Unit- III Flash Memory & Cache Memory
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Data Storage the CPU-Memory
Data Storage •Disks • Hard disk (HDD) • Solid state drive (SSD) •Random Access Memory • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • Static RAM (SRAM) •Registers • %rax, %rbx, ... Sean Barker 1 The CPU-Memory Gap 100,000,000.0 10,000,000.0 Disk 1,000,000.0 100,000.0 SSD Disk seek time 10,000.0 SSD access time 1,000.0 DRAM access time Time (ns) Time 100.0 DRAM SRAM access time CPU cycle time 10.0 Effective CPU cycle time 1.0 0.1 CPU 0.0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 2010 2015 Year Sean Barker 2 Caching Smaller, faster, more expensive Cache 8 4 9 10 14 3 memory caches a subset of the blocks Data is copied in block-sized 10 4 transfer units Larger, slower, cheaper memory Memory 0 1 2 3 viewed as par@@oned into “blocks” 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sean Barker 3 Cache Hit Request: 14 Cache 8 9 14 3 Memory 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sean Barker 4 Cache Miss Request: 12 Cache 8 12 9 14 3 12 Request: 12 Memory 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sean Barker 5 Locality ¢ Temporal locality: ¢ Spa0al locality: Sean Barker 6 Locality Example (1) sum = 0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) sum += a[i]; return sum; Sean Barker 7 Locality Example (2) int sum_array_rows(int a[M][N]) { int i, j, sum = 0; for (i = 0; i < M; i++) for (j = 0; j < N; j++) sum += a[i][j]; return sum; } Sean Barker 8 Locality Example (3) int sum_array_cols(int a[M][N]) { int i, j, sum = 0; for (j = 0; j < N; j++) for (i = 0; i < M; i++) sum += a[i][j]; return sum; } Sean Barker 9 The Memory Hierarchy The Memory Hierarchy Smaller On 1 cycle to access CPU Chip Registers Faster Storage Costlier instrs can L1, L2 per byte directly Cache(s) ~10’s of cycles to access access (SRAM) Main memory ~100 cycles to access (DRAM) Larger Slower Flash SSD / Local network ~100 M cycles to access Cheaper Local secondary storage (disk) per byte slower Remote secondary storage than local (tapes, Web servers / Internet) disk to access Sean Barker 10. -
Multimediacard Product Manual
MultiMediaCard Product Manual This manual covers the SanDisk MultiMediaCard which was developed by SanDisk’s Design Center located in Tefen, Israel. The MultiMediaCard supports version 1.4 of the MultiMediaCard Specification. ® CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 140 Caspian Court Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1000 408-542-0500 FAX: 408-542-0503 URL: http://www.sandisk.com SanDisk® Corporation general policy does not recommend the use of its products in life support applications where in a failure or malfunction of the product may directly threaten life or injury. Per SanDisk Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of SanDisk products in life support applications assumes all risk of such use and indemnifies SanDisk against all damages. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. SanDisk Corporation shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein; nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance, or use of this material. All parts of the SanDisk MultiMediaCard documentation are protected by copyright law and all rights are reserved. This documentation may not, in whole or in part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from SanDisk Corporation. SanDisk and the SanDisk logo are registered trademarks of SanDisk Corporation. Product names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies. © 2000 SanDisk Corporation. All rights reserved. SanDisk products are covered or licensed under one or more of the following U.S. Patent Nos. 5,070,032; 5,095,344; 5,168,465; 5,172,338; 5,198,380; 5,200,959; 5,268,318; 5,268,870; 5,272,669; 5,418,752; 5,602,987. -
All-In-One Photo Printer
MP980 All-In-One Photo Printer Ultimate Wireless1 All-In-One Photo Printer with 3.5" LCD. • Six individual ink system featuring gray ink provides professional color and monochrome photos • ChromaLife100+ system delivers vibrant photos that last up to 300 years2 • Maximum 9600 x 2400 color dpi3 with microscopic droplets as small as 1 picoliter using FINE technology Special Gray Ink • 4800 dpi high resolution CCD scanner for documents and films The six ink system features a Canon exclusive gray ink that gives you professional quality black & white photos. • White LED eliminates warm-up time4 for document scanning Speed & Quality Ease of Use Connectivity 20 2 1 6 7 3 5 MP980 All-In-One Photo Printer Technical Information8 PRINT Print Features Auto Duplex Print, Auto Photo Fix, Borderless Printing,9 Calendar Print, Direct Print, Document Printing, Grayscale Printing, ID Photo Print, Photo Index Sheet, Photo Printing, Template Print Print Speed5 Black Up to 26 ppm (As fast as 2.3 seconds per page) Color Up to 21 ppm (As fast as 2.9 seconds per page) 4” x 6” Borderless Photo Approx. 20 seconds Number of Nozzles Color: 5,632, Black: 512, Total: 6,144 Picoliter Size (Color) 1, 2 and 5 Print Resolution3 Color Up to 9600 x 2400 dpi Black Up to 600 x 600 dpi Paper Sizes 4" x 6," 5" x 7," 8" x 10," Letter, Legal, U.S. #10 Envelopes Paper Tray Capacity Auto Sheet Feeder: 150 Pages, Cassette: 150 Pages (Plain Paper) COPY Copy Features 4 in 1 / 2 in 1, Auto Duplex Copy, Auto Exposure/Intensity Copy, Continuous Copy, Face Brightener/Fading Correction, Film Copy, Fit-to-Page, Image Repeat, Manual Color Adjustment, Masking Copy, Multiple Copy: 1-99 Pages, Photo Reprint, Preset Copy Ratios, Trimming Copy, Zoom 5 Copy Speed Black Up to 24 cpm (As fast as 2.5 seconds per page) Ordering Information Color Up to 19 cpm (As fast as 3.2 seconds per page) Model No. -
Capturemovemanipulates
CAPTUREMOVEMANIPULATESTORE Flash Memory Cards from Simpletech CompactFlash Secure Digital MultiMediaCard RS-MMC miniSD Flash Memory Cards from SimpleTech Capture your digital photos, music, and files with SimpleTech high-speed flash FLASHMEMORYCARDS memory cards. CompactFlash CompactFlash (CF) flash memory cards are the most popular form factor of flash storage used in consumer devices today. CF cards are ideal storage solutions for digital cameras, MP3 players, PDAs, palmtops, and handheld PCs. Features • Low power consumption • Compatible with all CF devices • Hot Swappable • CFA and PCMCIA Compliant • Highest Capacity Available using IC TowerTM Chip Stacking Capacities 32MB-4GB Dimension 1.69" (w) x 1.43" (l) x 0.13" (t) Weight 11.4g Interface ATA True IDE Operating Temperature 0o - 70o C Power 3.3V or 5V Operation Warranty Lifetime Secure Digital Secure Digital (SD) flash memory cards are next generation memory devices that offer a combination of high storage capacity, fast data transfer rates, great flexibility and excellent security. Features • Copyrights protection function • SD and SPI interface supported • Nonvolatile solid-state storage • Mechanical write protect switch Capacities 32MB - 1GB Dimension 0.94" (w) x 1.26" (l) x 0.08" (t) Weight 1g Interface Secure Digital Mode SPI Mode miniSD card adapter can be use in SD card socket Operating Temperature 0o - 70o C Power 2.7V - 3.6V Warranty Lifetime MultiMediaCard MultiMediaCards (MMC) flash memory cards are highly integrated flash products which let you carry more music, images, data, and voice recordings. MMC cards are small but rugged. They are great for MP3 players, digital cameras, voice recorders, smart phones and digital camcorders. -
Cache-Aware Roofline Model: Upgrading the Loft
1 Cache-aware Roofline model: Upgrading the loft Aleksandar Ilic, Frederico Pratas, and Leonel Sousa INESC-ID/IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal ilic,fcpp,las @inesc-id.pt f g Abstract—The Roofline model graphically represents the attainable upper bound performance of a computer architecture. This paper analyzes the original Roofline model and proposes a novel approach to provide a more insightful performance modeling of modern architectures by introducing cache-awareness, thus significantly improving the guidelines for application optimization. The proposed model was experimentally verified for different architectures by taking advantage of built-in hardware counters with a curve fitness above 90%. Index Terms—Multicore computer architectures, Performance modeling, Application optimization F 1 INTRODUCTION in Tab. 1. The horizontal part of the Roofline model cor- Driven by the increasing complexity of modern applica- responds to the compute bound region where the Fp can tions, microprocessors provide a huge diversity of compu- be achieved. The slanted part of the model represents the tational characteristics and capabilities. While this diversity memory bound region where the performance is limited is important to fulfill the existing computational needs, it by BD. The ridge point, where the two lines meet, marks imposes challenges to fully exploit architectures’ potential. the minimum I required to achieve Fp. In general, the A model that provides insights into the system performance original Roofline modeling concept [10] ties the Fp and the capabilities is a valuable tool to assist in the development theoretical bandwidth of a single memory level, with the I and optimization of applications and future architectures. -
ARM-Architecture Simulator Archulator
Embedded ECE Lab Arm Architecture Simulator University of Arizona ARM-Architecture Simulator Archulator Contents Purpose ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Description ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 2 Component Description .............................................................................................................. 3 Buses ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 µP .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Caches ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Memory ................................................................................................................................................. 3 CoProcessor .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Using the Archulator ...................................................................................................................... -
Card Reader 00200128 "All in One" USB Card Reader, USB-A, USB 3.0
Card Reader 00200128 "All in One" USB Card Reader, USB-A, USB 3.0 Highlightstext: - For connecting a PC, notebook or MacBook to all common memory cards for direct data exchange in both directions - Super speed data transfer rates of up to 5 Gbps - Detachable USB cable for connection to a PC / notebook - Flexible materials guarantee optimum kink protection and prevent cable breakage - High-quality materials and workmanship guarantee excellent transmission quality - Allows fast data transfer between the card and the PC when used with a UDMA capable CF card - Allows fast data transfer between the card and the PC when used with a UHS-I capable SD card - Card reader for reading and writing inserted memory cards - Suitable and tested for USB 3.0, backwards compatible with USB 2.0 - Plug & Play, no manual software / driver installation required - Power supply via USB Memory Cards: - SD/SDHC/SDXC - MicroSD/microSDHC/microSDXC - MMC/MMC Plus/MMC 4.0 - MS/MS Duo/MS PRO Duo/MS PRO-HG - CompactFlash I & II - xD picture card System Requirements: - Operating system: Windows 10/8/7 and Mac OS 10.8 upwards Technical characteristics: - Connection: USB-A Plug - Data Transfer Rate: Up to 5 Gbit/s - USB Standard: USB 3.0 - Memory Card Type 1: CompactFlash Type I, CompactFlash Type II, Memory Stick (TM), Memory Stick Duo (TM), Memory Stick Pro (TM), Memory Stick Pro Duo (TM), Microdrive, MultiMediaCard, SD Card, SDHC Memory Card, SDXC Memory Card, microSD, microSDHC, microSDXC, xD-Card - Type: Cardreader Extern - Width x Depth x Height: 58 x 99 x 17 mm - Colour: Black - Product Division: PC & Notebook - Shade of colour: Black Delivery: - 1 "All in One" USB card reader - 1 USB cable Seite 1 von 2 Hama GmbH & Co KG • Sitz der Gesellschaft: Dresdner Straße 9 • 86653 Monheim/Bayern • GERMANY • Tel. -
Multi-Tier Caching Technology™
Multi-Tier Caching Technology™ Technology Paper Authored by: How Layering an Application’s Cache Improves Performance Modern data storage needs go far beyond just computing. From creative professional environments to desktop systems, Seagate provides solutions for almost any application that requires large volumes of storage. As a leader in NAND, hybrid, SMR and conventional magnetic recording technologies, Seagate® applies different levels of caching and media optimization to benefit performance and capacity. Multi-Tier Caching (MTC) Technology brings the highest performance and areal density to a multitude of applications. Each Seagate product is uniquely tailored to meet the performance requirements of a specific use case with the right memory, NAND, and media type and size. This paper explains how MTC Technology works to optimize hard drive performance. MTC Technology: Key Advantages Capacity requirements can vary greatly from business to business. While the fastest performance can be achieved using Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) cache, the data in the DRAM is not persistent through power cycles and DRAM is very expensive compared to other media. NAND flash data survives through power cycles but it is still very expensive compared to a magnetic storage medium. Magnetic storage media cache offers good performance at a very low cost. On the downside, media cache takes away overall disk drive capacity from PMR or SMR main store media. MTC Technology solves this dilemma by using these diverse media components in combination to offer different levels of performance and capacity at varying price points. By carefully tuning firmware with appropriate cache types and sizes, the end user can experience excellent overall system performance. -
CUDA 11 and A100 - WHAT’S NEW? Markus Hrywniak, 23Rd June 2020 TOPICS for TODAY
CUDA 11 AND A100 - WHAT’S NEW? Markus Hrywniak, 23rd June 2020 TOPICS FOR TODAY Ampere architecture – A100, powering DGX–A100, HGX-A100... and soon, FZ Jülich‘s JUWELS Booster New CUDA 11 Toolkit release Overview of features Talk next week: Third generation Tensor Cores GTC talks go into much more details. See references! 2 HGX-A100 4-GPU HGX-A100 8-GPU • 4 A100 with NVLINK • 8 A100 with NVSwitch 3 HIERARCHY OF SCALES Multi-System Rack Multi-GPU System Multi-SM GPU Multi-Core SM Unlimited Scale 8 GPUs 108 Multiprocessors 2048 threads 4 AMDAHL’S LAW serial section parallel section serial section Amdahl’s Law parallel section Shortest possible runtime is sum of serial section times Time saved serial section Some Parallelism Increased Parallelism Infinite Parallelism Program time = Parallel sections take less time Parallel sections take no time sum(serial times + parallel times) Serial sections take same time Serial sections take same time 5 OVERCOMING AMDAHL: ASYNCHRONY & LATENCY serial section parallel section serial section Split up serial & parallel components parallel section serial section Some Parallelism Task Parallelism Infinite Parallelism Program time = Parallel sections overlap with serial sections Parallel sections take no time sum(serial times + parallel times) Serial sections take same time 6 OVERCOMING AMDAHL: ASYNCHRONY & LATENCY CUDA Concurrency Mechanisms At Every Scope CUDA Kernel Threads, Warps, Blocks, Barriers Application CUDA Streams, CUDA Graphs Node Multi-Process Service, GPU-Direct System NCCL, CUDA-Aware MPI, NVSHMEM 7 OVERCOMING AMDAHL: ASYNCHRONY & LATENCY Execution Overheads Non-productive latencies (waste) Operation Latency Network latencies Memory read/write File I/O .. -
USB 3.0 Front Panel Hub + Card Reader Combo Let You Get the Fastest Way to Connect up to USB 3.0 Devices Quickly and Easily
USB 3.0 Front Panel Hub + Card Reader Combo User Manual Ver. 2.00 All brand names and trademarks are properties of their respective owners. Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................... 3 1.1 Product Introduction .................................................... 3 1.2 Features ........................................................................ 4 1.3 System Requirements .................................................. 5 1.4 Package Contents ......................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Getting Started ................................................. 5 2.1 Hardware Layout ......................................................... 5 2.2 Hardware Installation .................................................. 7 2.3 Driver Installation ...................................................... 11 MN3000000087 Page 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Product Introduction This USB 3.0 Front Panel Hub + Card Reader Combo let you get the fastest way to connect up to USB 3.0 devices quickly and easily. It built-in three USB 3.0 Super-Speed ports, and it is also integrated with one slot card reader. This internal USB 3.0 Front Panel Hub + Card Reader Combo device fits into 3.5’’ or 5.25’’ drive bay to save the desktop space, and it works seamlessly with all USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 devices. With 10 times faster throughput than USB 2.0 standard and backward compatible with current USB device features, you can enjoy fast access for high-bandwidth device such as External hard drives, High -
SD / SDHC / SDIO Card Reader)
EC230 (SD / SDHC / SDIO Card Reader) SD card to Expresscard adapter design for high speed SD cards. You can easily add SD card to your notebook with 34/54mm ExpressCard slot. Specification: Compliant with ExpressCard 1.0 specification Compliant with PCI Express Base Specification rev 1.1 Compliant with SD Memory Card Specification Version 2.0 Support SD High Capacity (SDHC) Compliant with SD Input / Output (SDIO) Card Specification Version 2.0 Compliant with SD Host Controller Standard Specification Version 2.0 Compliant with MMC MultiMediaCard Specification Version 4.1 Supports MMC Plus and MMC Mobile. (4bit only) Dimensions: 34 x 75 x 5mm Weight: 35 g Box Contents: ExpressCard/34 SD Card adapter System Requirements: Notebook or desktop PC with an available ExpressCard slot. Windows 7 (32-/64-bit) / Vista (32-/64-bit) SP2 or later/ XP (32-/64-bit) SP3 or later Special design: ○1 RICOH R5U230 PCIe bridge controller ○2 Serial EEPROM for code upgradeable 3 Hi quality SD push-push connecter ○ Driver download ○4 Expresscard 26PIN connecter Notice To use SD / SDHC Cards on Windows XP/VISTA/7 your system requires install RICOH private driver for more compatibility (download here). Otherwise your SD cards can’t work properly. To use SDIO wireless Cards on Windows 7, your system requires choose Microsoft SDA host inbox driver. And SP1 Update or Windows 7 (KB983177) hotfix update. To use SD / SDHC Memory Card Formatting Software, Please download file from SDCARD.org web-site as below: http://www.sdcard.org/consumers/formatter_3/ Please backup your data before using the formatting program. -
Sandisk Multimediacard and Reduced-Size Multimediacard
SanDisk MultiMediaCard and Reduced-Size MultiMediaCard Product Manual Version 1.3 Document No. 80-36-00320 April 2005 SanDisk Corporation Corporate Headquarters • 140 Caspian Court • Sunnyvale, CA 94089 Phone (408) 542-0500 • Fax (408) 542-0503 www.sandisk.com Revision 1.3 MultiMediaCard/RS-MultiMediaCard Product Manual SanDisk® Corporation general policy does not recommend the use of its products in life support applications where in a failure or malfunction of the product may directly threaten life or injury. Per SanDisk Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of SanDisk products in life support applications assumes all risk of such use and indemnifies SanDisk against all damages. See “Disclaimer of Liability.” This document is for information use only and is subject to change without prior notice. SanDisk Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document, nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance or use of this material. No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrievable manner or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written consent of an officer of SanDisk Corporation. All parts of the SanDisk documentation are protected by copyright law and all rights are reserved. SanDisk and the SanDisk logo are registered trademarks of SanDisk Corporation. CompactFlash is a U.S. registered trademark of SanDisk Corporation. Product names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies.