Flash Memory Guide
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Advanced NAND Flash Memory Single-Chip Storage Solution
SOLUTION SHEET: ADVANCED SOLID STATE MEMORY CONTROLLER Advanced NAND Flash Memory Single-Chip Storage Solution ? The growing complexity of flash memory management algorithms has made controller designs complex and has impacted the performance and the diversity of NAND devices that a single controller can support. As the complexity of the controller design increases, there comes a point where hardware acceleration is necessary. We see this trend for partial FTL (Flash Translation Layer) layers, addressing and wear leveling, and command queuing. At the same time, algorithms and flash device characteristics constantly change through the life of the controller. But data center managers expect the controller to constantly make design tradeoffs in order to improve in-system performance. These changes are also impacted by the traffic patterns of the application. The challenge is to provide hardware-accelerated algorithms that can change frequently in the field. The Context Solid-state storage based on NAND flash technology has become an important new lever for improving data-center performance and predictability. But the solid-state drives also present cost and predictability issues of their own. Surprisingly, these issues can be addressed through design of the flash memory controller. The NAND array has become the dominating factor for the cost of the drive. Increasing the life expectancy of the NAND array obviously reduces the total cost of ownership of the system. Also, the ability to reconfigure the controller to implement improved algorithms or to adapt to a new generation of flash chips extends the system life. Performance predictability and throughput are key concerns for data-center managers. -
Multimediacard Product Manual
MultiMediaCard Product Manual This manual covers the SanDisk MultiMediaCard which was developed by SanDisk’s Design Center located in Tefen, Israel. The MultiMediaCard supports version 1.4 of the MultiMediaCard Specification. ® CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 140 Caspian Court Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1000 408-542-0500 FAX: 408-542-0503 URL: http://www.sandisk.com SanDisk® Corporation general policy does not recommend the use of its products in life support applications where in a failure or malfunction of the product may directly threaten life or injury. Per SanDisk Terms and Conditions of Sale, the user of SanDisk products in life support applications assumes all risk of such use and indemnifies SanDisk against all damages. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. SanDisk Corporation shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein; nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance, or use of this material. All parts of the SanDisk MultiMediaCard documentation are protected by copyright law and all rights are reserved. This documentation may not, in whole or in part, be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine readable form without prior consent, in writing, from SanDisk Corporation. SanDisk and the SanDisk logo are registered trademarks of SanDisk Corporation. Product names mentioned herein are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective companies. © 2000 SanDisk Corporation. All rights reserved. SanDisk products are covered or licensed under one or more of the following U.S. Patent Nos. 5,070,032; 5,095,344; 5,168,465; 5,172,338; 5,198,380; 5,200,959; 5,268,318; 5,268,870; 5,272,669; 5,418,752; 5,602,987. -
DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY and NAND FLASH MEMORY DEVICES and PRODUCTS Investigation No
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. In the Matter of CERTAIN DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY AND NAND FLASH MEMORY DEVICES AND PRODUCTS Investigation No. 337- TA-803 CONTAINING SAME NOTICE OF A COMMISSION DETERMINATION NOT TO REVIEW INITIAL DETERMINATIONS TERMINATING THE INVESTIGATION AS TO ALL REMAINING RESPONDENTS; TERMINATION OF THE INVESTIGATION AGENCY: U.S. International Trade Commission. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given that the U.S. International Trade Commission has determined not to review initial determinations ("IDs") (Order Nos. 70, 71, and 72) of the presiding administrative law judge ("ALJ") terminating the above-captioned investigation as to all remaining respondents based on settlement and license agreements. The remaining respondents included the following: Acer Inc. of Taipei, Taiwan; Acer America Corp. of San Jose, California; ADATA Technology Co., Ltd. of New Taipei City, Taiwan; ADATA Technology (U.S.A.) Co., Ltd. of Hacienda Heights, California; Asustek Computer Inc. of Taipei City, Taiwan; Asus Computer International Inc. of Freemont, California; Dell, Inc. of Round Rock, Texas; Hewlett-Packard Company of Palo Alto, California; Kingston Technology Co., Inc. of Fountain Valley, California; Logitek International S.A. ("LISA") ofVaud, Switzerland; Logitech, Inc. of Fremont, California; Best Buy Co., Inc. of Richfield, Minnesota; and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. of Bentonville, Arkansas (collectively, "the remaining respondents"); Elpida Memory, Inc. of Tokyo, Japan and Elpida Memory (USA) of Sunnyvale, California (collectively, "Elpida"); and SK Hynix Inc. (f/k/a Hynix Semiconductor Inc.) ofGyeonggi-do, Korea and Hynix Semiconductor America, Inc. of San Jose, California (collectively, "Hynix"). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Clint Gerdine, Esq., Office of the General Counsel, U.S. -
A Place Compactflash
SanDisk—the first name in A place CompactFlash. TO STORE High-performance SanDisk CompactFlash memory cards are fast, reliable, and let you do so much more with the devices your BIG that use them. With a PC Card adapter, almost anything with MEMORY CARD a PC card slot can use SanDisk CompactFlash memory cards, too. One thing is certain: if it has a place for a CompactFlash memory card, you should fill it with a SanDisk CompactFlash card available in capacities up to 96MB. To increase your storage capacity, visit a retail outlet Actual size. ideas that carries premium-quality SanDisk CompactFlash memory To transfer data between your digital camera or handheld PC cards and get one today. See the bigger, better picture. and a desktop computer, you should also consider the SanDisk To get the best results with a digital camera, you’ll want to A place to store your big ideas. ImageMate™ External Drive. The parallel port version connects SanDisk’s 10 million picture guarantee™ use its highest image quality setting. High image quality is If you really depend on your handheld PC, you know how to your computer’s parallel port. The USB vesion connects to Want a CompactFlash memory card that will last a lifetime? desirable because the images can be used in a wider variety important it is to back up your data. SanDisk CompactFlash your computer’s available USB port. It acts like a regular Insist on SanDisk. We’re the only company that guarantees of applications. They look better in print. They can be memory cards are the ideal solution. -
All-In-One Photo Printer
MP980 All-In-One Photo Printer Ultimate Wireless1 All-In-One Photo Printer with 3.5" LCD. • Six individual ink system featuring gray ink provides professional color and monochrome photos • ChromaLife100+ system delivers vibrant photos that last up to 300 years2 • Maximum 9600 x 2400 color dpi3 with microscopic droplets as small as 1 picoliter using FINE technology Special Gray Ink • 4800 dpi high resolution CCD scanner for documents and films The six ink system features a Canon exclusive gray ink that gives you professional quality black & white photos. • White LED eliminates warm-up time4 for document scanning Speed & Quality Ease of Use Connectivity 20 2 1 6 7 3 5 MP980 All-In-One Photo Printer Technical Information8 PRINT Print Features Auto Duplex Print, Auto Photo Fix, Borderless Printing,9 Calendar Print, Direct Print, Document Printing, Grayscale Printing, ID Photo Print, Photo Index Sheet, Photo Printing, Template Print Print Speed5 Black Up to 26 ppm (As fast as 2.3 seconds per page) Color Up to 21 ppm (As fast as 2.9 seconds per page) 4” x 6” Borderless Photo Approx. 20 seconds Number of Nozzles Color: 5,632, Black: 512, Total: 6,144 Picoliter Size (Color) 1, 2 and 5 Print Resolution3 Color Up to 9600 x 2400 dpi Black Up to 600 x 600 dpi Paper Sizes 4" x 6," 5" x 7," 8" x 10," Letter, Legal, U.S. #10 Envelopes Paper Tray Capacity Auto Sheet Feeder: 150 Pages, Cassette: 150 Pages (Plain Paper) COPY Copy Features 4 in 1 / 2 in 1, Auto Duplex Copy, Auto Exposure/Intensity Copy, Continuous Copy, Face Brightener/Fading Correction, Film Copy, Fit-to-Page, Image Repeat, Manual Color Adjustment, Masking Copy, Multiple Copy: 1-99 Pages, Photo Reprint, Preset Copy Ratios, Trimming Copy, Zoom 5 Copy Speed Black Up to 24 cpm (As fast as 2.5 seconds per page) Ordering Information Color Up to 19 cpm (As fast as 3.2 seconds per page) Model No. -
Multi-Card Reader/Writer Hi-Speed USB, 3.5" Bay Mount, 60-In-1 Part No.: 100915
Multi-Card Reader/Writer Hi-Speed USB, 3.5" Bay Mount, 60-in-1 Part No.: 100915 Converts an empty, unused PC bay into a digital content management center. The Manhattan Multi-Card Reader/Writer supports most card formats to easily download and transfer digital images and files from many of today’s popular flash memory cards. Compatible with up to 60 types of CompactFlash, Microdrive, Magicstor, Memory Stick, MagicGate, SecureDigital, Multimedia, XD and more, the Manhattan Multi-Card Reader/Writer quickly installs into a 3.5" bay. Convenience without the Media Device Access digital content without directly connecting the camera or other media devices to the computer. This convenient connection helps conserve battery power by eliminating the need to directly install a digital device to a desktop computer. A front-mount USB port expands power availability to recharge USB devices. Features: Convenient front-mount USB port Compatible with CompactFlash, Microdrive, Memory Stick, MagicGate, SecureDigital, Multimedia and XD Supports Automatic Card Detection and data transfer speeds up to 480 Mbps Eliminates need for direct connection of media device to save battery power Plug and play; hot-swappable — Windows and Mac compatible Three-Year Warranty Specifications: Standards and Certifications • USB 2.0 • USB 1.1 • CE • FCC • WEEE For more information on Manhattan products, consult your local dealer or visit www.manhattan-products.com. All names of products or services mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective -
An Introduction to Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems
AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Tyler Ross Lambert MECH 4240/4250 Supplementary Information Last Revision: 6/7/2017 5:30 PM Summary Embedded systems in robotics are the framework that allows electro-mechanical systems to be implemented into modern machines. The key aspects of this framework are C programming in embedded controllers, circuits for interfacing microcontrollers with sensors and actuators, and proper filtering and control of those hardware components. This document will cover the basics of C/C++ programming, including the basics of the C language in hardware interfacing, communication, and algorithms for state machines and controllers. In order to interface these controllers with the world around us, this document will also cover electrical circuits required to operate controllers, sensors, and actuators accurately and effectively. Finally, some of the more commonly used hardware that is interfaced with microcontrollers is gone over. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Numbering Systems .......................................................................................................................... 5 3. Variable Types and Memory............................................................................................................. 6 4. Basic C/C++ Notes and Code::Blocks ............................................................................................. -
Using Data Postcompensation and Predistortion to Tolerate Cell-To-Cell
2718 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 57, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2010 Using Data Postcompensation and Predistortion to Tolerate Cell-to-Cell Interference in MLC NAND Flash Memory Guiqiang Dong, Student Member, IEEE, Shu Li, and Tong Zhang, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—With the appealing storage-density advantage, mul- than 1 bit in each memory cell (or floating-gate MOS tran- tilevel-per-cell (MLC) NAND Flash memory that stores more than sistor) by programming the cell threshold voltage into one 1 bit in each memory cell now largely dominates the global Flash of voltage windows, has been widely used to further memory market. However, due to the inherent smaller noise NAND margin, the MLC NAND Flash memory is more subject to various improve the Flash memory storage density. Because of device/circuit variability and noise, particularly as the industry is its obvious advantages in terms of storage density and, hence, pushing the limit of technology scaling and a more aggressive use cost, MLC NAND Flash memory now largely dominates the of MLC storage. Cell-to-cell interference has been well recognized global Flash memory market. In current design practice, most as a major noise source responsible for raw-memory-storage MLC NAND Flash memories store 2 bits per cell, while 3- and reliability degradation. Leveraging the fact that cell-to-cell in- terference is a deterministic data-dependent process and can even 4-bit-per-cell NAND Flash memories have been recently be mathematically described with a simple formula, we present reported in the open literature [2]–[6]. -
Capturemovemanipulates
CAPTUREMOVEMANIPULATESTORE Flash Memory Cards from Simpletech CompactFlash Secure Digital MultiMediaCard RS-MMC miniSD Flash Memory Cards from SimpleTech Capture your digital photos, music, and files with SimpleTech high-speed flash FLASHMEMORYCARDS memory cards. CompactFlash CompactFlash (CF) flash memory cards are the most popular form factor of flash storage used in consumer devices today. CF cards are ideal storage solutions for digital cameras, MP3 players, PDAs, palmtops, and handheld PCs. Features • Low power consumption • Compatible with all CF devices • Hot Swappable • CFA and PCMCIA Compliant • Highest Capacity Available using IC TowerTM Chip Stacking Capacities 32MB-4GB Dimension 1.69" (w) x 1.43" (l) x 0.13" (t) Weight 11.4g Interface ATA True IDE Operating Temperature 0o - 70o C Power 3.3V or 5V Operation Warranty Lifetime Secure Digital Secure Digital (SD) flash memory cards are next generation memory devices that offer a combination of high storage capacity, fast data transfer rates, great flexibility and excellent security. Features • Copyrights protection function • SD and SPI interface supported • Nonvolatile solid-state storage • Mechanical write protect switch Capacities 32MB - 1GB Dimension 0.94" (w) x 1.26" (l) x 0.08" (t) Weight 1g Interface Secure Digital Mode SPI Mode miniSD card adapter can be use in SD card socket Operating Temperature 0o - 70o C Power 2.7V - 3.6V Warranty Lifetime MultiMediaCard MultiMediaCards (MMC) flash memory cards are highly integrated flash products which let you carry more music, images, data, and voice recordings. MMC cards are small but rugged. They are great for MP3 players, digital cameras, voice recorders, smart phones and digital camcorders. -
Garbage Collection Understanding Foreground Vs
Garbage Collection Understanding Foreground vs. Background GC and Other Related Elements Kent Smith Sr. Director of Corporate Marketing SandForce Flash Memory Summit August 2011 Santa Clara, CA 1 Understanding Garbage Collection (GC) • In flash memory, GC is the process of relocating existing data, deleting stale data, and creating empty blocks for new data • All SSDs will have some form of GC – it is not an optional feature • NAND flash cannot directly overwrite a page with data; it has to be first erased • One full block of pages has to be erased, not just one page • GC starts after each page has been written one time • Valid data is consolidated and written into new blocks • Invalid (replaced) data is ignored and gets erased • Wear leveling mainly occurs during GC Source: Wikipedia Flash Memory Summit 2011 Santa Clara, CA 2 How the OS Deletes Data • The OS tracks what files are present and what logical blocks are holding the files • SSDs do not understand the file structure of an OS; they only track valid data locations reported by the OS • When the OS deletes a file, it marks the file’s space in its logical table as free ► It does not tell the drive anything • When the OS writes a new file to the drive, it will eventually write to the previously used spaces in the table ► An SSD only knows data is no longer needed when the OS tells it to write to an address that already contains data Flash Memory Summit 2011 Santa Clara, CA 3 Understanding the TRIM Command • The OS* sends a TRIM command** at the point of file deletion • The SSD marks -
V7807RC Intel® Pentium® M VITA 31.1 Vmebus Single Board Computer
GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms V7807RC Intel® Pentium® M VITA 31.1 VMEbus Single Board Computer Features High performance with VITA 31.1 compliance. Specifications ® ® The VME-7807RC is a highly flexible single board • Intel Pentium M @ 1.1 GHz, 1.4 GHz, Processor computer (SBC) that integrates Intel’s Pentium M or 1.8 GHz • Intel Pentium M @ 1.1 GHz, 1.4 GHz, or 1.8 GHz processor with up to 1.5 Gbyte DDR SDRAM and • Up to 2 Mbyte L2 cache • Favorable thermal characteristics Dual Gigabit Ethernet with a PCI-X, 66 MHz PMC • 2 Mbyte L2 cache (1.4 GHz and 1.8 GHz options), and • Up to 1.5 Gbyte DDR SDRAM expansion slot. Operating at up to 1.8 GHz, this 1 Mbyte (1.1 GHz option) • Up to 2 Gbyte bootable CompactFlash SBC provides high bandwidth and processing • 400 MHz system and memory bus power and is ideal for I/O intensive applications. • One PCI-X PMC expansion site SDRAM • 400 MHz system bus Utilizing Intel’s new highly integrated 6300ESB I/O • Maximum memory configuration of 1.5 Gbyte of DDR SDRAM with optional ECC support • 10/100 BaseTX Ethernet port on the front controller hub, the VME-7807RC offers four serial - 10/100/1000 Base Tx Ethernet port on the ports, four USB 2.0 ports, serial ATA, IDE, and up Compact Flash front (non-VITA 31.1 option) to 2 Gbyte of optional CompactFlash. This SBC • CompactFlash up to 2 Gbyte accessible through secondary IDE port • 2x Gigabit Ethernet with VITA 31.1 optional utilizes the Intel 855GME to provide SVGA and DVI-I graphics support. -
Storage Solutions for Embedded Applications
White Paper Storage Solutions Brian Skerry Sr. Software Architect Intel Corporation for Embedded Applications December 2008 1 321054 Storage Solutions for Embedded Applications Executive Summary Any embedded system needs reliable access to storage. This may be provided by a hard disk drive or access to a remote storage device. Alternatively there are many flash solutions available on the market today. When considering flash, there are a number of important criteria to consider with capacity, cost, and reliability being foremost. This paper considers hardware, software, and other considerations in choosing a storage solution. Wear leveling is an important factor affecting the expected lifetime of any flash solution, and it can be implemented in a number of ways. Depending on the choices made, software changes may be necessary. Solid state drives offer the most straight forward replacement option for Hard disk drives, but may not be cost-effective for some applications. The Intel® X-25M Mainstream SATA Solid State Drive is one solution suitable for a high performance environment. For smaller storage requirements, CompactFlash* and USB flash are very attractive. Downward pressure continues to be applied to flash solutions, and there are a number of new technologies on the horizon. As a result of reading this paper, the reader will be able to take into consideration all the relevant factors in choosing a storage solution for an embedded system. Intel® architecture can benefit the embedded system designer as they can be assured of widespread