As one of Seymour's other colleges and universities—all cut to shreds To Matich, "Emigre writers will, favorites, the fourth-century B.C. looking for clues on how best to in­ To make patches for my new one, Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu, troduce the study of Asia into the Or shall I run off to town? of course, continue writing for their readers in Russia and will certainly put it, "You can't describe an undergraduate core curriculum. It was clear to scholars and be read as long as their literature ocean to a frog, the creature of a These included schools like the writers at the 1981 conference that can cross the borders." This, narrower sphere." University of Missouri, which the sense of cultural alienation is despite the fact that when a writer An increasing number of colleges already has some Asian expertise exacerbated by the limitations im­ emigrates, the bond between are coming to the same conclusion, but not an in-depth Asian under­ posed by a foreign language. Even himself and the reader back home believing that study of Asian graduate requirement, as well as Vladimir Nabokov, who had becomes weaker, and his sense of thought and literature should be schools like Hamline College in mastered English and used it be­ belonging erodes with time. For part of an undergraduate educa­ Minnesota, which is revising its yond the capabilities of many writers of the third wave, returning tion. Norman G. Barrier, chairman curriculum to include Asia. American writers, thought of the to Russia is not among the many of the history department at the The conference was designed not loss of Russian as analogous to the choices they face. In exile they University of Missouri at Columbia, only to define the challenges faced loss of a vital organ: "I had to must choose what to write and in explains, "A great many students by institutions seeking to introduce abandon my natural idiom, my un­ what language to express it; they are interested in learning more Asia to students, but to determine trammeled, rich, and infinitely must recognize the limitations of about the East. One of the best to what extent Columbia's own ex­ docile Russian tongue. ..." emigre literature with respect both ways to understand your own perience could be relevant. The question of what to say—and to the passage of time and the value systems and civilization is to Columbia, Seymour Glass's alma in what language to say it— realities of the Western market­ look at others." mater, was a logical place to begin eventually led to a discussion of place; and they must do this while But the University of Missouri this quest for advice. Conference emigre literature itself. In his remaining true to themselves and and many other schools share com­ coordinator Roberta Martin says paper, "The Remarkable Decade their craft. How these choices are mon problems: how can institutions that during the past four decades, That Destroyed Russian Emigre made will undoubtedly affect the with only a few Asian specialists the university has acquired a Literature," Carl R. Proffer, future course of Russian literature reapportion their resources in order reputation as perhaps the nation's publisher of Ardis Press, made this in the West. For scholars, it will be to offer undergraduate core preeminent school for Asian point: a fascinating process to observe and courses? How do specialists in a studies. Since 1948, the university [T]he very term "emigre literature" is record. —Caroline Taylor single discipline, in a single period, has expanded use of Asian texts in demeaning. It smacks of the ghetto. It or even in a single civilization undergraduate Courses, developing suggests something limited, narrow, prepare themselves to teach broad a series of core, introductory pro­ parochial, perhaps of interest for a "Russian Literature in Emigration: courses that cover vast material? grams that are interdisciplinary in time, but with no hope of entering the The Third Wave"/Olga Matich/Univer- What are different ways of in­ approach or thematic in content permanent culture of a language. sity of Southern California, Los troducing Asian materials into the and often team taught. To Proffer, there is only one Rus­ Angeles/$10,000/1980-81/Basic curriculum? And how can one Columbia also has published sian literature that matters. Research - Conferences avoid being superficial in teaching texts, source books, translations, 7 and should be taught by a team of creased publication of materials that teachers, and that colleges should could serve as teaching guides, realize that some faculty retraining sourcebooks, topical outlines, and likely is necessary. syllabi in such subjects as history Ainslie T. Embree, chairman of and comparative literature. At the Columbia's history department, least, these initiatives could help told conference participants that introduce more undergraduates to Asian studies often can redress the Orient. Western biases. And according to de Bary, “A For example, standard Western proper introduction serves the pur­ histories for decades portrayed poses of liberal education in two Commodore Matthew Perry's gun­ ways. It broadens the horizons of boat entry into Japan in the 1850s the mind and liberates it from as the dawn of modern civilization preoccupation with the immediate. for the floating kingdom. Yet as At the same time, it opens up new seen through Japanese eyes, the vistas, not in the sense of attaining event could be interpreted as mark­ the heights of knowledge and ing the downfall of certain tradi­ surveying in lordly fashion a new tional Japanese values. domain, but rather in the sense of At the conference, participants coming to a new realization of how discussed a variety of ways to bring much there is to be known." Asian studies home. Carol Gluck, a Or, as Lao-tse put it (more than a Columbia professor of Japanese Columbia for more than three century before Socrates): "He who history, suggested three main ways decades. It consists of several year­ knows others is learned. He who to incorporate the study of Asia in­ long core courses, offered as alter­ knows himself is wise." to an undergraduate curriculum: natives to standard university core —Francis J. O'Donnell Columbia's “great books" ap­ courses focusing on Western proach, use of an Asian “module" literature and civilization. “A Place for Asia in the Under­ in a survey course normally The Oriental civilization and graduate Core Curriculum in the devoted to the West, or simply humanities courses highlight the 1980s"/William T. deBary/Columbia sprinkling Asian material through­ "Great Books" and the develop­ University, NYC/$31,088/1983-84/Ex­ out a Western course. Though no ment of civilization in China, emplary Projects in Undergraduate and teaching guides, and introductions one could agree on what should Japan, India and the Islamic world. Graduate Education to Asian civilizations. Its three key constitute "standard" texts, they This parallel approach is based on backgrounders, Sources of Chinese did agree that the study of Asia in the essential premise that in a core Tradition, Sources of Indian Tradition, whatever form should complement curriculum, there should be a place (clockwise) Buddha Maitreya, China; and Sources of Japanese Tradition rather than replace traditional for at least one year-long course on Northern Wei dynasty, dated 477. have become classics in the field. studies. Notes de Bary: "To push Asia. Columbia tries to avoid Transcendental Buddha, Java, 6th—9th The university also has sponsored the East at the expense of the West courses on a single civilization, and Century; Buddha Sakyamuni, Thailand, earlier seminars on Asian studies in only compounds the problem. It is instead attempts initially to give 14th Century; Buddha Sakyamuni, 1958 and 1961—the latter attended not that we have been too Western students a broad, comparative view North India, 6th Century. by 200 college faculty members. and need to be reoriented to the of the unity and diversity of Asian These meetings were followed by East, but that we have suffered civilizations. two additional conferences in the general educational disorientation The University of Missouri's Bar­ early 1970s conducted in conjunc­ and need to find our proper bear­ rier says he believes a similar ap­ tion with the New York State ings in respect to the humanities in proach could work at his universi­ Education Department. both West and East." ty, not only providing students At the April conference, William The Columbia conference with a new perspective, "but also Theodore de Bary, Columbia's John organizers came away from the reinvigorating our traditional Mitchell Mason Professor and meeting convinced there are two Western humanities courses." former provost, pointed out that basic ways to meet this need—what The other chief method used at Columbia's Asian program actually they call the "parallel" approach, Columbia—the "incorporation" was initiated by Western classicists, and the "incorporation" method. system—involves comparative aiming to expand students' hori­ The former has been used now at courses in which East and West zons—particularly given Asia's ris­ are joined together by a common ing importance in world affairs theme. Columbia's Martin de­ since World War II. scribes, for example, the popularity Columbia's initial program was of a history course dealing with assembled under these premises: It World War II in both the United should include year-long courses, States and Japan. "Some students open to all undergraduates; it take this mainly to learn about should be selective and topical, not Japan, but they find it's an in­ comprehensive; it should be pan- teresting way to learn about the Asian and multi-disciplinary, focus­ United States as well," says Mar­ ing on the interplay of ideas and tin. “It shows there are other ways institutions; it generally should of teaching about the Orient than follow historical sequence, aiming simply focusing on that area to elucidate contemporary civiliza­ alone." tion through source readings and Columbia's faculty now includes discussions about the past; and it eighty Asian specialists drawn from should emphasize the unities and nineteen different departments, diversities of Asian civilizations. teaching 113 undergraduate courses De Bary suggested courses like dealing with Asia. those at Columbia could be But what about schools like the adopted at other colleges if the in­ University of Missouri? How can stitution was committed to the they fortify their programs? basic principles of a core curriculum Columbia's Martin notes that the and willing to devote at least one April conference identified two key semester to such a course. He add­ ways in which Columbia itself ed that courses on Asia should be could help other schools—through part of a general education program teacher training programs, and in­ 8 7 <. / V .

y all accounts intellectual and exciting research projects. life is flourishing in China Although it is not possible to today. As the country describe the entire spectrum of strives to achieve eco­ educational exchanges in China nomicB and scientific modernization, Cultural here, a brief description of the pro­ the nation's scholars are trying to grams that the Committee on meet their goal of catching up to Scholarly Communication has world standards of scholarship by Exchange developed since 1979 illustrates the the year 2000. Economic moderniza­ new range of opportunities for tion and all its technological prob­ American scholars in China. These lems are breeding a new generation after the programs are a national program of social scientists and humanists for advanced study and research who are studying the effects of for Americans in China, a recipro­ progress upon traditional Chinese cal short-term lecture-research pro­ society. Young Chinese are attend­ Cultural gram for senior scholars, and bi­ ing the universities in record lateral symposia. numbers. Graduate programs are The vision of American re­ gradually being strengthened; ad­ Revolution searchers interviewing at length vanced degrees and other honors Chinese traditional storytellers, are being awarded for the first time videotaping from television broad­ since the founding of the People's casts about seventy Chinese feature Republic of China in 1949. films of the 1920-83 period, or par­ In the humanities, traditionally ticipating in the field collection and strong disciplines continue to be ex­ laboratory analysis of Pleistocene traordinarily sound. History, archaeological materials from Inner literature, and philosophy, for ex­ Mongolia must have been far from ample, are characterized by great the minds of those who put to­ activity and diversity. Projects are gether the first nationally competi­ under way in the universities, the tive application program for re­ Chinese Academy of Social search and study in China in the Sciences, and other research institu­ fall of 1978. These were, however, tions. Previous restraints on real projects, completed during the scholarly interpretations have been period 1981-83 among a host of loosened so that an increasingly other research programs in China. realistic complexity and sophistica­ What made them possible was a tion of analysis have developed formal agreement between the among Chinese scholars. They are United States and China signed in relaxed and enthusiastic about their The Yellow River in Gansu Province. January 1979. Under this agreement work; everywhere there appears to approximately fifty American be a genuine willingness to discuss munication with the People's graduate students and scholars are current research activities. Republic of China (CSCPRC). selected each academic year and Into this positive intellectual at­ Formed in 1966 by three learned sent to China for periods of three mosphere enter educational ex­ societies—the American Council of months to one year. Since February changes between the United States Learned Societies, the National 1979, when the program began, 111 and China, which have grown Academy of Sciences/National Re­ graduate students and 180 research steadily in number and quality search Council, and the Social scholars have taken part. since the establishment of diplo­ Science Research Council, the Com­ The specific research projects are matic relations over five years ago. mittee was charged with exploring their field and to meet professional proposed by the applicants, who Today, American students and opportunities "to facilitate scientific colleagues. From 1972 through 1979 after careful screening and final scholars are living in China, taking and other scholarly communication the CSCPRC sponsored more than selection by a CSCPRC panel, are courses in Chinese universities, with China." Its founders included eighty such delegations in fields placed with an appropriate Chinese studying the language, and most some leading China scholars who ranging from Chinese archaeology host organization, such as a univer­ important, engaging in research saw the importance of linking their to plant photosynthesis, from agri­ sity or research institute. Because projects that could not be con­ disciplines with the scientific and cultural mechanization to tunnel- the requirement for Chinese lan­ ducted outside China. Despite technical fields represented by the boring technology. One-fifth of the guage proficiency for the students China's intellectual vigor at pres­ National Academy of Sciences. Un­ delegations to China were com­ is high, most are able to take ent, there is a legacy of years of fortunately the committee's found­ posed of scholars in the humani­ courses in Chinese and conduct neglect in some fields and Chinese ing coincided with the start of ties, and several China scholars in dissertation research in the scholars are using every opportuni­ China's cultural revolution, which the humanities served as escorts for language without the aid of inter­ ty to catch up with foreign scholar­ cut off all communication between American scientific and technical preters. For researchers in China ship. Americans in China today are the United States and the Chinese delegations. Only two of the forty- studies, language proficiency is im­ part of that process. Although liv­ mainland for several years. Only two Chinese delegations to the portant but not required. ing in China serves their own re­ with the waning of the cultural United States during this period Examples of specific research search needs, it also serves the revolution and the emergence of were in humanities disciplines, but projects illustrate the variety of ex­ longer-term goals of Chinese ties with the United States in the this is not surprising given China's periences. Susan R. Blader, assist­ scholars who are training their next early 1970s did scholarly com­ preoccupation with scientific and ant professor of Chinese language generations to enter the world aca­ munication become possible. technological modernization. and literature at Dartmouth, spent demic community. In 1972, just six months after Those who took part in the dele­ the period October 1981 to August According to the latest figures of President Richard Nixon's trip to gation visits may have felt that they 1982 trying to find out as much as the Chinese Ministry of Education, China and his signing of the were, as the Chinese proverb says, she could about Sanxia wuyi (The China has sent 8,900 government- Shanghai Communique, the "viewing flowers from horseback." Three Heroes and Five Gallants), the financed students to the United CSCPRC sponsored the first of But at a time when individual late nineteenth-century novel which States since 1979 and another 4,000 what became the operating mode of travel, let alone scholarly research originated in the oral narrative of have come at their own expense. educational exchanges with China in China, was almost unheard of, Shi Yukun. Aided by the members On the other side, 3,500 American throughout the 1970s—the survey these short visits formed the main­ of Peking University's Chinese students have gone to China to delegation. Typically composed of stay of educational exchanges. Department and China's National study and conduct research. ten to twelve members who trav­ When the diplomatic doors to Storytelling Society, Professor The most important national eled in China or the United States China finally opened wide in 1979, Blader spent most of her time in American organization involved in for one month, the delegation pro­ many of the American scholars China interviewing practitioners of academic exchanges with China is vided an opportunity for scholars who had seen China "from horse­ the traditional storytelling art. The the Committee on Scholarly Com- to learn about the developments in back" were in the vanguard of new highlight of her visit was attend­ 9 photographs courtesy of the CSCPRC uem t h Upr aaoihc ie fDyo Es o Hhht Inner Huhehot, of East Dayao, of site Mongolia. Palaeolithic Upper the at Museum opst pg, otm Jh Osn n Wn Ypn o h Inr Mongolia Inner the of Yuping Wang and Olsen John bottom) page, (opposite 10 Mongolia was carried out by John John by out carried was Mongolia Province, Shandong in Monastery Tong Shen the at carvings Buddhist (above) the future of storytelling, storytelling, of future the work in the IVPP fostered many many fostered IVPP the in work atmosphere The China. in archaeological remains and fossils Pleistocene human on with book a colleagues his editing and Sciences of translating Academy Chinese the Paleontology the at Vertebrate of months Institute three spent later He archaeologically. unknown tually of area an in environ­ change and mental data cultural collect long-term to on Hohhot in Museum in China to visit second London. his of During University Archaeology, re­ postdoctoral a currently Olsen, and written literature, the meaning meaning the of literature, written and talked they discussions their In the in artist most storytelling the popular Shengbo, Jin viewing subse­ the and Suzhou in Festival oe contacts. more this characterized that and cooperation collaboration professional of of (IVPP) Paleoanthropology and vir­ is that Mongolia Inner southern Mongolia Inner the of sponsorship of Institute the at associate search wuyi about the relationship between oral oral between relationship the about area. Shanghai-Suzhou-Hangzhou inter­ spent she days several quent Storytelling Southern the at ance 1983, Dr. Olsen worked under the the under worked Olsen Dr. 1983, Archaeological fieldwork in Inner Inner in fieldwork Archaeological e hua wen n is au ad popularity. and value its and (culture and education), education), and (culture Sanxia

rga (SP poie a oppor­ an provides (DSEP) Program an scholar, one only 1979, in began ar­ satisfactory a to lead usually and researcher individual the of hardiest the even can down obfuscation wear bureaucratic general of denial scholars; restrictions interviewing on museums; or libraries, China. in life of aspect frustrating rangement. Since the program program the Since rangement. and sites; field visit to permission quainted with their peers in the the in peers their reac­ or with quainted acquainted get op­ to this of portunity advantage scholars taken Chinese have 70 100 and over 1983 American and visits. 1979 Between three-month) to short­ (one- during term pro­ colleagues meet and fessional ex­ in research, engage ploratory lecture, both to in countries scholars senior for tunity Exchange Scholar CSCPRC's Distinguished The activities. such above described projects research refused been placement. has anthropologist, CSCPRC the by support of staunch part the on persistence but souls, archives, in to materials access relevant obtaining of a Difficulty be can that project almost research in every there inherent them, problems on are dwell not do tions te country. other to lead that contacts initial the are lhuh h peeig illustra­ preceding the Although Perhaps as important as the the as important as Perhaps

small, providing for an exchange of of exchange an for is providing DSEP the small, exchanges, tional James Cahill, Immanuel Hsu, Hsu, Immanuel Cahill, James Ministry of Education. of Ministry Chinese and colleagues nominate may their scholars addition, American In adver­ is nationally. and tised competition to open sciences and humanities each each humanities social and the in sciences scholars fifteen about Theodore de Bary, Hans Frankel, Frankel, Hans Bary, de Theodore sim­ A CSCPRC? the to important emy of Social Sciences and the the and Sciences Acad­ Social of Chinese half emy the other by the selected are Chinese; the Americans half the and half selects The CSCPRC participate. to scholars is program The year. academic pn h drcin fftr ex­ future of direction the upon fields, their in studies in­ upon great have fluence will They partici­ all pated. (actor)—have Ruocheng Zhilian Zhang chaeologist), Houxuan Hu as such Chinese scholars and others; among William Inkeles, Alex Aaron, pants is high. American scholars scholars American partici­ high. is the of pants quality pro­ the if short-term be gram a can in much so accomplished that is answer ple et o yas o come. to years for felt 1980, in held and literature archaeology, comparative history, Chinese programs. change and students, graduate their upon Ying and (playwright), Yu (historian), Cao Jiaqi Mao (historian), (ar­ Zhongshu Wang (historian), Daniel Franklin, Hope John as such scholarship in their fields will be be will fields their in upon im­ scholarship meetings the for these of wait, pact long the of wards three these In results. research one that hoped always 1970s progress its the in followed the and created CSCPRC who Those with China. communication scholarly ypsa a b fud h re­ the found be may symposia sharing table, conference together a sitting around be would Chinese scholars and Americans day in landmarks are 1983 and 1982, Jiangnan during the Ming, the the Ming, the during Jiangnan to Song, the in privileges legal papers American the of focus volve historians and social scientists scientists social and historians volve itr, n te srus of "sprouts the and history, in groups topics power such regional as covered The papers Chinese population. Qing of studies to China, imperial late the in and state economy the from ranged The time. first the for historians in­ and universities scholars several Chinese from the in meeting. participate Beijing to University Michigan, the of from eco­ and historian nomic specialist China Feuer- werker, Albert scholars, Professor ten by of led delegation CSCPRC a The chose countries. both from social status of peasants in Chinese Chinese in peasants of status social American with met of Academy Sciences Social Chinese the of stitutes in­ to designed topic to broad a Dynasty 1900," Song the from China "social and economic history in in history economic and "social n h oeal cee f educa­ of scheme overall the In Why is such a small program so so program small a such is Why Three symposia in fields of of fields in symposia Three The first symposium examined examined symposium first The aiaim" n Suzhou. in " capitalism variety of issues in Shang dynasty dynasty Shang a in issues discuss of to world variety the scholars around thirty from than more together rich archaeological finds on the the on finds increasingly archaeological the rich Because history. in held Civilization, Shang very core of Shang culture, and and culture, the Shang at of are core that very socie­ matters Shang ritual in ty, the women of regarding position arisen age, have that questions new understanding to opening doors constantly are Shang brought Hawaii, in 1982 September problems of lineage structure and and structure lineage of problems brought together scholars from the the from scholars it together because brought unique also con­ was The ference significance. political its Zhongshu, a vice president of the the of president vice a Zhongshu, Anyang. at dynas­ sites Shang ty excavating colleagues time, first the for Taiwan and PRC Noted Chinese literary scholar Qian Qian scholar literary Chinese Noted litera­ other in half and literature its inspired already in has 1983 August Beijing, in held posium, close were they the when since 1940s other late each who seen not Taipei, had from Ch'u-hsun Kao u as i a oet n unspec­ and modest a in also but Chinese Academy of Social Social of Academy Chinese lines. similar along divided participants were Chinese their tures; Chinese in specialized to half China, delegation the American of ten the members f O issues. literary planning begin to organizers and Peking from Nai Xia as such perhaps flatter ourselves that we we that ourselves flatter perhaps another meeting in 1986 on modern modern on 1986 in meeting another literary influence and diachronic diachronic and influence literary Ses­ history." making way, tacular record, a establishing only not are Sciences, opened the conference conference the opened Sciences, fields? While it certainly is too early early too is certainly it respective While their fields? upon had programs theory, literary with dealt sions with the remarks, "W e may may e "W remarks, the with ln wt popcs o te future. the for prospects offered with be may along some observations judgments, specific sweeping make to comparison literary studies, analogy to unpublished materials. The The materials. access meant unpublished has to there working for practice. and theory studies, genre and analogy synchronic and iig ees f orpin n the in corruption of levels rising the in pressures per­ that inflationary to tain questions ask­ the important of allow ing and long time of for periods economy the in secular trends the indicate over They all from empire. data of thousands of pieces of tens Qing covering the to court, officials submit­ local lists by ted price through combing Kent at history of Yeh- professor Wang is ar­ chien, example other An any in chive. than there have more worked of China; historians premodern point American focal the many for been has Archive Beijing in (Ming-Qing) ne O Number China, in history re­ Chinese on conduct to search opportunity the at oit, hc i tr my eae to relate may turn in which society, months spent who University, State The International Conference on on Conference International The h Cmaaie ieaue y ­ Sym Literature Comparative The What impact have these exchange exchange these have impact What American historians have rejoiced rejoiced have historians American bureaucracy (when salaries were the archaeology curriculum, with fixed in the face of rising inflation), subjects such as political study, which influence the behavior of of­ world history, foreign language, ficials as well as the social evalua­ and physical education filling the tion of the state structure. remainder of each student's course In literature, exchanges have had load. The orientation of the pro­ a dramatic effect on scholarship in gram from the outset is to train both countries in terms of sub­ competent professional archaeolo­ stance, methodology, and ap­ gists with little chance for students proach. The fact that literature and to experience the range of the the arts have high visibility and liberal arts as traditionally con­ political sensitivity in China make ceived in the United States. As in the exchanges all the more extraor­ many developing countries, the dinary, for the Chinese intellectuals "luxury" of college as a period of who were once persecuted now oc­ experimentation and career explora­ cupy an honored place in the tion is not seen as a viable option Chinese literary scene and are play­ in China today. ing a crucial role in shaping Beida students are channeled American understanding of contem­ socially, as well as academically. porary Chinese literature and folk They are generally assigned to dor­ culture. The effect on the American mitories according to the fields they scholarly scene may be seen in the have selected as majors and attend research and conference activities the majority of courses with class­ over the past few years. Today's mates who have chosen the same unprecedented creativity in Chinese field. By a process unknown to me, literature directly benefits American a ban zhang (class head) is selected research. Written resources are for each class group, with certain relatively easy to obtain, except for responsibilities of leadership for the rare books and obscure journals, entire class. Although such aca­ and living writers and older- demic and social structures certain­ generation scholars are readily ac­ ly inculcate a degree of esprit de cessible. Because of the vulnerabili­ ust before I left China, one of away are the famous Yuan Ming corps among Beida students that ty of Chinese literature to political my fellow archaeology Yuan ("Garden of Perfection and would be unheard of among their interference, however, there is graduate students reproached Light") ruins and the Summer American counterparts, the regi­ always the danger of a return to me by saying that I had stuck Palace. The fact that my father had mentation does not seem op­ repressive policies, which would af­ too much to the set plan that graduated from Yenching Universi­ pressive nor does it pose a threat to fect American studies in China. I had brought with me. My room­ty years before provided a note of any student's individuality. It is The history of exchanges spon­ Jmate had earlier told me that I was personal significance for me. also worth noting that simply by sored by the Committee on the type of person who tried to get I chose Beida because my focus in virtue of gaining entrance to college Scholarly Communication since things done too hastily. I do believe the anthropology department at and to Beida in particular, the 1972, together with the support it that a single-mindedness bordering Harvard is on Chinese archaeology. students I knew constituted a has received from both the Ameri­ on the fanatic is often necessary to While at least nine other Chinese group more socially selective than can and Chinese governments, has achieve specific objectives in China. universities now offer programs in any entering class at Harvard. encouraged it to seek future expan­ But my friends' opinions reminded archaeology (Fudan, Jilin, Nanjing, In their third and fourth years, sion, as funding permits. Programs me of regrets I had over the course Nankai, Northwest, Shandong, archaeology students undertake for long- and short-term research in of the year at passing by potentially Sichuan, Xiamen and Zhongshan practical training at excavation sites China, as well as scholarly sym­ rewarding experiences and relation­ universities), the archaeology con­ throughout the country. For the posia and field development, par­ ships because they just did not fit centration at Beida has had the most part these excavations con­ ticularly in the social sciences and into my "schedule." longest tradition among them, and stitute major research projects, humanities, is becoming increasing­ In the fall of 1980 I was one of is widely acknowledged to be the often of long-term duration, rather ly important; activities in the near nine American graduate students strongest. In addition to a disting­ than mere salvage operations. They future will involve programs in participating in the U.S.-China aca­ uished faculty, which over the are both designed and supervised American studies, economics, demic exchange administered by years has led some of the most im­ by members of the archaeology history, philosophy, and literature. the Committee on Scholarly Com­ portant excavations of Chinese faculty. The students are thus en­ The goal of all these programs re­ munication with the People's sites, Beida graduates now occupy trusted with considerable respon­ mains, in essence, scholarly com­ Republic of China. Along with four a large number of the leading posi­ sibility for the scientific recovery munication between America and of the other students, I had asked tions among archaeologists at other and preservation of important China through the establishment of to be placed at Peking University universities, museums, and organi­ cultural resources. Although final collegial relations with the young (Beijing Daxue, or "Beida" as it is zations working primarily in ar­ reports have been published for and older generations of Chinese commonly referred to in Chinese). chaeology such as the Institute of some of these digs, I often heard of scholars. Founded in 1898, Beida is Archaeology of the Chinese Acad­ the tremendous backlog of reports —Patricia Jones Tsuchitani generally regarded as one of the emy of Social Sciences. Aside from still awaiting publication. Ms. Tsuchitani is assistant staff direc­ foremost universities in China to­ the opportunity simply to see some For most of the core archaeology tor of the Committee on Scholarly day. In 1953 Beida was moved from of the sites and artifacts that I had courses at Beida, the textbooks Communication with The People's its original location near the Forbid­ previously only read about, per­ used are not commercially available Republic of China and manages the den City in downtown Peking to sonal contact with the scholars and publications but manuscript texts Committee's exchange programs in the occupy the campus of the former students in the archaeology depart­ prepared by members of the faculty humanities. Yenching University, established by ment at Beida greatly enriched my and printed inexpensively by the Americans in the early twentieth understanding of the manner in university's press, or mimeo­ century using indemnities paid by which these remains were brought graphed. Similar materials are used China after the Boxer Rebellion. to light, and of the intellectual in other schools". Although the texts The site is in the northwest suburbs milieu in which interpretations of are represented as being the prod­ of the city, a relatively peaceful their significance were formulated. uct of collective effort, it is often area favored for imperial and The core of the four-year archae­ the case that the senior professor aristrocratic summer residences ever ology program consists of a series responsible for teaching a particular since the tenth century. Around the of required courses in Chinese ar­ course will also be the principal campus itself can be seen traces of chaeology, ranging from the Paleo­ contributor to the current edition of the villa and gardens first belong­ lithic through the historically the relevant text. Such, for exam­ ing to an aristocrat of the Qing recorded dynasties. Chinese ple, is the case for Shang Zhou Ar­ Dynasty Emperor, Qian Long epigraphy and courses in ar­ chaeology, the textbook for the Beida (1736-1795). Just a short bicycle ride chaeological methodology round off course of the same name and the 11 work of its senior instructor, Pro­ was less than systematic, indeed in­ fessor Tsou Heng. The text has volving considerable wasted effort, recently been published commer­ I count the experience of getting cially, and is thus easily available to there on my own steam valuable in other specialists in the field. With itself for providing insight into the rapid pace of Chinese archae­ some of the practicalities of field ological work, there is a great need research in China today. Along the for such texts throughout China. way, I met a great variety of people During my two semesters at from local archaeologists and geolo­ Beida I attended courses taught by gists to small-town officials, who Professors Tsou Heng (Shang Zhou helped me in many ways although Archaeology) and Yu Wei-chao (War­ they were under no particular ring States-Qin-Han Archaeology), obligation to do so. I even managed which covered the periods of to assemble a small collection of Bronze- and Iron-Age China, my jade minerals, of no commercial Traveling particular interest. Both Professors value but of considerable interest to Tsou and Yu are Beida graduates my studies. and leading authorities in their During my stay at Beida, there Among the respective areas. Their command of were fewer than ten other foreign material, their scholarship, and students involved in the archae­ their teaching ability reflect the ology program. For the most part, Story- high standards maintained by all we enjoyed a remarkable amount of the senior faculty I encountered. At freedom to participate in all aspects the same time, they both displayed of the program with certain excep­ Tellers quite personalized and distinctive tions, such as joining in the weekly approaches to teaching, each effec­ political study sessions. Many of us traveler often happens tive in his own way. were rooming with Chinese class­ upon the unexpected, One example of the concreteness mates from whom we learned but sometimes it is a and detail of course content that is much not only about Chinese ar­ thing so extraordinary of particular appeal to the foreign chaeology, but about Chinese life. thatA it does not fit in with his student of Chinese archaeology is The main obstacles to the foreign understanding of the world, and he Then she tied her sari to a rafter the amount of time devoted by student derive from his or her lack must change his way of thinking to and hanged herself. both men to illustrating and dis­ of fluency in Chinese and the accommodate it. Such an encounter Ramanujan, a professor in the cussing ceramic typologies and restriction placed on foreign par­ befell linguist A. K. Ramanujan department of South Asian lan­ seriation, regularly employing rep­ ticipation in archaeological field­ twenty years ago when he was guages and in the Committee for resentative artifacts as teaching work. The latter, of course, is ob­ journeying among villages in south Social Thought at the University of aids. Ceramic remains constitute viously the most frustrating draw­ India gathering and tape recording Chicago, recognized at once the the most abundant category of ar- back to foreigners studying Chinese dialect samples and folk tales. One Oedipus legend. He was astonished tifactual material from the Shang to archaeology, but it is one that will very hot day in May, when he had by the similarity in structure be­ the Han Dynasty and are the most certainly relax as China grows despaired of finding stories and tween the Greek myth and the building blocks of archaeological more secure in its external rela­ stopped for a drink of water, he South Indian folk tale, but he was cultures and periodizations. Oppor­ tions. We were allowed to visit one asked a half-blind, old village even more intrigued by the dif­ tunities to conduct such studies of the sites as a group, a neolithic woman to tell him a tale. Speak­ ference in the two stories: The folk outside of China are negligible, cemetery in Shandong Province, at ing very fast, the woman told about tale lacked the central conflict be­ however. The biases of early which Beida students were con­ a girl born with a curse that she tween father and son so important Western collectors of Chinese ar­ ducting fieldwork. Though brief, would marry her own son and to the Oedipus myth. The Indian chaeological materials understand­ this visit was a rare first-hand op­ beget a son by him. Ramanujan rendition was told not from the ably tended more toward elite portunity to observe Chinese ar­ turned on his recorder. doomed son's point of view, but goods such as bronzes and jades chaeology in action. According to the story, when the from the mother's. "It changed my than to the utilitarian pottery. The admonishments I received girl heard of the curse, she ran view of certain psychological A practical orientation and Marx­ and regrets I felt after leaving away to the forest where she ate theories," he says. "I've thought it ist doctrine lent theoretical discus­ China and Beida stemmed from the only fruit and avoided all males. over and over, many times. Now I sion a less prominent place than in brevity of my one-year stay. While But when she reached puberty, she look at both Sophocles and folklore the American classroom, but theo­ I had tried to expand the time by ate a mango from a tree where a differently." retical and interpretative issues are dividing my attention equally be­ passing king had urinated. She Since 1956, Ramanujan has been discussed to a significant degree in tween my research and learning became pregnant and bore a son. collecting folk tales from those Beida archaeology courses. about Chinese life in general, the Bewildered, she wrapped the child regions of South India where Kan- I came to China with the hope of only real means of achieving the in a piece of her sari and threw nada, one of twenty-one Dravidian conducting research into the nature second task is time. This realization him into a nearby stream. The in­ tongues, is spoken. (The Dravidian and sources of ancient Chinese is shared by most of my American fant was rescued by a neighboring languages belong to an independ­ jades, a topic I have been in­ colleagues, because the majority re­ king and grew to be a handsome, ent language family unrelated to vestigating for the past several quested extensions of their stays. adventurous prince. any of the world's languages, in­ years of dissertation work at Har­ Since returning, I have been One day, the prince was hunting cluding the Indo-European ones of vard. In pursuit of this goal, I took pleased to find that a fairly steady in the forest and encountered the northern India such as Hindi.) Kan- advantage of time free from courses stream of Chinese archaeologists, cursed woman. They fell in love nada is spoken by at least 30 and other obligations at Beida to including the Beida Professors Tsou and she married him, not realizing million Indians living in the state of travel to important sites and to the and Yu, have found their way as that she was marrying her own Karnataka and elsewhere, and the museums that held the relevant ar­ visitors to Harvard and other son. When a son was born to Kannada literary tradition stretches tifacts, as well as to such out-of- American universities. I can only them, the baby was wrapped, ac­ back at least to the tenth century. the-way destinations as operating hope that as China becomes even cording to custom, in his father's During the last two decades, a jade mines and workshops. more open, both internally as a swaddling clothes. The woman surge of interest in Indian regional Although I profited immensely society and externally as a nation, recognized her sari and knew that folklore has prompted university from the advice of both faculty such scholarly exchange will her curse had been fulfilled. When folklore departments in Karnataka members and classmates at Beida, become more routine than the rest of the family was asleep, to collect about 3,000 stories, one of once out on the road I was pretty remarkable. she sang a lullaby to her son: the richer repositories of folk tales much on my own, both with regard —Jeffrey Kao in the world. Sleep to the mechanics of travel—at times O son Over the years, Ramanujan him­ to remote spots reached only by Mr. Kao is a graduate student in ar­ O grandson self has recorded and transcribed bicycle or foot—and to introducing chaeology at Harvard University. He O brother to my husband almost 500 stories. Of these, he myself to local authorities. While spent an academic year at Peking Sleep O sleep now has translated and commented research conducted in this fashion University in 1980. Sleep well upon fifty for an anthology of pan- 12 Indian tales that he expects to com­ powers—either sexual potency or They differ from the tales spun plete by next year. With an in­ political dominance—from the publicly at village festivals by troduction and an index of motifs, younger generation. In the Indian traveling bards. He likens the these tales will provide Western model, a youth gains virtue by sur­ distinction to that represented by readers with a first comprehensive rendering power and in time, tak­ two ancient Tamil words: Akam, view of the central themes and pat­ ing the place of the parent. Per­ "interior," and puram, "exterior." terns of South Indian folklore. haps, Ramanujan speculates, in They have come to include the con­ Scholars derive meaning from a regions where tradition is all-im­ cepts of "private," that is, familial tale by tracing its inner pattern and portant, mythology lodges power in or domestic, and "public." observing how it differs from the elders' hands; but where in­ The teller of an akam tale is usual­ others with similar structures. In novation is important, it is ly a grandmother, or other house­ his commentaries, Ramanujan dis­ necessary for mythological figures hold member. Puram tales are cusses variants of each tale within to overthrow the parents. In Moses recited by professionals who use the Kannada area, then studies and Monotheism, Freud described a songs, dances, and mime to arouse parallels in other Indian regions hero as one who overthrows his audience emotion, and may even and in classical and world folklore. parent, he points out. have an "answerer" to serve as a For this comparative analysis Ramanujan does not believe that kind of chorus, asking questions Ramanujan uses the many folk- this shows that Indian culture dif­ that express the audience reaction. motif indexes that classify tales fers in fundamental human values Akam tales are simple and direct, from various parts of the world ac­ from that of Western society. and characters rarely have names. cording to the motif or basic struc­ "Myths show us the possibilities of "Names are part of our public ture, such as Stith Thomson's a culture," he says. Noting that selves," Ramanujan says. So in the Motif-Index of Folk Literature, which Freud did not emphasize that part more complex puram stories, nearly uses a decimal classification of the story in which Laius, all characters are named. scheme. Oedipus' father plots to kill the in­ From puram stories come myths Ramanujan also finds the work of fant Oedipus, Ramanujan says, of the origin of villages and births ferent part of our brain, and are af­ Freud and Jung useful. "The collec­ "Freud knew other aspects of of gods and goddesses. At their fected differently, and remember tive symbolism of mythology and Greek myth, but the Oedipus story most elaborate, puram stories differently." individual symbolism as revealed in fitted the mirror of his time." In become theater. The son of a university professor, dreams, neuroses, or errors, give the long run, Ramanujan believes, In a region where television sets Ramanujan grew up in Karnataka entry into rich unconscious sources "the myth and folklore allow one are only now beginning to be and remembers the pleasures of of meaning," he says. Psychology to look insightfully at a culture and household objects, and where listening with his siblings to stories is useful to the folklorist because it see many contradictory things in it. perhaps no more than 35 percent of told by his grandmother or one of analyzes "the dynamic processes As a culture changes, it finds the population is literate, folklore the servants. by which symbols are made and another myth, or a new meaning carries the important function of Although he studies folk tales for used by groups and individuals for for the same myth." imparting cultural values. Ramanu­ what they reveal to him of the purposes of disguise as well as ex­ The Indian version of the jan stresses that an illiterate person ethos and world view of Kannada pression," he says. But Ramanujan Oedipus legend is narrated from may nevertheless be highly edu­ culture, Ramanujan—a poet as well is skeptical about fixed dogma such the point of view of a mother cated for what he does. "Knowl­ as a teacher—is attracted first by as the notion that there are collec­ rather than a son not only because edge of medicine or plants, or the the aesthetics of a story. "The tales tive archetypes. "Anyone who uses she is an elder but also because it nature of human beings is trans­ are beautiful and moving them­ Freud's or Jung's ideas will modify belongs to a group of tales told by mitted orally and a whole treasury selves because they involve human and rework them in various ways," women to children. "Men are of literature is learned by heart,” situations," he says. he continues. pawns in these stories of women's he says. Ramanujan believes that with this Reflecting that we are also mold­ fate," Ramanujan writes. In the Even in urban areas of India, nonlogical, imaginative appeal to ed by our cultures, he observes that story, kinship relations are people still pass on traditions the emotions are transmitted con­ Freud took as a model from the destroyed and family order shat­ through folklore, according to cepts of what is desirable in human Oedipus legend a son destined to tered. "That seems to be part of Ramanujan, because city dwellers character and what is valuable in a overthrow his father. In India, the terror of the incest taboo and today are only a step away from culture. "The stories I think about Ramanujan, who has traveled the poignancy of some of the folk their villages and are still in touch and analyze are ones that haunt through all eight districts of Kar­ tales." with elders who remember stories. me. Like poetry and dreams. There nataka, could find no examples of Other tales relate to most of life's In Indian households, stories is always something in them which stories where a son slays his father. passages—"initiation" rites for boys usually are told at mealtime rather I don't fully understand." The closest parallels were stories of and girls, stories of love and work, than at bedtime as in this country. —Anita Mintz disciples in conflict with their ordeals, exile and return, sin and "W e might call them "food-time powerful gurus. punishment, death, and the search stories," Ramanujan suggests. "Indian Oral Tales (from the Kannada On the contrary, Ramanujan for magic objects. "Sleeping and feeding are the two Region): Texts and Contents"I A. K. finds that in Indian myths, the The stories told by women to times we are most vulnerable to in­ Ramanujan/University of Chicago, older generation consistently takes children interest Ramanujan most. fluences. We listen then with a dif­ IL/$15,000/1982-83/Translations (above, this page) Bal India of Embassy the of courtesy photographs Krishna Sees the Moon in His Bath, an illus­ tration from a Bhaga- vata-Purana manu­ script, ca. 1810. Bride's Toilet, a painting by Amnita Shurgill. TRAVEL

Ed. note: These books were published and exploration of wonders closer literature, University of Chicago art (clockwise from right) The Statue of with support from the NEH Publica­ to home: the spectacular mor­ historian Barbara M. Stafford ex­ Memnon, from Description of the East, tions Program, which makes grants to phology of Switzerland; the myste­ amines the link between empirical 1745/1747. Spherical Lava amid Ir­ presses to ensure the dissemination of rious stonework of the Druidic and science and the fine arts. regular Prisms, from Essai de geologie, works of scholarly distinction in the Celtic past at Stonehenge in Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, 1803-1809. P. Bertholon, Erupting 1787. Eskimos alongside the humanities that could not be published England and Carnac in Brittany. At Nature and the Illustrated Travel Ac­ Volcano, ship Blossom , drawing in a manuscript without a subvention. all levels of society men and count, 1760-1840, studies the expedi­ journal in 1826. John Russell, M oon in women followed the voyages of tions of the time as well as the Plano, from the Lunar Planisphere, Voyage into Substance: Art, discovery just as they followed the popular narratives and atlases that 1809. (top, both pages) The Western­ Science, Nature, and the Illustrated experiments of Franklin, Volta, brought the explorers' observations most of Scots Islands, 1792: detail from Travel Account, 1760-1840. Barbara Lavoisier and Priestley. to an eager and receptive lay au­ engraving of a coastal profile by Maria Stafford. MIT Press. 643 The advent of flight, which dience. Every season, it seemed, Thomas Heddington, in atlas to Van­ pages. launched a new scientific field, had its reports of a new enterprise. couver's Voyage. The first manned ascent of a hot aeronautics, was yet another sign air balloon, accomplished outside of mankind's penetration of nature. Paris in the fall of 1783 by the two The aeronauts, navigators of the Montgolfier brothers, stirred the air, were hailed as new Promethe- imagination of all Europe. The uses who would conquer the waves literate public was already in thrall of the atmosphere as sailors ruled to reports of the scientific expedi­ the sea. tions and global voyages of dis­ According to Enlightenment covery that described such amazing belief, all nature was a book that natural phenomena as the geog­ could, with proper understanding, raphy of the South Pacific and the be read. Readers in the late eight­ coasts of India, the icebergs of the eenth and early nineteenth cen­ polar regions and the uncanny turies had a voracious appetite for solitude of what Chateaubriand travel books in which the art of il­ called the "marginless" lakes of the lustration conveyed what the North American continent. travelers had discovered. In a major Scientific expeditions were spon­ the major scientific expeditions and There was also the "discovery” new work focusing on travel sored by European governments voyages, was, Stafford says, "the and monarchs (Captain Cook's explorers' unblunted appetite for ships were crown vessels); royal natural phenomena," an appetite academies and learned societies; almost as sharp among the readers trading companies such as Hud­ of their accounts. Thus the book is son's Bay and the East Indian Com­ based on a thorough reading of pany; and scores of individual contemporary scientific works on amateurs and scientists. Virtually the myriad subjects embraced by all of them recorded and illustrated the Enlightenment notion of their findings. Their serious pur­ "natural philosophy." pose was to present scientific truth These include popular illustrated as accurately as possible. works in mineralogy, climate, the The audience that devoured the northern lights, meteors, mists and travel literature of the day had fogs, shells, fossils, phosphor­ taken to heart Bacon's injunction to escence, caves and grottoes, ther­ explore and explicate the relation mal springs, crystallography, the between the mind of man and the pyramids, lava, waterspouts, and nature of things, and to "establish monumental stone configurations and extend the power and dom- found on Easter Island, in India, or inination of the human race itself Cornwall. over the universe." In order to do Because her work explores the in­ this, Stafford maintains, art became terplay of the scientific and the ar­ a language of science: tistic imagination, Stafford also "A logical outgrowth of the Baco­ draws on philosophical, aesthetic, nian conviction that the external and critical works of the period to world is the real world and that delineate the mental landscape in our senses, when trained, can pro­ which the travel accounts played vide a replica of it, [was that] art such an important role. could . . . be regarded as the The 270 reproductions of contem­ crown of science . . . Art was porary illustration form a panorama elevated to the task of picturing of eighteenth-century scientific and reality." artistic inquiry: bizarre rock forma­ The common denominator of all tions in China and New Zealand, photographs courtesy of MIT Press and the University of Washington Press 14 philosophy," he wrote. "It is phasizing the close literary ties that a shared device of travel literature therefore in the original writers of then existed among European na­ and prose fiction. He links the itineraries and journals, that the tions, Adams's study traces the great popularity of the first-person philosopher looks for genuine truth common threads up through pres- narrator in early fiction with its and real observation." ent-day fiction. widespread use in the recit de In addition to NEH support, The most obvious ties between voyage. Voyage Into Substance received travel literature and novel is the Though the personal, subjective awards from the Millard Meiss "romance" journey structure. The nature of these genres has always Fund and the J. Paul Getty Trust. romance in one form or another been one of their most endearing —Barbara Delman Wolfson has been the basis for written travel elements, Adams suggests that the accounts since Herodotus wrote of purists—in all ages—who have been Travel Literature and the Evolution his journeys in the fifth century insistent on muting the subjective of the Novel. Percy G. Adams. The B.C. The setting forth and the and stressing the strict adherence University Press of Kentucky. 368 return—as with fiction—may be to fact are in some ways responsi­ pages. marvelous: wrecks at sea, frighten­ ble for the low regard in which the "I am tormented with an ing animals or people, captivity in travelogue is held. everlasting itch for things remote strange lands, harrowing adven­ It is true that the literature of ex­ . . . to sail forbidden seas, and land tures, and narrow escapes. It is the ploration can be predominantly im­ on barbarous coasts," says Ishmael, hero's "Call to Adventure." In fic­ aginative, primarily historical, or the narrator and survivor of Mel­ tion this takes the form of voyages simply documentary. It can be writ­ ville's Moby-Dick. to the unknown, the lure of adven­ ten by a participant, a companion So it has been since the first reed ture, the fascination of travel. All of or an observer; it can be the work boats and vast transcontinental these are found in the Ulysses Fac­ of an editor or a historian close to migrations impelled man into the tor, in Borges' Mediterranean ship's or far from the facts. Other forms unknown world. Crossing time and sailing forever, in Gulliver's inabili­ of travel accounts include letters culture, the forces that lure or drive ty to stay home after the first and the device of the multiple point men to the world's edge have been voyage. The same call is heard by a of view, just as in fiction. Both so overarching that, since Phlebas Vasco da Gama or a Columbus. It first- and third-person narrators Siberian granite, Mount Vesuvius the Phoenician turned the wheel would seem that "only in the most have to be judged by the yardstick in eruption, the Sandwich Islands, and looked to windward, the fanciful romances could a hero face of reliability. Actions and opinions Tierra del Fuego, the pagodas of voyage has been a metaphor for life cannibals in New Zealand or return are colored by the prejudices of the Rangoon, the curious architecture itself. from a frightening hell off the reefs author. "Every writer of travel ac­ of the banyan tree, the prospect of "It is surely the oldest and of Australia as Cook, or find counts," Adams adds, "creates for clouds from a balloon, the cataracts largest cluster of metaphors in any himself fighting rapids and starva­ himself a narrative voice, therefore of the Nile, the falls of the Staub- language," writes Percy G. Adams tion, battling women warriors and the problems of the narrator in that bach in Switzerland and the falls of in Travel Literature and the Evolution wild beasts as he crosses a conti­ form are much like those of the the Cauvery river in Madras, a of the Novel, "and its pervasiveness nent on a mighty river while seek­ narrator in fiction." series of "remarkable icebergs." has no doubt increased with every ing its mouth as Orellana did. . . . This raises the whole question of Until the appearance of traveler who returned to unload his It is surely the archetypal real the truth-lie dichotomy, which photography in the nineteenth cen­ cargo of wonders." traveler with a thousand forms and Adams examines in some detail tury, viewers could apprehend the Yet it is only one connection be­ faces who is the legitimate with examples from European and reality of nature only through such tween travel accounts and the 'romance' protagonist." American fiction. The more emo­ illustration. "Landscape studies development of prose fiction, Adams also considers the narrator tion the travel writer introduces in­ emulated scientific goals," Stafford Adams points out in this com­ notes. These illustrations, in their parative study of the two genres awesome precision of detail, bear that classifies and illuminates their out her point that "scientific in­ shared characteristics. vestigations practiced by the Adams identifies and illustrates travelers raised heedful observation the parallels between these two to the status of art." forms, discusses the areas in which The travelers themselves were they overlap, and underlines the conscious of their role. Here is a debt of the novelist to the traveler. Swedish naturalist, Andrew Sparr- Much has been written about the man, in his account of A Voyage to evolution of the novel, but until the Cape of Good Hope towards the now no one has analyzed the com­ Antarctic Polar Circle and round the plex connection between prose fic­ World: But Chiefly into the Country of tion as it evolved before 1800 and the Hottentots and Caffres, from the the literature of travel, which by Year 1772 to 1776: then had a long and colorful past. "Now every authentic and well- Although the book discusses the written book of voyages and travels consanguinity between that early is, in fact, a treatise of experimental fiction and the travel writer, em­ colors and color washes, depict native peoples, their villages and dwellings, water craft, armed con­ flicts, and the ships and boats of the white intruders. Descriptions of the voyages are organized by country of origin— Russia, Great Britain, France, Spain, the United States. The text comprises spare accounts of the ac­ complishments of brave men in a simple age. Each vignette amazes in its chronicle of vicissitude and endurance, as the following report of the discovery of the Alaskan peninsula. In 1724, Peter the Great of Russia appointed Vitus Bering, a Dane, to conduct an expedition to northeast­ ern Siberia, for the purpose of determining whether the land mass of Asia stretched indefinitely eastward, or whether a great conti­ nent, separated by a sea or a strait, (left) Ancient Sepulchral Remains in the Town of Olderdola, from Voyage pit- lay to the east of Kamchatka. This toresque en Espagne, 1806. A balloon launch in honor of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. expedition's findings were in­ Tracking the Barge Round Cape Smyth, drawn by William Smyth. conclusive and, Peter having died, Bering persuaded the Empress written," the author writes in the Catherine to send him out again. introduction. "To its great misfor­ The second expedition suffered tune and near extinction, the sea from poor organization, quarrels otter (Enhydra lutris) was insulated and jealousies among its leaders, against the frigid waters of the and deliberate lack of cooperation North Pacific by a deep, soft, by local officials. Construction of lustrous brownish-black fur that the two ships, the St. Peter and the was fated to arouse the greed of St. Paul, was delayed, and the ex­ man." Henry goes on to describe pedition did not sail until 1741. the chain of events set in motion The artistic record of the journey by Enhydra lutris. consists of maps and charts drawn Survivors of the Russian Bering by the Russian Sofron Khitrov; Voyage of 1741 brought home skins carefully sketched sea otters and of sea otters and descriptions of fur seals by Friedrich Plenisner, a beaches and waters teeming with German; and drawings by the these animals. As a result of their Swedish artist Sven Waxell, which information, a great movement of include the only known existing Russian traders and hunters toward contemporary likeness of the north­ to his account the more it ap­ Early Maritime Artists of the the North American coast began. ern species of sea cow that became proaches the novel, but novelists Pacific Northwest Coast. John The same thing happened when extinct in 1768. are allowed to defend the use of in­ Frazier Henry. University of Captain James Cook's expedition The two ships were separated by vention as a means to allegorical or Washington Press. 236 pages. sold otter skins for handsome fog. The St. Paul sent her only two real truth. Said the Scuderys in This is a rich and nostalgic prices in China. News soon boats ashore with fifteen men. The Ibrahim (1641) "When the lie and catalogue of the white man's arrival reached the merchants of England boats disappeared and were never truth are mixed by a clever hand, in the vastness of the northern and the United States. More and seen again. The St. Peter continued one not only has trouble separating wilderness in the eighteenth and more fur-trading vessels set out to to search for the St. Paul to no them but hesitates to destroy nineteenth centuries, with short share in the profits, and these were avail. Scurvy broke out to a degree something so pleasing." histories of expeditions and lives of soon followed by official voyages of that left barely enough men to han­ Travel as a metaphor for life, explorers. These venturesome men exploration to survey and establish dle the sails. Gales battered the writes Adams, was current even recorded their wanderings in claims of national sovereignty. Only ship. The brilliant but ill-tempered before what Joseph Addison calls logbooks and drawings, paintings the Spanish resisted the lure of the German scientist Georg Steller "those beautiful metaphors in and charts of the previously fur trade in favor of saving souls created morale problems, but to his scripture, where Life is termed a unrecorded coastline. The hundreds and acquiring territory. credit, he was a superb observer Pilgrimage, and those who pass of illustrations here are reinforced The arrival of the maritime and logician. By the evidence of ob­ through it are called Strangers and by an ample text which, by virtue traders was to have a profound and jects floating in the sea contrary to Sojourners on Earth." It was found of its subject matter, reads like so ultimately negative effect on native the direction of the wind he deter­ in poems long before Dante opened many fast-paced adventure stories. cultures. Tribes were exploited with mined that adjustments should be the Divina Commedia with the line Those Americans who grew up varying degrees of harshness, made in the ship's reckoning. "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra with the old National Geographic diseases were introduced with Looking for an anchorage for the vita." (Midway in the journey of animal books will never forget the devastating effects, and cultures winter, the St. Peter was driven our life.) pictures of the Peary caribou at­ were irrevocably altered and lost. ashore and wrecked. Waxell took And as the roads have gotten tacked by wolves, Steller's sea From the point of view of the command of a thirty-six-foot sloop smoother and the inns more in­ lions, bleeding harp seals on pack European and American explorers, built from the wreck and the forty- viting, the analogies remain. ice, or musk ox facing away from these voyages called for courage five survivors made it to the Kam­ Adams opens his book with an the blizzard. This artistic record of and endurance. Tenacious men chatkan coast in only four days, envoi from that observer of land­ these first journeys north is about spent years surveying the coast of and finally to safety at Petro- scapes within and without, T. S. the men who gave their names to the Pacific Northwest, sometimes pavlovsk a fortnight hence. The Eliot: the creatures and places of our making, sometimes losing, fortunes. voyage succeeded in establishing We shall not cease from exploration imagination. The legacies of their adventures the existence of the vast Alaskan And the end of our exploring "Had it not been for a four- to are the journals and logbooks, Will be to arrive where we started peninsula, stretching over 400 miles five-foot-long, furry, amphibious drawings, paintings and charts that And know the place for the first time. from the mainland. Of the 153 men creature of the Northwest Coast, record these first encounters. The —Edith Nalle Schafer on the two ships, 54 lost their lives. this book might never have been drawings, pencil and ink, water- —Edith Nalle Schafer 16 Schoville, who notes that 17,000 sheep and the distribution of Sequoyah, the brilliant Cherokee In­ dian chief, who invented the Cherokee everything before the invention of 456 textiles. Alphabet. writing is categorized as prehistory. While cuneiform was being in­ There was, of course, visual com­ vented in Mesopotamia, a different munication between men long form of writing, hieroglyphic (from before the advent of writing: a pile the Greek for "sacred inscrip­ of stones to mark a burial place; tions"), appeared in Egypt. The notched bones by which cave Egyptians themselves, who shared dwellers recorded their hunting the commonly held ancient belief prowess; the knotted quipu cords that writing was closely connected used by the Incas to record ac­ to divinity, called their hiero­ counts. But writing is different. glyphics, "the writing of the god's The shaped clay tokens used by words." Hieroglyphic signs are Neolithic man sometime around ideograms that represent an object 8000 B.C. to record property bear or an idea. A sun sign might stand picture-like marks and are thus for the sun itself or the idea of precursors of writing. The first brightness. But hieroglyphics can writing systems of the ancient also represent sounds, as rebuses, world did not develop, however, for example, picture a knot to until sometime between 3500 and signify the word "not." Egyptian 3100 B.C., when the growth of scribes were also passionately con­ cities in southern Mesopotamia cerned with artistic detail, and demanded administrative record­ hieroglyphics epitomize the univer­ keeping more sophisticated than sal interplay between writing and the crude clay tokens. graphics characteristic of every The invention of writing—the writing system, ancient or modern. "joining of man's artistic ability to But neither the Mesopotamian create pictures with the idea of nor the Egyptian writing system combining them into a system of made the next leap to the alphabet. meaningful conventions," according According to the evidence that sur­ to Schoville—is credited to the an­ vives, the alphabet originated dur­ cient Sumerians who lived between ing the Middle Bronze Age (ca. the Tigris and Euphrates in 2000-1500 B.C.) in the region of southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Syria-Palestine populated by groups In the 1930s, German excavators that on the basis of biblical "Contemplate for a moment the wood and metal type from the found clay tablets inscribed with references we call Canaanites. They amazing fact that as you read this, United States at the turn of the linear and pictorial signs in the spoke a regional Semitic language you are receiving ideas that were twentieth century, and a ball point Sumerian city of Uruk, less than also called Canaanite. The evidence thought and written down many pen. 200 miles south of Baghdad. These also suggests that the alphabet was months ago by someone you have Cosponsored by four University pictographs are our earliest invented in a coastal city on the never met in a place you have of Wisconsin departments (an­ evidence of writing. Mediterranean, perhaps Byblos, never visited, yet because that per­ thropology, classics, East Asian The signs on the Uruk tablets near modern Beirut, whose name is son could write and because you languages, and history) and represent persons or objects, but perpetuated in the word "Bible." are literate, you understand these directed by Keith N. Schoville, a they could also represent the name In Schoville's scenario, "Some ideas." scholar of Semitic languages and of the person or object. After a bright young Canaanite probably This exhortation to stop and Near Eastern archaeology who also while, the signs grew more abstract looked at the complicated writing think about the meaning of the chairs the department of Hebrew and linear and looked less like pic­ systems in existence, threw up his legacy of reading and writing to Studies, the exhibition opened at tures as they came to stand for hands in disgust and said, 'There's human culture appears in a par­ the Museum of the Wisconsin State sounds rather than objects. The got to be a better way! ' " ticularly apt context: the introduc­ Historical Society in Madison in the signs then evolved into the com­ Compared to the cumbersome tion to the catalogue of an exhibi­ spring of 1983. That fall it went to binations of wedges and lines in­ forms developed in Egypt and tion, Sign, Symbol, Script, that traces the Milwaukee Public Museum and scribed on soft clay tablets that we Mesopotamia, the alphabet is a the origins of writing from has been traveling across the coun­ call cuneiform writing. The exhibi­ marvelously simple system of primitive communications on rocks try under the auspices of the tion includes a variety of Sumerian and bones through the history of Association of Science Technology cuneiform tablets. Most of them are what may well be mankind's Centers. During the course of a administrative records, for example, greatest invention, the alphabet. two-year itinerary, the exhibition is an account record from the royal The exhibition sets out to give the traveling to six cities in the United palace documenting the receipt of general public a sense of the long States as well as to Canada and process of adaptation and innova­ Europe. tion that produced a tool as essen­ The inquiry into the elusive tial to civilization as any of the origins of writing has been con­ familiar technological develop­ ducted for centuries, and there is ments—the wheel, the arch, the now a scholarly consensus on the city—we learn as school children to general outline of the story. associate with human progress. "In a very real sense, the history What visitors see are more than of writing and the history of 300 artifacts of graphic communica­ mankind are synonymous," says tions, from a clay token about 10,000 years old to a computer diskette. The exhibition focuses on the development of writing in the ancient Near East and the classical world, but it includes artifacts from other cultures such as China, Africa and the New World. A display of writing implements includes Egyp­ tian rush brushes, a medieval Italian vellum music sheet, buffalo hides painted by Sioux Indians, a seventeenth-century Syrian inkwell; Arab scribal inkwell intricately made of metal writing, based as it is on the the Romans had adopted the Professor Bernard Bailyn began the recognition that language has a Classical Latin alphabet that is an What has first of the articles in this series by limited number of basic sounds, or integral part of the fabric of Euro­ pointing out the ways in which phonemes, which can be rendered pean civilization. The artifacts historical studies have fragmented symbolically by the use of a very displayed in this section of the during the past twenty-five years, small number of signs. (Most exhibit—coins of the Roman so that no individual can keep languages can be written with emperors, inscribed bowls, a happened in abreast of the flood of new work. alphabets containing no more than Roman manuscript—are legible and Moreover, he explains that "large twenty or thirty signs.) The princi­ familiar. areas of history . . . have become ple of the alphabet, writes Scho- Another section of the exhibition shapeless, and scholarship is heavi­ ville, is "a miracle of simplicity and highlights other writing systems of ly concentrated on unconnected flexibility conducive to evolution the world, particularly those Asian technical problems." and adaptation.” By adding, sub­ scripts that did not develop an Anthropology Musicology is a much smaller tracting or modifying existing signs, alphabetic system. Artifacts field than history, but to a propor­ the alphabet can be shaped to any displayed here range from Mayan tionate degree the same fragmenta­ language. hieroglyphs to Chinese ideograms tion can be seen in our discipline. I The idea seems to have been to palm leaf manuscripts of the In­ strongly suspect that this concentra­ readily applied to the writing of dif­ dian subcontinent. Archaeology tion on a wide variety of scattered ferent Semitic languages: Aramaic Still, the primary focus of the ex­ technical problems, many of them of inland Syria; Hebrew in hibit is the remarkable versatility new, will turn out to be a sign of Palestine; and Phoenician script on that has enabled the alphabet to be our times in many, if not most the seacoast. The Pheonicians are adapted as the writing system for fields in the humanities. Professor the ones who transmitted the most of the world's language. The Art Criticism Bailyn finds this new diversity alphabet to the Greeks, a transfer story of the diffusion of the disconcerting, and I agree, but it that probably took place between alphabet is also the story of can certainly be seen as a positive 1200 and 800 B.C. The Greeks bor­ technological development: the shift feature of musicology. Were it not rowed the Semitic alphabet and from papyrus to parchment around for the fact that the job market is proceeded to adapt it so they could the second century B.C.; the in­ Art History depressed, that many of our best write their own language. This was novation of the codex, or book students no longer pursue the first of many crucial adaptations form, around the time of Christ; humanistic studies at the graduate as the alphabet spread through the the script developed by monastic level because they see no future for world's languages. scribes at the Carolingian court of themselves, and that those who do The Semitic alphabet was a the ninth century that shaped the Classics often fail to find jobs, or jobs com­ system of consonantal signs, and a lower-case alphabet prevalent to­ mensurate with their abilities, I major Greek change was the addi­ day; the application of moveable would claim that our field is tion of signs to represent vowel type; the typewriter; and, finally, booming—or would be booming if sounds. The Greeks also started to the computerized printer. the economy would allow it—just write from left to right, probably a The exhibition also traces the because it has seen such incredible technical adjustment. The Greeks alphabet's spread as it followed the Ethics growth in breadth and depth over used a split-reed pen rather than a flag. Roman conquests propagated the past two decades and a half. soft reed brush, and moving from Latin and Latin script, and the To illustrate this growth, we need left to right most likely reduced ink European penetration of the New only refer to the new societies and blots, assuming the scribe was World after 1492 carried the journals founded during the past right-handed. alphabet to regions using pictorial History few decades. Many of them cater to The most important form of systems. As the alphabet earlier the needs of special interest Greek writing in the Western world followed the Phoenician traders as groups: those who study the music was Etruscan, because it was in they traversed the Mediterranean, it of a single country (such as the turn adopted by the Romans later followed religions, Islam as Sonneck Society for American sometime around the seventh cen­ well as Christianity. Biblical transla­ Language Music), a single century (such as tury B.C. By the first century B.C., tion proved to be a powerful vehi­ the journal Nineteenth-Century cle for diffusion of the alphabet. In Music), or some other specialized the exhibit this process is dramat­ topic (such as the journal Early ically displayed by placing one Music or the Society for Word- page of the English Bible alongside Music Relationships). Two of the more than thirty translations of the Linguistics largest and liveliest of the new same page in different languages, societies both broke away from the each using a different alphabetic American Musicological Society script. during the past thirty years, the The exhibit concludes with the Society for Ethnomusicology in current state of the art of com­ Literature 1955, and the Society for Music puterized printing. An Atari 800 Theory some years later, partly has been programmed with a because they felt the older graphic description of the develop­ organization no longer catered to ment of the letters of our alphabet, their needs, but also simply a technological feat that serves to Musicology because there were for the first remind us, says Schoville, that time enough scholars with like in­ "the computer age would not have terests to exchange views and infor­ been possible without a cuneiform mation without having always to age and the Cariaanite invention of explain their methods and motives the ABCs." Phiosophy to "outsiders." Such schisms, of The programmed computer takes course, have their negative as well its place in the exhibit as the most as their positive aspects. The recent artifact in a 10,000-year negative aspect of separating the history. two societies, of course, comes —Barbara Delman Wolfson about because none of the tech­ Red granite seated scribe from Religion niques and attitudes of the Giza in Egypt, ca. 2200 B.C., Dynasty 5. "The Origins of Writing and the ethnomusicologists, which might Alphabet''/Keith N. Schoville/Universi­ teach the rest of us something we ty of Wisconsin, Madison/$150,000/ ought to know, ever get to rub off 1982-86/Humanities Projects in on us. Museums and Historical Organizations Social Science 18 It is even more important, it seems to me, to keep in close touch with the work of members of the Society for Music Theory than with the Society for Ethnomusicology, for the theorists and the historians study the same repertories of music. The Germans distinguish between historical musicology and systematic musicology (the latter taking in acoustics, the psychology of music, aesthetics, sociology, and music theory), but American scholars have always been shy of acknowledging and differentiating so precisely their special interests, if only because such distinctions seem to inhibit the range of their investigations. But the theorists are apt to tell the rest of us that we are naive in the way we talk about the style and structure of music, or ob­ tuse in that we do not talk about such things at all. And historians are apt to criticize the theorists for being obscurantist in having recourse to mathematical models, or rigid in clinging to fixed systems. When we had to live with one another, exchanges on these subjects could be intellectually challenging, and very productive. Even within the confines of tradi­ tional historical musicology, what National Gallery of Art we study and how we study it Allegory o f Music by Francois Boucher, French, 1703-1770. have changed radically during the past twenty-five years, as new areas are explored, and neglected We continue to cultivate ever of the music of various Renaissance ly a phase we are passing through, areas more intensively cultivated higher standards of professionalism composers, by far the best explica­ and the new syntheses that will than ever before. Twenty-five years and ever more elegant and rigorous tions we have of musical style in eventually be written (thanks partly ago, the study of music before Bach methodologies to solve various the Renaissance. But nevertheless, to all these present-day problem was at th e center of most scholars' technical problems, precisely the our confidence in style analysis has solvers) will be more informed and attention, because the discipline trend that Professor Bailyn de­ been eroded on the one side by the more nuanced. Moreover, we began through attempts to recover scribed as the fragmentation of analysts, who want us to make should not worry about the vitality and understand earlier music, and, historical studies. Twenty-five years more rigorous and verifiable tests of our discipline, for, unlike other I suspect, because many people ago, those scholars who did not of compositional techniques, and fields, musicology is still very naively supposed that we knew all work on medieval or Renaissance on the other side by the new phi­ young, and still has the vigor and that later music anyway. Times subjects studied the life and works lologists, who ask for more "objec­ naivete of youth. No one can have changed. Nineteenth-century of the great creative geniuses of the tive" information to counteract argue, for example, that any aspect studies have grown by leaps and eighteenth and nineteenth cen­ what they consider the unaccept- of the study of music is in danger bounds until they now attact more turies. But today even those who ably subjective criteria of the style of being played out. All the major graduate students than any other concentrate their work on the analysts. The new philologists were questions, all the great composers, field. We are beginning to discover "great composers" are apt to go inspired by the sensational results all eras, all countries can still be that we know less about music in about their tasks in new ways, that came from a close study of the studied with a fresh ear and an the eighteenth century than about working, for example, with the Bach manuscripts and enabled open mind, for we have simply not music in the fourteenth century. sketches composers made in the scholars to rewrite the composer's been at our work long enough to And twentieth-century studies are a course of writing a composition. chronology. Applying similar tech­ feel exhausted. normal and thriving part of the Sketch studies have, in fact, niques to Renaissance manuscripts, Indeed, some of the most exciting scholarly scene. When I was a become a preoccupation of many of they examine bindings, water­ things going on in musicology to­ graduate student, it would have the best scholars working in marks, manuscript illuminations, day are those sorts of projects that been unusual to write a dissertation eighteenth- and nineteenth-century handwritings and so on in the ef­ have always and quite rightly had on anything but a medieval or music, who enlighten us about the fort to establish fixed dates of high priority in our field. We still Renaissance subject (some of us, of genesis of particular works, about a reference. Their work has taught us do not have, for example, good course, have not wavered in our composer's working methods, and, a good deal, although we are just modern editions of the music of loyalty to the Renaissance; we were ultimately, about the relationship beginning to discover that the inter­ many of the great composers of the delighted with the way things between a composer's original con­ pretation of this "hard" evidence is past. The new editions planned or were). Today, the distribution of in­ ception and its final realization in often just as subjective as style under way of the complete works terests within the field of historical sound. analysis. In any case we still need of such composers as Lully, musicology is much more even; it Sketch studies have to a great ex­ to come to grips with a composer's Rameau, Rossini, and Verdi thus seems to me the situation is tent taken the place of style style if we are ever to form a com­ engage and will continue to engage healthier—and our attitudes more analysis as the principal activity of prehensive and comprehensible some of our best scholars for years mature—than in those simpler days many musicologists. Style analy­ view of the contribution of an in­ to come. That is as it should be, for twenty-five years ago. sis—a summary in prose of the dividual, the nature of a repertory, if we do not have easy access to Even more symptomatic of the qualities that make the work of one or even the musical characteristics the music, we cannot study or per­ trends of the past two and a half composer distinctive from that of of an entire era. form it, and it is surely self-evident decades than the fact that we now his contemporaries, the equivalent, All this fragmentation in the dis­ that we should have good modern study music from everywhere in in many ways, of the connoisseur- cipline of musicology, as in the editions available of the complete the world and from every epoch of ship of art historians—still has study of political, economic or works of at least the most impor­ western Europe is the discovery validity and vitality. I think im­ cultural history, inhibits us from tant composers from each period. It that there are many more ways to mediately of the brilliant and lucid writing, for the moment, new is, perhaps, less obvious why look at a subject than we thought. style analyses by Edward Lowinsky works of synthesis. But this is sure­ scholars are also beginning to work 19 on second critical editions of the energies on the great composers of and yet all these recent concerns of more or less close reading of the works of some composers (Bach, the Renaissance, because so much musicologists do seem to me to be texts we dealt with. We grew up as Beethoven, Mozart, and Josquin scholarly work on the music of the related in that they question the New Critics in one sense or des Prez come immediately to fifteenth and sixteenth centuries nature of the written artifact and its another, inclined to dismiss the mind). Some of the older editions has treated all composers of the significance. Milman Parry's merely historical and biographical are unsatisfactory in one way or period—lesser, middling and great- demonstration of the formulaic from our contemplation of the fully another, and some are out of print. more or less equally, without much nature of Homeric verse, for exam­ fashioned work of art. But those of But it is also important to note that regard for their artistic stature. ple, has had its influence in us interested in early repertories questions raised in the course of Much of the most important and musicological circles, as Leo Treitler (and here I include the nineteenth preparing a critical edition of the interesting work during the next and others have contemplated the century) are coming more and more works of a major composer can be twenty-five years will surely take effects of the oral transmission of to see that we cannot explain in­ as important for the vitality of the up questions that have only begun chant. Nino Pirrotta and others dividual pieces unless we take into discipline as the editions to be investigated recently, about have made us acutely aware of account the theoretical systems themselves. Bach research again music as a part of society, about various unwritten traditions of known to the composers, even furnishes us with a good example, musical institutions, and about the music in western European history, though we are beginning to realize for the new chronology came about way in which music is affected by and invited us to consider the rela­ that we have also got to ask as a result of the preliminary work the constraints of the societies for tionship of the written monuments ourselves whether we suppose the for the new edition. As a member which it was produced. I think in to the orally transmitted repertories results of our enquiries to be a of the editorial board for the New the first place, of course, of the re­ that have inevitably disappeared description of the piece as the com­ Josquin Edition, I am acutely aware cent studies, based on archival with scarcely a trace. Performers, poser would have understood it, or of the questions the new edition work, of music in particular places and those scholars interested in the rather an interpretation for our own will raise about the authenticity of during the fifteenth and sixteenth history of performance, have been times. Moreover, Joseph Kerman many of the works, for example, centuries: Ferrara, Mantua, the concerned to explicate those con­ and others have strongly advocated and about their chronology. Sistine Chapel, the court of ventions of performance that were that we all become "critics,” by Moreover, as with most of the Burgundy, the city of Bruges, and understood but not notated. Many which Kerman seems to mean other complete works editions, so on. Such studies have been recent scholars, and especially historically informed analysts preliminary editorial planning will undertaken at least partly to make those involved with nineteenth- (although he would surely take have forced us to reexamine the clear the influence of local situa­ century music, have worked issue with that word) with superior nature of editions in general. We tions on the development of music, through the various drafts and aesthetic sensibilities, who can offer shall have succeeded only if the to put forward the claims of sketches composers prepared in the interpretations of individual com­ New Josquin Edition can set a new geography against those of course of their work on a particular positions that can illuminate our standard, can be seen to be a chronology, and to some extent to piece in an effort to show us how own experience of the music. And model for what such an edition compensate for the pro-Florence the composer operated, what his then there are the "hardcore” ought to be. bias that most Renaissance intentions were, and hence how analysts, who continue to explore Some scholars would question historians seem inevitably to have. the written score came about. And in challenging ways approaches to the wisdom of spending so much Such studies should also concen­ the new philologists, in asking individual compositions that are apt time, money and energy in prepar­ trate on strategies of patronage, on questions about stemmatics and to be more speculative and less ing complete works editions of the the way society shapes and controls filiation that are commonplace to historically oriented than those by great composers. They are inclined works of art, and how music writ­ classical philologists, are beginning either historians or critics. to dismiss our preoccupations with ten for a particular court differs to raise questions about the produc­ To a large extent, of course, my great artistic achievement as the from music for a civic organization, tion and dissemination of music in assessment of what happened in slightly misguided posturing of for a private patron, or for a earlier times that lead us inevitably musicology in the past twenty-five nineteenth-century aesthetes. While religious institution. It goes without back to questions about just what years is a personal view. Others I myself do not agree with their saying that such questions are the written notes that appear in our might well choose to emphasize assessment—most of us, after all, easier to ask than to answer, and manuscripts and printed books completely different things. And are committed to our discipline just that many archival studies today mean, and how they compare with yet I am encouraged to think that because we believe so strongly in still merely add to our knowledge what the first auditors of the music my brief summary of what is going the music of earlier times, and are of the life and times of the great would actually have heard. on in our discipline corresponds to convinced that it still has the power (and not so great) composers, in Finally, musicologists are begin­ a degree with reality by the to enrich our lives today—neverthe­ spite of what their authors say they ning to deal in new ways with in­ preliminary program for the next less these critics have much to intend to do. I would also add dividual compositions. Like scholars congress of the International teach us in their attempts to relate iconographical studies, still in their in other fields, students of my Musicological Society that was music more closely to the societies infancy, to the list of approaches generation were trained to offer a recently submitted to the society's that produced it and to incorporate capable, at least in theory, of il­ board of directors. Of the ten into their view of the world all the luminating the relationships be­ round tables that will form the music of a period, and not just the tween music and society; and I centerpiece of the congress, two authorized masterpieces. It seems would encourage musical deal exclusively with the music of to me that the only sensible posi­ iconographers to spend at least non-Western societies, four deal tion to take is a catholic on e- some of their energy in thinking with questions of social or cultural doubtless offensive to both sides— about the sorts of things pictures history (music in universities and that admits of both or rather all tell us about the meaning of music academies, the production and positions so long as the scholarly in general, or the place of particular distribution of music in society, and work produced offers some valid repertories in the life of a time. the relationship of popular culture insight into the individual work, Social (or even cultural or intellec­ to high culture), one deals with oral the various repertories of music tual) history, in short, needed to be tradition, one with musical and the conventions governing cultivated by musicologists, and dramaturgy (and therefore, I take their composition, the societies they have finally begun to do so. it, will deemphasize the musical responsible for the music, or A second area of musicology achievements of great men), and whatever else can be seen to be newly pursued with intensity in­ two with aspects of analysis and worthy of our attention and interest volves those studies devoted to the criticism. That tabulation tells me today. At any rate, I take a way composers wrote music down, that our discipline is more intellec­ pragmatic stance about how much and how the written image of tually challenging and more diverse time and energy we ought to music relates to its actual sound than it was twenty-five years ago. devote to the music of the great and to the kinds of music not nor­ —Howard Mayer Brown composers. In my view, we need mally written down. Musicologists Mr. Brown is Ferdinand Schevill desperately to learn more about the may be surprised that I have Distinguished Service Professor of lesser composers of the eighteenth lumped together so many things Music at the University of Chicago. A century, for example, just because that they consider separate—sketch past president of the American we hardly yet know who they were studies, performance practice, the Musicological Society, he currently let alone what they did, whereas study of oral traditions, manuscript serves as vice-president of the Interna­ we need to concentrate our studies, and even edition making— tional Musicological Society. 20 Travel to Collections

Small grants for travel costs to for consideration according to the possess the necessary foreign necessary instead of one. research collections became guidelines for this grant language skills or other special­ Some applications were not available from the Endowment's category. In order to be eligible ized skills necessary to use the recommended for funding be­ Division of Research Programs for a Travel to Collections award, research collection. cause the proposed travel would last fall. Through the new Travel the proposed research A large number of applications enhance the research project mar­ to Collections Program the NEH •must fall within the scope of that were not funded failed to ginally, but was not crucial to it. makes grants of $500 to help the humanities; make a convincing case for the The successful applications scholars pay costs for travel to •must not be part of a project need to travel. Some proposals fully explained the need to see research collections in North currently funded or for which did not make clear, for example, the original materials as well as America and Western Europe. funding is anticipated in the six why copies of documents could the reason that an interlibrary Since the program began, 500 months after the application; not be obtained by mail. loan would not be possible. grants have been awarded to •must not be eligible for sup­ One applicant requested fund­ One proposal from an art scholars whose research—in port through other NEH- ing for five overnight trips by historian in Chicago, who is nearly all fields of the human­ supported programs admin­ automobile to a nearby collec­ studying the iconography of a ities—depended for its comple­ istered by foundations or tion, but did not describe the Mayan palace, explained that tion on the first-hand examina­ societies, such as the American plan of work in enough detail to scholars must rely on descrip­ tion of materials in a specific Council of Learned Societies; explain why five trips were tions, photographs, and draw- library, archive, museum, or •must not be work leading to other research collection. a degree; Five hundred more scholars •must not focus on pedagogical who applied for grants did not theory, educational method, tests receive awards. What qualities and measurements, or cognitive separated the 500 funded pro­ psychology. posals from the 500 that were Each proposal that met the not funded? above criteria was sent by NEH Some of the 500 applications staff to four scholars for evalua­ that were not recommended for tion. The evaluators rated the funding were simply not eligible proposals on a scale of one to five according to five criteria published in the program ap­ plication guidelines: 1. The significance of the proj­ ect for research in the field of the humanities. 2. The overall design of the project and the plan of work. This is a reference tool to the some new features: advice from 3. The need to consult the workings of the Endowment that the NEH staff, examples of per­ specific research collection in will contain information about suasive proposals and quotations order to move the research proj­ divisions and programs; about showing why panelists were per­ ect forward satisfactorily; the ap­ the process of panel review; suaded by them, and answers to propriateness of the specific col­ about deadlines, initiatives, and some frequently asked questions. lection for the proposed project; anything else that could help in We hope that you will help us the assurance of access to the preparing a proposal. make the Humanities Guide more materials essential for the prog­ Here you will find the list of useful by telling us what you'd ress of the project. grants, calendar of deadlines, like to know about applying for 4. The background, training, and staff names and telephone a grant. Write Editor, Humanities, and professional experience of numbers that you have been Room 409, National Endowment the researcher for the project. accustomed to seeing in for the Humanities, Washington, 5. Evidence that the applicant Humanities. You will also find D.C. 20506. 21 PROPOSALS ■ PROGRAMS 22 ol b wlig o ees i va in­ via it release to willing be would lre rwn ad aube old valuable and drawing includes large a and unpublished the is that material Given appearance. facade's original the recreating in inestimable value of are ones, particularly colored illustrations, any frieze, way: this case in her travel made for She University. or rtra o fnig Sm of Some funding. the for of one criteria four only meets however, involved. is color when particularly and firsthand, drawings photographs essen­ examine is I it that tial historian, art an as Further­ more, illustrations. or the photocopy photograph to library prac­ the be for it tical would nor loan, terlibrary htgah, t s niey ht BYU that unlikely is it photographs, the of destruction the of Because Young Brigham at the at Library held Lee were photographs, manuscript, unpublished includ­ an frieze, ing the mater­ regarding that ials learned 1906. in scholar This discovery its since rated with one of the goals of the the of goals the of one keeping in with context broad a humanities included concept Their Humanities NEH the to a proposal submitted Productions RKB inches, and more than forty color color forty than 15 more by and feet 6 inches, measuring drawing a deterio­ had that certain frieze a study stucco to order in ings events. Here is how they they how is and Here figures, events. ideas, historical illumination of the program: media Long. P. Huey of life the on documen­ tary hour-long to an Program produce Media in Projects ecie ter project: their described resides Long's special importance, importance, special Long's resides n. ht g i or, n i this in and ours, is age That one. itrcly n smoial, o con­ for symbolically, and historically new a of tendencies developing the etrs mtvtos ad contradic­ and motivations, textures, biogra­ the also is It ex­ man. one of story traordinary the just not but tician, Proposal Persuasive The eiul set o a odr g and age older an of aspects residual in. n ogs ie r rfatd the refracted are life Long's In tions. moods, its illuminating age, an of phy rvl to Travel (Continued) Collections Establishing a need for travel, travel, for need a Establishing h fl wl b a otat f poli­ a of portrait a be will film The

rainl a i i epesd in expressed is it as irrational, under­ scholarly advance will structure. rhetorical the exposing underlying without taneously fluency," "textual of Quintilian's concepts reinterpreted commen­ tators Renaissance cessive ht s la i ta h ws mn in man a was he that is clear is What Renaissance literature, that of the the of that in literature, theme Renaissance major a of standing research this that explains He creating that for text a strategies his is, that suc­ how in­ determine He to tends literature. an of to period work his entire related Quintilian, of collection a read to Paris nte together. are knotted era an of threads the whom film. this in judgments in political interested making not are we but man? bad Perhaps, a Long Was democracy. Renaissance commentaries on on commentaries Renaissance in Nationale to Bibliotheque the Pennsylvania from traveling is eeld y i preso of perversion his by and ideals repelled his by his aroused of force personality, the by enthralled Long's by charm, seduced are we temporaries, e pltcl rdto. ie i con­ his Like tradition. a forge political new helped and nation our of ture confidence that an award would would award an that confidence reacted: presided over and embodied changes changes embodied and over presided help produce a significant and and significant a produce help warrant must work of plan preparation and academic plicant's scholar­ advance the would that clear research not was it because con­ was subject the While project. panel review the how about report n h ntr o te eortc struc­ democratic the of nature the in initiated, Long imperfectly, However inseparable. are those circumstances dominate to will and power fierce to Long's Long carry to coalesced ulsal product. publishable ap­ An field. particular a in ship unfunded went proposals the ac­ panelists the important, sidered the with impressed favorably very eprr awareness. temporary One successful applicant, who who applicant, successful One Here is an NEH staff member's member's staff NEH an is Here h seil icmtne that circumstances special The h pnl wt oe xeto, was exception, one with panel, The seems o lw spon­ flow to amount eea ad nedsilnr in interdisciplinary more and is general proposals of evaluation need the or example, for tion, different two in competence com­ of necessity The work. col­ the of Most other. the by tions grants should be aware that that aware be should grants tions the complete to people two for applica­ of kind this in demon­ strated be might disciplines by provided skills plementary shared the of in­ functions the dividual explain did adequately proposals not the applica­ because one tion only of funding the accomplished be not project could the that to one each something that brings clear is it if awards only receive will collaborators collaborator each but grants, laborative proposals resulted in in resulted proposals laborative Both application. an submit must Collections to Travel for gible composition. random madness, calculated disorder and and disorder calculated inspiration, madness, of patterns thematic iue n mrcn itr, h staff the history, American in figure features a prominent and controversial controversial and prominent a and features production major a for port . . . reviewers political or personal a either than text rjc, n tre f h fu dd so did four the of three and project, subject the matter. to related is specifically and generally work whose specialists four of opinions the solicited eortc tradition." new a democratic form helped which of nation structure the democratic the the in of nature changes "the revealing as him saw scholar Another widespread.'' fellow his in chord a struck "he represents Long that scholar one con­ broader much a within for it grades placing high applicant the corded igah. h pnlss ged with agreed panelists The biography. og n te rpsd ramn of treatment proposed the and Long was that culture a reflected and lived he where southerners Long the although and experience, American the in persistent something legend probably outweighs the reality, reality, the outweighs probably legend plcns o Tae t Collec­ to Travel for Applicants olbrtv poet ae eli­ are projects Collaborative And about the reactions of of reactions the about And ic te plcto rget sup­ reguests application the Since All four reviewers endorsed the the endorsed reviewers four All f ok proposed. work of case for the significance of the the of significance the for case fidence about how to proceed to to proceed to how con­ about a fidence demonstrating and topic .. 00. 202/786-0207. 20506. Washington, D.C. ., N.W Avenue, Pennsylvania 1100 the for Humanities, 319-G, Endowment Room National Programs, of Research Division Col­ Program, to Travel lections the from available 1984. 15, September is Collections to Program Travel the in tions go start. good a compelling a making But ect. profound with deal that . . gues- . raising tions in interested They also man. are remarkable this of guality archival on heavily draw to tention the with impressed that very was he explained historian One members. panel the of that to similar was commentary positive the In respects enthusiasm. many of degree high a with and political milieu of Louisiana, the the Louisiana, of milieu political social the and into Long integrate to try modern in morality of and power, of Janus-faced the and ambiguity, the complex­ ity, the capture to seek they “that the perspective his from But South. the Application materials are are materials Application omnct ta sgiiac is significance that communicate in­ the and 1930s the of presentation elwitn ainl fr proj­ a for a rationale than well-written funding for quirements States." United the and South, to intention their applaud also I life. democracy, of meaning the like issues wrote, reviewer the clear," is "It Huey ofLong. interpretation proposed project the is the of aspect convincing most and Deal, New the Long, on materials this category than in some other other some in than category this tf tm i odr o e viable. be to order in time staff such category grant small a But ten or eight as many research as a by team, work and years' budgets several grant larger involving much Division, Research a by reviewed were biography xml, rpsl rltd to related for proposals awards, example, for the In competition field. last particular plicant's not are they but publication, of minimize overhead expense and and expense overhead must minimize Collections to Travel as proposal. a evaluate and to asked discuss be may specialists a scholar. and literature sociologist, a of manuscripts, curator a historian, who Scholars categories. NEH iey o e pcait i te ap­ the in specialists be to likely records respected with re­ searchers accomplished pro­ are posals Collections to Travel review h nx daln fr applica­ for deadline next The f ore tee r ohr re­ other are there course, Of For other programs in the the in programs other For Deadline in For projects Please note: Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. boldface beginning after

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS -Richard Ekman, Director 786-0373

Central Disciplines in Undergraduate Education—Blanche Premo 786-0380 Improving Introductory Courses—Lyn Maxwell W hite 786-0380 O ctober 1, 1984 April 1985 Promoting Excellence in a Field—John Walters 786-0380 O ctober 1, 1984 April 1985 Fostering Coherence Throughout an Institution— Blanche Premo 786-0380 O ctober 1, 1984 April 1985

Humanities Instruction in Elementary and Secondary Schools—Carolynn Reid-Wallace 786-0377 January 6, 1985 July 1985

Exemplary Projects in Undergraduate and Graduate Education—Charles Meyers, Peter Patrikis 786-0384 December 1, 1984 July 1985 Humanities Programs for Nontraditional Learners—Gene Moss 786-0380 O ctober 1, 1984 April 1985

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS— Thomas Kingston, Director 786-0458

Fellowships for Independent Study and Research—Maben Herring 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986

Fellowships for College Teachers—Karen Fuglie 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986

Constitutional Fellowships—Maben Herring and Karen Fuglie 786-0466 June 1, 1985 January 1, 1986

Faculty Graduate Study Grants for Historically Black Colleges and Universities— Eric Anderson 786-0463 M arch 15, 1985 January 1, 1986

SEMINAR PROGRAMS

Summer Seminars for College Teachers—Richard Emmerson 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars April 1, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars M arch 1, 1985 Summer 1986

Summer Seminars for College Teachers on Campuses of Historically Black Colleges and Universities—Eric Anderson 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars April 1, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars M arch 1, 1985 Summer 1986

Summer Seminars for Secondary School Teachers—Ronald Herzman 786-0463 Participants: 1985 Seminars M arch 1, 1985 Summer 1985 Directors: 1986 Seminars April 1, 1985 Summer 1986

Centers for Advanced Study—David Coder 786-0466 February 1, 1985 Fall 1986

Summer Stipends for 1985—Joseph Neville 786-0466 O ctober 1, 1984 Summer 1985

DIVISION OF GENERAL PROGRAMS—Donald Gibson, Director 786-0267

Humanities Projects in: M edia—James Dougherty 786-0278 Children's Media January 30, 1985 October 1, 1985 Regular Media Projects January 30, 1985 October 1, 1985 Museums and Historical Organizations—Gabr/e/ Weisberg 786-0284 O ctober 31, 1984 July 1, 1985 Special Projects—Leon Bramson 786-0271 Program Development (including Libraries) February 6, 1985 October 1, 1985 Youth Projects June 15, 1985 January 1, 1986 Younger Scholars Program O ctober 15, 1984 June 1, 1985

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS —Harold Cannon, Director 786-0200

Intercultural Research—Harold Cannon 786-0200 February 15, 1985 July 1, 1985

Basic Research Program— John William s 786-0207 Project Research—Gary Messinger and David Wise 786-0207 M arch 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Archaeological Projects—Eugene Sterud 786-0207 M arch 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 Research Conferences—Eugene Sterud 786-0207 September 15, 1984 April 1, 1985 Travel to Collections—Eric luengst 786-0207 September 15, 1984 January 1, 1985 Humanities, Science, and Technology—David Wright 786-0207 NEH HST Projects M arch 1, 1985 January 1, 1986 NEH-NSF EVIST Projects February 1, 1985 October 1, 1985

Research Resources—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 Access—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 June 1, 1985 April 1, 1986 Preservation— Jeffrey Field 786-0204 June 1, 1985 April 1, 1986 Publications—Margot Backas 786-0204 Novem ber 1, 1984 April 1, 1985 U.S. Newspaper Projects—Jeffrey Field 786-0204 August 15, 1984 April 1, 1985

Reference Works—Dorothy Wartenberg 786-0201 Tools—Cra/e Hopkins 786-0210 O ctober 1, 1984 July 1, 1985 Editions—Helen Aguera 786-0210 O ctober 1, 1984 July 1, 1985 Translations—Susan Mango 786-0210 Ju ly 1, 1985 April 1, 1986

DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS —Marjorie Berlincourt, Director 786-0254

Each state establishes its own grant guidelines and application deadlines; therefore, interested applicants should contact the office in their state. A list of those state programs may be obtained from the Division of State Programs.

OFFICE OF CHALLENGE GRANTS—James Blessing, Director 786-0361 M ay 1, 1985 December 1984

23 GRANTS $21,578. To continue research cn materials materials cn research continue To $21,578. excavated at the site of Kalavasos-Aylos Kalavasos-Aylos of site the at excavated Dhimitrios, a late Bronze Age site on the the on site Cyprus. Age of Bronze island late a Dhimitrios, U., Brandeis Brown U ., ., U Brown Capital Children's Museum, Museum, Children's Capital Bronze Early the of excavation chaeological Age site of La Muculufa in Sicily. Sicily. in Muculufa La of ar­ site continue Age To FM. $11,072 Holloway: Johns Hopkins U., U., Hopkins the Johns GM for periods. changes historical technology social new from significant resulting ining exam produce To exhibition permanent a $241,894. interpret to films five Lewin: W. Ann DC; oe fte tm i ti ls ae fes nt ia awards. final not offers, are list this in items the of Some Texas A&M Research Foundation, Foundation, Research A&M Texas Archaic Hylates Apollo the of Sanctuary from the of Precinct materials excavated of study the continue To FM. $6,000 Edmonds: four during information of transmission duras. duras. prepara­ and recovered objects the of vation conser­ complete to and Cyprus, Kourion, at in f htgah ad rwns for drawings and photographs of tion excavation of the Naukratis site in Egypt. Egypt. in site Naukratis the of excavation of study the continue To $26,327. Coulson: sg Cno. GY Canyon. Tsegi and environment the on research conduct copper-based artifacts recovered from three three from recovered artifacts copper-based Jr.; Doominck, van H. Frederick TX; Station, Hon­ central west of region Barbara Santa RO publication. cavated archaeological materials from the the from materials archaeological cavated the Kar­ present of in Vijayanagara of Center analysis Royal archaeological disciplinary Mexico, New of U. RO delta. Nile the in center trading Greek major and survey the during recovered materials Minnesota, of U. anti­ in quity. concrete hydraulic of the development and technology maritime in innovations investigate will scholars of Ateam 10 B.C. ca. Croes: $25,000 $25,000 U., Croes: State Washington con­ To FM. $21,490 Ashmore: A. Wendy cal research at the Mesoamerican site at Col- at site Mesoamerican the at research cal archaeologi­ continue To FM. $5,000 Hester: warfare as determinants of settlement in the the in settlement of determinants as warfare insights on the development of this this of development the on new gaining of insights and in alloys of variation use of Sumerian patterns revealing of tation expec­ the with Mesopotamia ancient in sites of phase first the continue To FM. $20,546 inthe sites Mesoamerican of excavation tinue Larson, L. Dorothy appear on pottery and other objects. objects. other U. and pottery on marks, appear owners' that and notations commercial and numerical and potters' on other the materials, Age in Bronze on one publication for volumes: two Anatolia in site Gordion ex­ on research continue To $39,563. Kohler: multi­ U. a continue To $44,100. Fritz: a Herodotus, to according was, Naukratis Great the Herod bv Israel, constructed Maritima, was which Caesarea of complex bor har­ submerged the of excavation and survey shelter site on the Olympic Peninsula. Peninsula. Olympic the on site rock River shelter Hoko the at excavation of phase NJ; Piscataway, Brunswick, New U., Rutgers ha, Belize, Central America. America. Central Belize, ha, Texas, of U. metallurgy. continue of To sample a $50,228. of analysis Jr.: metallographic Dyson, L. Robert Boulder; Colorado, of U. Turkey. of 11th-century an of hull the of reassembly the nataka state, India. India. state, nataka Hohlfelder: $37,969 FM. To continue the the continue To FM. $37,969 Hohlfelder: coast the 1977-79 off in recovered ship Islamic of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, of of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, of rhelg & Archaeology Anthropology RO RO E E T E GAT AWARDS RECENT GRANT NEH RO RO Waltham, MA; Ian A. Todd: Todd: A. Ian MA; Waltham, Providence, RI; R. Ross Ross R. RI; Providence, a Atno Toa R. Thomas Antonio; San FM. RO t Pu; ila D E. D. William Paul; St. Denver, CO: $2,200. To To $2,200. CO: Denver, Baltimore, MD; Lowell Lowell MD; Baltimore, Philadelphia; Robert H. Robert Philadelphia; luuru; on M. John Albuquerque; RO To continue the final final the continue To

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hms . caln; 350 T uls a publish To $3,550. McFarland; L. Thomas century B.C.). B.C.). century Knauer: $26,000. To prepare a guide to the the to guide a prepare To $26,000. Knauer: Pennsylvania, of U. a as Greece in Pylos at Nestor of Palace the conflicting national ideologies in the period period the in ideologies national conflicting dif­ the of examination an publish To $3,340. Cornell the on focusing Aeschylus, of plays the of study U. RC philosopher and pupil of Aristotle (fourth (fourth Aristotle of pupil and philosopher Greek Theophrastus, of fragments the surviving all translate and edit, collect, to continue and Gaius of portraiture the of amination Press, U. Fordham civilization. Greek Mycenaean of model from 1918 to 1921. 1921. to 1918 from their and nationalities Slavic South ferent RV administrators. preservation library and tion conserva­ book for only program training nation's formal the continue To FM. $414,468 and Columbia, technology Tanzania. iron in civilization ancient concerning research publication for prepare To $54,961. many document which Egypt To in FM. Church $100,000 Arabic and Coptic OR; catalogue and microfilm $90,463 Brown: of Bernard for introduction historical and translation a on research conduct To $2,200. in citizen good the and man good the of the how show to form and pattern musical of Brigham Young Young Brigham aaou Tasainm t Commentariorum. et Translationum Catalogus ex­ systematic a publish To $2,500. Schulte: $2,200. To conduct research on the concept concept the on research conduct To $2,200. a 60-minute documentary that examines the the examines that documentary 60-minute a produce To $214,413. Longstreth: E. Stephen Film the present. the from to era civilization Greco-Roman Egyptian of aspects Orthodox Coptic the by held manuscripts Besse's David GY thought. political Aristotle's and reflected patterns. are and dance music, staging, chorus proper the by the enhanced of words edy. six of consideration a publish To $4,000. at the Library of Congress. Congress. of Library the at held inventories manuscript filmed of corpus Euro­ in collections manuscript Latin early Latin translation of and commentaries on on commentaries and of translation Latin later and Caesar. Augustus grandsons of sons the adopted Caesar, Lucius discuss to studies Mycenaean in 14 specialists ot uar yteJpns rm 1942to of from of Japanese group area the by aSumatra Palembang South by the in formed interned women orchestra" "vocal Waerdt, Vander A. Paul com­ ancient to criticism and theory mance perfor­ modern applies that Plautus by plays pean repositories. They will join the large large the join will They repositories. pean the of continue inventories To unpublished of microfilming $27,750. Cranz: Edward Princeton Homer to 1620 for publication in the the in publication for 1620 to Homer To FM. $7,000 OR; $50,000 Fortenbaugh: and Spain, France, Republic. Roman the Southern Sardinia—during Italy, Roman provinces—Northern the of western the in history frontier a publish To $3,000. the in of description ransom the on write and research duct NYC: Martzinek, M. Louise Brown America, of Society Renaissance Rutgers Rutgers GY vase-painting. its Greek of analysis comparative a with I lector Princeton U. Press, U. Princeton Press of New England, England, New of Press Oresteia, History—Non- RP Arts Arts U., Providence, RI; Peter R. Schmidt: Schmidt: R. Peter RI; Providence, U., G. G. ie e adbs et Fraticisci. Beati Laudibus de Liber U., Ithaca, NY; John G. Ackerman: Ackerman: G. John NY; Ithaca, U., . e rnwc, J W NJ; illiamW. Brunswick, New U., U. Foundation, Foundation, that analyzes the work in terms terms in work the analyzes that mc, t Bn etr, NY: Bona venture, St. Amico, U., NYC; Richard L. Darling: Darling: L. Richard NYC; U., Press, RL U.S. RP U., Provo, UT; S. Kent Kent S. UT; Provo, U., Bronx, NY; Mary Beatrice Beatrice Mary NY; Bronx, Iliad NJ; Sanford G. Thatcher: Thatcher: G. Sanford NJ; NJ; Sanford G. Thatcher: Thatcher: G. Sanford NJ; RP Philadelphia; Georg N. Georg Philadelphia;

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1945. GN two-day international conference to assess Alabama, prior to World War 11 GN on "Ishi in Two Worlds" by Theodora Paula E. Findlen, Wellesley College, MA; the present state of scholarship on U. of California, Los Angeles; Lois Smith- Kroeber, the account of the last Yahi Indian $2,200. To conduct research on anatomical Renaissance humanism, especially its origins Bupp: $164,923. To conduct a two-year pro­ to be found in northern California after his theory and notions of sexuality in Europe, and transmission from the Continent to Bri­ ject on the Constitutional Convention of tribe has been exterminated by white settlers. 1300-1600. GY tain. RD 1787, which will stage 24 public debates or GN Indiana U., Bliximington; Emanuel J. Mickel: Yale U., New Haven, CT; William Peters: dialogues by humanities scholars. These Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ; $50,000 OR; $3,000 FM. To translate with $20,000. To research and develop a treatment scholars will reproduce the opposing view­ Margaret E. Goertz: $10,000. To conduct the commentary Hungarian writings of the Mid­ for a 90-minute documentary film on the life points on issues which divided Americans planning phase for study of state teacher cer­ dle Ages, Renaissance, and Enlightement: and times of Joseph Stalin. GN at the time of the Convention. GB tification requirements in the humanities. OP The Life of St Margaret (13th century), A Yeshiva U., NYC; Richard C. Steiner: U. of California, Los Angeles; Donald Crabs: Francis C. Wood Institute/College of Physi­ Hungarian Chronicle (14th-15th centuries), $30,000. To decipher and translate an $50,434. To preserve the Hearst-Metrotone cians, Philadelphia, PA; Diana L. Hall: and The Life of Stefan Szegedini (16th century). Aramaic papyrus w'ritten in Demotic, a late Newsreel Collection housed at UCLA, a $10,000. To conduct a conference that will ex­ RL Egyptian script. RL unique body of news footage dating from the plore the history of American hospitals in the Indiana U., Bloomington; Helen Nader: Katherine E. Young, Columbia U., NYC: 1920s. RC ' 20th century. RD $10,000. To plan a conference to discuss $2,200. To conduct research on a 16th- U. of Illinois, Urbana; Roger G. Clark: Hadassah, NYC; Lawrence D. Geller: issues pertaining to the Hispanic aspects of centurv-cross cultural dialogue: the Ivan- $4,050. To publish a monograph on the three $71,760. To survey, arrange, describe, and the discovery of the New World, to identify Elizabeth letters. GY major agricultural commodities of the microfilm records of Hadassah, a Jewish the archival materials that deal with them, South—cotton, tobacco, and rice—that ex­ women's philanthropic organization active and to sort out major research issues. RD amines how they were affected by the in the U.S. and Israel. RC Johns Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; Henrv mechanization of government intervention Illinois State U., Normal; John C. Shields: Y. K. Tom: $9,415. To publish a study of the History—U.S. over the hundred-year period from 1880 to $10,000. To conduct a conference on Phillis monetary and banking practices of 1980. RP Wheatley, the first black poet to publish a Renaissance Venice, which affected both the U. of Massachusetts, Amherst; Joan M. book in America. RD Latin West and the Greek East. RP Aldrich Public Library, Barre, VT; Karen F.. Wilber: $12,000. To write eight dramatiza­ Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Kingston Press, Inc., Princeton, NJ; Carl M. Lane: $18,529. To arrange and describe tions of American historical periods for a Philadelphia, PA; Joan Cassell: $65,000. To Kortepeter; $9,000. To publish Volume 3 of historical records held by the library. RC 13-part series of half-hour radio programs for plan a study by a cultural anthropologist of The Nikonian Chronicle, an edition and transla­ Bethel College, North Newton, KS; David children ages 8-12. GN the informal mechanisms that the communi­ tion of a 16th-century "official" chronicle A. Haury: $148,456. To catalogue a collection U. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; ty of surgeons employs to enforce its moral covering Russian history from the ninth of Dutch, Prussian, and Russian Mennonite Lewis A. Bateman: $2,956. To publish a book understandings, beliefs, and expected through the late 16th century. RP research materials. RC that studies the development of the political behaviors. RH Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge; Kenneth Brown U., Providence, Rl; Jennifer B. Lee: party system in the South during Re­ Jackson State U., MS; Lelia G. Rhodes: F. Kitchell, Jr.; $14,879. To complete the $26,500. To promote the library's McLellan construction. RP $15,000. To conduct a project for life-long translation, with commentaries, glossaries, Lincoln collection by holding workshops and Western New York Public Broadcasting learning in the humanities that will focus and maps, of Albertus Magnus's treatise on public discussions, publishing scholarly Association, Buffalo; Wiley F. Hance: primarily on Afro-American history, natural history, De Animalibus. RL papers, and exhibiting the materials from the $55,731. To write one script and three literature, art, music and science/technology Michigan State U., East Lansing; Grover M. collection. GL treatments for a four-hour series on the life through lectures, seminars, book reviews, 1 ludson: $8,500. To translate Alaqa Tayya's Calliope Film Resources, Inc., Cambridge, and accomplishments of John James dramatic readings, concerts and exhibits and History of the Peoples of Ethiopia, an important MA: Randall Conrad; $44,152. To write a Audubon (1785-1858). GN the personal guidance of library staff. GL source for Ethiopian traditional and popular 90-minute script on Shay's Rebellion of Women of Summer, Tenafly, NJ; Suzanne Shoshana B. Jedwab, Brooklyn, NY: $2,200. ideas on their people's legendary origins 1786-87 with emphasis on the role the E. Bauman: $238,650. To produce a one-hour To conduct research on the cultural (20th century). RL Massachusetts agrarian uprising played in documentary presenting a history of the significance of a 16th-century Jewish legal Robert G. Moeller, Columbia U., NYC; influencing the activities of the Philadelphia Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women text in Poland. GY $3,010. To translate and annotate texts on Convention and the character of the 1787 Workers, 1929-1938. GN John Hopkins U., Baltimore, MD; George modern German rural life and prepare an in­ U.S. Constitution. GN Yale U., New Haven, CT; William Peters: B. Udvarhelyi: $200,000. To conduct a three- troduction for a volume of essays on modern Carleton College, Northfield, MN; Michael $8,000. To revise a script for a television film year series of lectures and seminars on issues German agrarian history. RL P. Zuckert: $49,234. To plan a program to exploring the pre-Civil War debate over arising from the intersection of medicine and New York City Board of Education, dramatize the intellectual and political rivalry slavery. GN the humanities for audiences of medical Brooklyn; Philip Lewis: $15,461. To produce between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Yale U. Press, New Haven, CT; Edward school faculty, students, employees, hospital in English and Spanish one 30-minute pro­ GB Tripp: $2,810. To publish a volume in The patients, and visitors. GP gram and four additional treatments for a Cincinnati Historical Society, OH; Steven Papers of Benjamin Franklin that covers the Kentucky Department for Libraries & Ar­ 15-part radio series for teenagers, which will W. Plattner: $23,241. To print a microfiche years of Franklin's mission to France. RP chives, Frankfort, KY; Richard N. Belding: explore historiography. The pilot features study copy from photographic negatives $143,212. To inform the public about the "detective work" by historians on the Ben­ documenting neighborhoods in Cincinnati, historical materials kept in the Kentucky state jamin Franklin Papers at Yale GN 1934-1981. RC archives through public programs in the New York Public Library, NYC; Vartan Division of Historical & Cultural Affairs, Interdisciplinary humanities, workshops for teachers and Gregorian. $188,000 OR; $78,000 FM. To con­ Dover, DE; Roy H. Tryon: $46,414. To ar­ librarians, a traveling photographic exhibit, GRANTS duct a three-year series of programs on range and describe 25,000 photographs and a series of radio programs. GL "Printing and Censorship." An exhibit from documenting Delaware history. RC American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Louisiana Association of Museums, Baton the library's extensive collections will be ac­ Thomas E. Fennell, Boston College, MA: MA; John B. Hench: $10,000 OR; $5,615 FM. Rouge; Carol J. Nelson: $75,720. To code, companied by materials developed from $2,200. To conduct research on the Russian To conduct a conference of 35 scholars from store, retrieve, and update information ob­ research and from lecture and public discus­ influence on the Catholic Worker Movement. the United States and abroad on the history tained in a survey of Louisiana museums, sion programs. GL GY of the book in American culture, stressing with the aim of establishing a national model Oriental Research Partners, Newtonville, David A. Levenstein, Ardmore, Pa: $2,200. the links with social, cultural, and literary for a statewide cultural resources clearing­ MA; Philip H. Clendenning: $3,292. To To conduct research on the development of history. RD house. OP publish an analysis and reconstruction of the Thoreau's political philosophy. GY Herman L. Bennett, U. of North Carolina, Modern Language Association of America, Lithuanian Metrica, the royal chancery’ record Scott R. McLemee, Austin, TX: $2,200. To Chapel Hill: $2,200. To conduct research on NYC; Phyllis Franklin: $49,450. To design a books of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from conduct a critical study of Cotton Mather's the impact of the ideology of black power on system for regular surveys of English and the 15th through the 18th centuries. RP writings. GY the recent history of Trinidad. GY foreign language departments on issues of Purdue U., West Lafayette, IN; Charles W. New images Productions, Inc., Berkeley, Berkeley Art Center, CA; Marlon T. Riggs: interest in the higher education communi­ Ingrao: $5,200. To conduct an international CA; Avon Kirkland: $133,932. To write a $22,000. To write a script for a 60-minute ty. OP conference of historians on the politics of the script for a four-part television series on the video documentary on the evidence of black Morgan State U., Baltimore, MD; Samuel A. Holv Roman Empire from 1500 to its demise life and times of Booker T. Washington, caricature and stereotype in American Hay: $10,000. To plan a conference of in 1806. RD focusing on his career, his founding of the popular culture and the historic relationship scholars to investigate the history of black Lisa J. Shives-McCrea, La Jolla, CA: $2,200. Tuskegee Institute, his national prominence, of such caricature to popular racial attitudes. theater in America from 1852 to 1980, focus­ To conduct research on the significance and and his struggles with black militants. GN GN ing on African cultural retentions and the shifting critical reputation of the French Nightowl Productions, Inc. Nahant, MA; Bund Archives of the Jewish Labor Move­ growth of a black theatrical idiom. RD historian Charles Peguy. GY Victor R. Pisano: $742,500. To produce a ment, NYC; Benjamin Nadel: $88,214. To Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA; Rov Southern Illinois U., Carbondale; John E. three-hour mini-series depicting the Salem conduct archival processing of 400 feet of Perkinson: $8,000 OR; $2,000 FM. To Dotson: $20,000 OR; $2,500 FM. To translate witch trials of 1692 focusing on the story of manuscripts relating to Jewish-American translate Max Schweidler's work on paper with extensive commentary a 14th-century three sisters, distinguished matrons in the labor history; cataloguing of 2,000 posters, conservation: The Repair of Engravings, Draw­ Venetian merchant's manual. The DaCanal community, who were caught up in these pamphlets, and broadsides; and the prepara­ ings, Books, Etc., (1949). RL Notebook, important for the social and events and tried as witches. GN tion of a printed guide to the European and Native American Pub. Broadcasting Consor­ economic history it supplies of that medieval Pomona Public Library, CA; David Streeter: American collections of the Bund Archives. tium, Lincoln, NE; Frank M. Blythe: $50,016. center of culture and trade. RL $50,291. To reproduce and index selected RC To write six scripts for a series of 30-minute U. of Detroit, MI; Edwin B. DeWindt: nitrate negatives depicting southwestern Rebecca D. Catz, Beverly Hills, CA: $25,000 television programs about native American $3,500. To translate court rolls of the com­ towns, 1914-1955. RC OR; $5,000 FM. To produce a critical, an­ children from six major tribes: the Zuni, munity of Ramsey, England, from 1268 to RKB Productions, Walpole, NH; Kenneth L. notated translation of Mendes Pinto's Cherokee, Blackfeet, Navajo, Seminole, and 1572 rendered in calendar form. RL Burns: $185,500. To produce a 60-minute Travels, a 16th-century autobiographical ac­ Kiowa. GN U. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor; Mary C. documentary on the life and political career count of a Portuguese traveler in Asia. RL Newberry Library, Chicago, IL: John Jentz: Erwin: $30,000 OR; $5,000 FM. To translate of Huey P. Long set within the social, Cooper Union for the Adv. of Science & Art, $13,753. To translate and annotate more than and edit Volume I {The War Diaries, cultural, and economic context of national NYC; Michael G. Sundell: $15,000. To plan, 160 German-language documents on the 1941-1945) of the diaries of Vladimir Dedi- and southern history. GN with the help of outside consultants, the in­ history and culture of Chicago's German jer, official biographer and literary executor Rutland Free Library, VT; Patricia L. Bates: stitution's offerings in the humanities. EM workers, from 1850 to 1920 RL of Marshal Tito. RL $130,000. To organize reading groups in 30 Cornell U., Ithaca, NY; Ryburn M. Ross: Polish American Historical Association, U. of Minnesota, St Paul; John Ervin, Jr.: public libraries in rural Vermont and New $140,000 OR; $24,482 FM. To plan the addi­ Chicago, IL; James S. Pula: $8,689 OR; $7,500 $3,760 FM. To publish a narrative and York Led by scholars, participants will tion of holdings information on 24,000 non- FM. To complete translating and editing Part analytical history of Scandinavia during the discuss works related to American history current humanities serials to the Research II of Waclaw Kruszka's Historya Polska w half-century between the Seven Years War such as The Federalist Papers and Uncle Libraries Information Network, as well as Ameryce, (A History of the Poles in America). RL and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. RP Tom's Cabin. GL cataloguing copy to CONSER, the national F. Jamil Ragep, Cambridge, MA: $28,000. To U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; David P. U. Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kenneth serials data base. RC edit and translate with a commentary the Silverman: $7,000 OR; $5,000 FM. To W'. Elliott: $9,417. To publish Volume 8, D.E.A.F. Media, Inc., Emeryville, CA; 14th-century treatise on astronomv by al- translate with commentary and index Egyp­ covering the years 1829 to 1836, in an edi­ Susan D Rutherford: $68,750. To write Tusi, who sought to reform the Ptolemaic tian funerary texts in the tomb of Khesu the tion of The Papers of Henry Clay. RP scripts for 13 half-hour television programs system in much the same way as did Coper­ Elder in the Western Delta, dating from the U. of Alabama, University; Brenda W. on humanities subjects for deaf children GN nicus almost two centuries later. RL third millennium B.C. RL McCallum: $72,941. To produce 13 half-hour Educational Broadcasting Corporation, Rutgers U. Press, New Brunswick, NJ; U. of Wisconsin, Parkside, Kenosha; documentary radio programs on black NYC; David Loxton: $86,661. To write a Marlie P. Wasserman: $3,078. To publish a Andrew M. McLean: $10,000. To conduct a working-class social history in Birmingham, script for a 90-minute television film based collection of essays that examine the Dutch 25 GRANTS emigration to America. RP RP America. to emigration hundred years of statehood. statehood. of years hundred library OR; two-year a $193,527 conduct To FM. Laubersheimer: $17,000 Sue deen; RD settings. urban in groups Scandinavian of immigrant experience the on ference $36,433. To plan the retaping of native native of retaping the plan To $36,433. relating to Swedish immigrants and their their and immigrants Swedish to relating Historical American To Swedish Society, the $44,551. Kahlich: organize S. Nancy Historical IL; Chicago, Swedish-American program for the study of South Dakota's first Dakota's South of study for the program Association, Library Dakota South con­ research a co'nduct To $9,400. Lovoll: College, Olaf Saint RC documentation. related and recordings field obsolete unstable, of variety a on recorded U. of California, California, of U. material descendants. of collection a Archives, Society $20,909 OR; $10,000 FM. To translate all the the all translate To FM. $10,000 OR; $20,909 century astronomer. astronomer. century enter the cataloguing into OCLC, a national national a the OCLC, into by cataloguing the held enter recordings sound field and California, of U. ethnographic these cataloguing and media, currently narratives, and songs American ilorpyo infcn ok ad jour­ and books significant of bibliography 1,0. o odc a ordy inter­ four-day a conduct rhetoric of role the on conference disciplinary To $10,000. U. on Vinci. da Leonar­ do of drawings, notebooks Paris the in flow accompanying fluid with notes, U. letters of Ismael Boulliau, an important 17th- important an Boulliau, Ismael collected of the letters to guide a prepare To $53,681. U. 26 library database. database. library will which archive, ethnomusicology UCLA be published as a special issue of "History "History of issue special a as published be compilation the continue To $10,614. Vann: bibliography. lec­ scholarly by accompanied experience, GY and Sumatra. inWest Islamic traditions cultural on other research conduct To $2,200. bibliography will supplement a volume volume 1980. a before the period the supplement 1980-1985; covering will studies, annotated bibliography women's an in nals prepare To $46,569. ing: people. U. Navajo the of English myths an tion publish crea­ major To the of annotation with translation $4,150. Hadas: C. ly interaction, the peace was broken. broken. was peace the interaction, friend­ of ly years 200 after why, determine to Dakota the between evolved that tionships ex­ that work ethnohistorical an publish To with dealing Polish-Americans on lections col­ manuscript several organize To $52,466. and unknown generally the of critical and examination historical a in audience general icx $,9. o uls a td o a of study a publish To $3,595. Wilcox: discourse. U. and research scholarly in Briegleb: $127,867. To catalogue commercial commercial catalogue To $127,867. Briegleb: art historians and historians of science science the of those especially of revolutions, scientific and historians revolutions artistic compare to and together historians art will that bring conference scholarly atwo-day College, Williams Theory." and to 1978-1985, history, of philosophy works of the in bibliography a of suggested publication and a and U., Wesleyan discussion, ture, northeast Plains Great throughout the on films showing pro­ libraries Nebraska of in series a grams continue To $41,423. dorf: College, State Wayne Waldemar, E. Karen U. U. Indians and whites along the Minnesota Minnesota the attempts and 1862 and 1650 along between frontier whites and Indians rela­ political and economic, social, the plores U. and organizations. cultural social as well as press immigrant the GP U. compositions. music classical other and operatic, orchestral, chamber, as such music American black of genres addressed seldom a engage will which music, on American black a symposium conduct To $30,000 terson: of the 1820s and the Astor Place Company Company 1880s. Place the Astor of the and 1820s the of Theatre Grove Acting the as companies black Shakespeare's in appeared have who tors 17th, late 19th and early 20th centuries. centuries. 20th early and 19th late 17th, conduct To $10,000. Jr.: Edgerton, Y. Samuel U. U. plays in the past. The work discusses such such discusses work The past. the theater in plays American of ac­ black by made contributions history—the aspect neglected of Nebraska, Nebraska, of of Florida, Florida, of of New Mexico, Mexico, New of of Minnesota, Minnesota, of of Iowa, Iowa, of of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, of of Michigan, Michigan, of of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, of Iowa, of Iowa City; Enzo O. Macagno: Macagno: O. Enzo City; Iowa RL RC Iowa City; |ohn S. Nelson: Nelson: S. |ohn City; Iowa RP Gainesville; Robert A. Hatch: Hatch: A. Robert Gainesville; GL ideon C; ihr T. Richard CT; Middletown, RC Lincoln; Kay Graber: $3,624. $3,624. Graber: Kay Lincoln; inaoi; ua Grigg: Susan Minneapolis; Pat C. Willis Arbor; Ann RC Berkely; James F. Deetz: Deetz: F. James Berkely; aio; ua E Sear­ E. Susan Madison; Northfield, MN; Odd 5. 5. Odd MN; Northfield, o Agls An M. Ann Angeles; Los Albuquerque; Elizabeth Elizabeth Albuquerque; RC RC Williamstown, MA; MA; Williamstown, NE; Jack L. Midden- Midden- L. Jack NE; Amherst; Bruce G. G. Bruce Amherst; New Haven, CT: CT: Haven, New

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Chester, PA; Jack McCarthy: $29,597. To To $29,597. Pleas Common of McCarthy: Court County the organize Jack PA; Society, Chester, Historical County Chester a series of texts based on Sinai Bedouin legal Bedouin Sinai on based texts of series a records, U. U. Stewart, H. Frank $20,000. To prepare the original language text language original the prepare To $20,000. mme fte urm or fo 1811 from Court Supreme the of member Story, a Joseph Justice of biography tellectual disputes. translate To $6,835. Building: Institution nian jurisdiction critical theories and their application to to application their and theories critical ila Wrsot ad ae Jye GY Joyce. James of and growth artistic Wordsworth the William on research conduct U.S. of papers the process To Law $37,465. Harvard publicist the legal U. prolific of a and founder School, a 1845, to in­ an publish To $5,414. Bateman: A. Lewis hksera txs GY texts. Shakespearean PA: $2,200. To conduct research on modern modern on research conduct To $2,200. PA: Cohen, A. William Neffe, Bernhard's transla­ Thomas the of to tion related research conduct To theory. writing and $2,200. To research and write on the the the in on women write older and of research characterization To Belleville, $2,200. E. Jacqueline together widely scattered Siouan Languages Languages Siouan scattered widely bringing together linguistics Siouan comparative on have or literature scattered scholarly are the that throughout sources will many work This assemble texts. hieroglyphic Maya of content and structure the withWriting," deal Maya will that "Ancient monograph, a illustration of and writing research, gathering, evd n h cut rm 99 o 97 RC 1967. to 1949 from court the on Tom served Justice Court Supreme David C. Conrad, Conrad, C. David Jeffrey P. Beck, Beck, P. Jeffrey duct a multidisciplinary investigation of of investigation multidisciplinary a duct U. archives specialists to study Siouan Siouan study to Proto-Siouan a on work begin and specialists linguistics archives workshop four-week a conduct To $10,000. data- the plan To FM. $16,070 Society: linguistics. structural modern of founder To $56,797. Slotkin: W. Helen Cambridge; Raina E. Brubaker, Brubaker, E. Raina speech in and linguistics in one-hour research new a on for script a write To $38,999. novels of Woolf and Forster. GY GY Brenner, A. David Forster. and Woolf of novels strong. became of Peru. Peru. of associated and temples pyramidal Hispanic con­ To FM. $61,319 OR; $17,542 Donnan: B published. been before never U. dictionary. and grammar Jakobson, Roman of papers the process Technology, of Institute Massachusetts television pilot program on language based based language on program pilot television h Fury. The time of concepts in the on write and research GY justice. social Henry on 18th-century and research Fielding conduct To $2,200. PA: dramatist and poet Sanskrit classical the of translate To the $11,550. Miller: Stoler Barbara Society, Oriental American of description the complete form most Asia, and South earliest in finest written the among literature considered poems, These Lynann Barkik: Barkik: Lynann poems, 480 comprising anthologies, two edit Pacatnamu, a complex of more than 50 pre- 50 than more of complex a Pacatnamu, U. Stuart, E. Jeorge Kalidasa. Kalidasa. influence northern before India South 100-300). (A.D. literature Sangam Tamil of monumental architecture on the north coast coast north the on architecture monumental George L. Hart: $26,510. To translate and and translate To $26,510. Hart: L. George Society, Oriental American okHmwr, Angel Homeward, Look of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, of of California, California, of of North Carolina Press, Press, Carolina North of of Colorado, Colorado, of of Texas, Texas, of Kumarasambhaya, n owieaciia nrdcin GY introduction. critical a write to and Jurisprudence agae & Language GY RO 1714-1820, the the 1714-1820, Linguistics RL Literature RL for civil and equity equity and civil Austin; Roy M. Mersky: Mersky: M. Roy Austin; RL Lafayette College, Easton, Easton, College, Lafayette Iowa City, IA: $2,200. To To $2,200. IA: City, Iowa Los Angeles; Christopher Christopher Angeles; Los Boulder; David S Rood: Rood: S David Boulder; Wilson Wilson Middletown, CT: $2,200. $2,200. CT: Middletown, a ak L 220 To $2,200 IL: Park, Oak the poetic masterpiece masterpiece poetic the Amherst; David Porter: David Amherst; GN National Geographic Geographic National Swarthmore College, College, Swarthmore Stinson Beach, CA: CA: Beach, Stinson and and court Center, RD New Haven, CT; Haven, New New Haven, CT; Haven, New Wittengenstein's Norton, MA: MA: Norton,

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of Illinois, Illinois, of of Washington, Washington, of of the State of New York, York, New of State the of of California, California, of of Minnesota, Minnesota, of of Illinois, Illinois, of La Celestina, La eetd Letters Selected Ramayana RL U. U. Philosophy U. Press, Press, h Tn rm GY Drum. Tin The Urbana; Philip Kolb: $10,000 $10,000 Kolb: Philip Urbana; Bates College, Lewiston, ME: ME: Lewiston, College, Bates which was prepared by the the by prepared was which U. of Rochester, NY: $2,200. $2,200. NY: Rochester, of U. GY Moorhead, MN: $2,200. To To $2,200. MN: Moorhead, Urbana; Roger G. Clark: Clark: G. Roger Urbana; Bryn Mawr College, PA: PA: College, Mawr Bryn e rnwc, J Leslie NJ: Brunswick, New GY Waves The Swarthmore College, PA: PA: College, Swarthmore U. U. Davis; Dorothy Gilbert: Gilbert: Dorothy Davis; Seattle; Naomi B. Pascal: Pascal: B. Naomi Seattle; RP Thatcher: G. Sanford NJ; inaoi; utn J. Austin Minneapolis; Huntington Beach, CA: CA: Beach, Huntington Vol. II, 1903-1909. 1903-1909. II, Vol. Canton, NY: $2,200. To To $2,200. NY: Canton, Amherst College, MA: MA: College, Amherst Y; ila . Bern­ F. William NYC; Reed Reed RL

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(1540-1620), whose thought was associated man: $58,856. To organize and preserve the tion as an application of 18th-century political tures and an adult education curriculum GP with the culmination of Neo-Confucianism Paul Tillich manuscript collection, an impor­ science. RD U. of Oregon, Eugene; Hilary A. Cummings: in the Ming period. RP tant source for research on 20th-century American Bar Association, Chicago, IL; $46,892 OR; $10,000 FM. To arrange and Steven G. Daniel, Bloomington, IN: $2,200. religion. RC Robert S. Peck: $14,506. To plan a weekly describe mid-20th-century personal and to conduct research on Husserl's adoption Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Robert G. newspaper series dealing with constitutional organizational records that form the core of of Transcendental Idealism. GY Gardner: $137,582. To complete three one- issues and a complementary series of public the Research Collection for Conservative or De Paul U., Chicago, IL; Parvis Emad: hour films—part of a series of six called meetings in a number of cities. GB Libertarian Studies. RC $24,000 OR; $4,000 FM. To translate two "Pleasing God—How Hindus Worship"— Margaret J. Berry, American U., Institut U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Richard works by the German philosopher Martin which will document particular aspects of d'Etudes Europeenes: $2,200 To conduct R Beeman: $10,000. To conduct a conference Heidegger, one examining Kant's Critique of community worship and explore the rela­ research on the development and implica­ on the creation of the American Constitution Pure Reason, the other Hegel's Phenomenology tionships of ritual and everyday life in Hin­ tions of NSC-68, a National Security Coun­ for legal scholars, historians, and political of Spirit. RL du India. GN cil document, for American foreign policy scientists sponsored by the Philadelphia Bradford S. Duhon, Baton Rouge, LA: Kuroda Institute, Los Angeles, CA; Donald during and after the Cold War. GY Center for Early American Studies, the $2,200. To research and write on the ethical S. Lopez, Jr.: $10,000 OR; $12,884 FM. To Robert J. Bookmiller, Indiana U. of Penn­ American Philosophical Society, and the In­ issues in the lawyer-client relationship. GY conduct a conference on traditional and revi­ sylvania: $2,200. To conduct research on stitute of Early American History. RD Nadine C. Gassner, Boston, MA: $2,200 To sionist interpretations of a large corpus of Islamic values and their impact on the U. of Pittsburgh, PA; Catherine Marshall: conduct research on the varieties of scriptures attributed to Buddha RD political systems of three selected Islamic na­ $5,110. To publish the second volume in a metaphor in humanistic discourse. GY Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford G. Thatcher: tions. GY study of the writings of Marx and Engels. RP Jyl K. Gentzler, Bryn Mawr College, PA: $3,000 To publish a symposium volume stu­ Terrence J. Bush, Beloit College, WI: $2,200. $2,200. To conduct research on Hegel's logic dying the Japanese response to Neo- To conduct research on the conception of and its Kantian origins. GY Confucianism by Shinto, Buddhist, human nature in The Federalist. GY Capital letters following each grant show Mary A. Kelleher, Houston, TX: $2,200. To Kokugawa, and heterodox Confucian Stuart W. Daniel, Lexington, KY: $1,800. To the division and program through which conduct research on St. Thomas Aquinas, in­ scholars and leaders during the Tokugawa conduct research on the atomic bomb and the grant was made. cluding a translation of The Soul's Knowledge period (17th to 19th centuries). RP Soviet-American relations, 1944-1945. GY Division of General Programs of Itself. GY Stanford U., CA: Susan K Matisoff: $35,000 Renee K. DuRand, St. John's College, An­ GP Program Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology, To translate, with accompanying explanatory napolis, MD: $2,200 To conduct research on GY Younger Scholars Cambridge; Robert M. Wallace: $11,200 OR; essays, a collection of 17th-century sermon- the foundations of American political and GZ Youth Projects $10,000 FM. To translate The Genesis of the ballads that evolved from 8th-century Bud­ economic thought. GY GL Libraries Humanities Projects Copemican World by the modern German dhist morality plays and were performed as Angela C. Griffin, Kansas State U , Manhat­ GM Humanities Projects in Museums philosopher Hans Blumenberg RL popular puppet dramas. RL tan: $2,200 To conduct research on the con­ and Historical Organizations Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford G. Thatch­ U. of Akron, OH; Lawrence T. Martin: cept of "reason of state" in French political GN Humanities Projects in Media er: $3,500. To publish a study of Giambat­ $25,000. To translate with critical introduc­ theory during the 16th and 17th centuries. tista Vico's thought that places it in the tion and notes the Homilies on the Gospels by GY Division of Research Programs historical context of the traditions of rhetoric the Venerable Bede (8th century), which John M. Hillebrand, Appleton, Wl: $2,200 RH Humanities, Science and and jurisprudence. RP have been used by the Western Church for To conduct research on a theoretical history Technology Tracey K. Rizzo, Salem, OR: $2,200 To eleven hundred years. RL of the role of the Italian peasant in the rise RC Research Resources research and write on Denis Diderot's U. of Dallas, Irving, TX; Kent Emery, Jr.: of the Italian communist party, 1920 to the RD Research Conferences philosophical response to madness. GY $59,626. To prepare a catalogue of the present. GY RE Editions Saint Olaf College, Northfield, MN; manuscripts of Denys of Ryckel, a major Julie S. Meisami, U. of California Berkeley: Rl Intercultural Research Howard V. Hong: $60,000 OR; $75,000 FM figure in 15th-century theology RC $19,500 To conduct an annotated translation RL Translations To continue the edition and translation of of the Bahr al-Fava'id (The Sea of Precious Vir­ RO Project Research Kierkegaard: Complete Works, 26 volumes. RL tues), a treatise reflecting orthodox Islamic RP Publications Karen D. Thomas, Georgetown College, KY. views on kingship and ethics. RL RS State, Local and Regional Studies $2,200. To conduct research on C. S. Lewis Social Science Metrocenter YMCA, Seattle, WA; Jarlath RT Research Tools and the role of storytelling in moral develop­ Hume: $53,347. To continue a public educa­ RV Conservation and Preservation ment. GY tion program to explore the relationship be­ RY Travel to Collections U of Chicago, IL; Stephen E. Toulmin Alaska Institute for Research and Public tween wealth and well-being Scholars from $10,000. To conduct a conference to explore Service, Anchorage; James W Muller: the fields of ethics, history, theology, and Program and Policy Studies the changing relations between continental $10,000. To conduct a research conference on economics will review attempts to define and Anglo-American philosophy (phe­ the political theory of the American Constitu­ "the good life." The grant will support lec­ OP Planning and Assessment Studies nomenology and analytical philosophy), two traditions of 20th-century philosophic thought that have led essentially separate ex­ istences. RD U. of Illinois, Chicago Circle; Edwin F. Not all the best things in life are Curley: $70,000. To edit and translate, with extensive critical apparatus, Volume II of The Complete Works of Spinoza. RL U. of Lowell Research Foundation, MA; Paul C. Smith: $13,000. To translate, with in­ FREE! troduction and commentary, Hans-George Gadamer's The Idea of the Good from Plato to Aristotle. RL U. of Notre Dame, IN; Alfred J. Freddoso: $15,000. To prepare an annotated translation of Luis de Molina's De Concordia, a ma]or text in the 16th-century revival of scholastic philosophy. RL U. of Santa Clara, CA; George R. Lucas: $7,425 FM. To conduct an international sym­ posium on Hegel and Whitehead that will bring together scholars for a comparative and critical examination of the linkages between two of the most distinguished names in modern philosophy. RD Iakovos Vasiliou, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY: $2,200. To research and translate John Philoponus's commentary on Book III of Aristotle's De Anima. GY To receive Humanities regularly you must Yale U., New Haven, CT; Brian J. Massumi: $2,145 OR; $4,300 FM. To translate "Mille subscribe. Yet this award-winning bimonthly Plateaux’' by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guat- tari, contemporary French scholars of of the NEH costs only $14 for a whole year. philosophy and psychoanalysis. RL • Thought-provoking articles by outstanding Religion authors and humanities scholars • News of NEH-supported projects Brown U., Providence, Rl; Ernest S. • Complete listing of recent NEH grants by Frerichs: $10,000 OR; $6,155 FM. To conduct a conference on the problem of Jewish- discipline Christian relations during the first seven Christian centuries. RD • News of programs, changes in guidelines, Catholic U. of America, Washington, DC; John M. Headley: $10,000 OR; $5,000 FM. and the most recent calendar of deadlines for To conduct a conference to reassess the meaning of the Counter Reformation and the grant applications. role of San Carlo Borromeo within that con­ text. RD Join the growing list of Humanities Grail Movement, Loveland, OH; Joyce M Dietrick: $20,502. To arrange and describe subscribers. the papers of the Grail Movement, a Catholic organization for lay women founded in the Mail this order form, today! United States in 1940. RC Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Maria Gross­ 27 Featured in this issue of Humanities . . . The American Scholar Cultural Exchange Sign, Symbol, Script. in the Soviet Union by after the Cultural A traveling exhibition Allen Kassof. The exec­ Revolution by Patricia traces the development utive directive of IREX Jones Tsuchitani. How of the first means of explains how, despite the Committee on communicating ideas acute political tensions, Scholarly Communica­ over distance and a delicate balance tion with the People's time: the alphabet. struck in 1958 enables Republic of China is Displays describing its an exchange of scholars helping American invention remind us between the United scholars to take part in that "the computer States and the Soviet China's thriving in­ age would not have Union that produces tellectual life. been possible without the majority of our . . . the Canaanite in­ An Archaeological published knowledge vention of the ABCs." Year in China by about Soviet Russia. Jeffrey Kao. The op­ What Has Happened Notes on a Baku Sum­ portunity to see in Musicology by mer by Ayse Rorlich. Chinese archaeology in Howard Mayer Brown. During a trip to Azer- action uncovers the Advances in ethno- baidzhan to study the emphasis on practical musicology and music status of Muslim training as China theory, continuing women in the Soviet feverishly pursues her achievements in style Union, a scholar finds archaeological record. analysis, and brand "those dimensions of new work in icono- Traveling Among the a culture which remain graphical studies and elusive even after metic­ Story-Tellers. In Kar­ philology prove the ulous scrutiny of docu­ nataka, India, where vitality of the study of ments and archives." television sets are only 12 music in the past now beginning to be quarter century. Writing in Exile. What are the prospects household objects, folk for the third wave of Russian emigre tales impart cultural The H um anities Guide. A new sec­ writers, those who since 1966 have values. What do these tion of information for those who chosen exile as an alternative to prison, tales tell us of the are thinking of applying for NEH 6 grants. In this issue: what you internal exile, or psychiatric treatment? ethos and world view How can emigre literature discard of this culture? should know before applying to the limited, parochial interests to enter the new Travel to Collections Program permanent culture of the Russian and an example of a persuasive people? proposal.

21 Travel to Collections 22 The Persuasive Proposal 23 Deadlines 1 24 Recent NEH Grants Eastern Civ. How can 27 Subscription Information Travel Books. "Surely the oldest and largest the study of Asia be cluster of metaphors in any language and its introduced in the pervasiveness has increased with every traveler undergraduate core who returned to unload his cargo of wonders." curriculum? A con­ Three books examine the travel account as an ference at Columbia expression of the Enlightenment perception of Editor's Notes University tackles the 2 nature, science and art; as a force in the problem of teaching Letters to the Editor development of the novel; and as a record of 5 the East without sacri­ the wonder of discovery. ficing the study of the West.

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