Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Artes Visuais

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Artes Visuais 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARTES VISUAIS Kethlen Santini Rodrigues O SURGIMENTO DA IMAGEM DA BRUXA NAS ARTES VISUAIS: BRUXARIA E SEXUALIDADE NAS OBRAS DE ALBRECHT DÜRER E HANS BALDUNG GRIEN Porto Alegre 2018 2 KETHLEN SANTINI RODRIGUES O SURGIMENTO DA IMAGEM DA BRUXA NAS ARTES VISUAIS: BRUXARIA E SEXUALIDADE NAS OBRAS DE ALBRECHT DÜRER E HANS BALDUNG GRIEN Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Artes Visuais, ênfase História Teoria e Crítica, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Antonio De Menezes Pereira da Silveira Porto Alegre 2018 3 KETHLEN SANTINI RODRIGUES O SURGIMENTO DA IMAGEM DA BRUXA NAS ARTES VISUAIS: BRUXARIA E SEXUALIDADE NAS OBRAS DE ALBRECHT DÜRER E HANS BALDUNG GRIEN Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Artes Visuais, ênfase História Teoria e Crítica, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Aprovada em 3 de setembro de 2018. BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Antonio De Menezes Pereira da Silveira (PPGAV–UFRGS) Orientador _______________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Daniela Pinheiro Machado Kern (PPGAV–UFRGS) _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Francisco Marshall (PPGAV–UFRGS) _______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Johnni Langer (PPGCR–UFPB) 4 RESUMO Esta investigação analisa um número determinado de obras em gravura e desenho de Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) e Hans Baldung Grien (1484 - 1545) residentes nos territórios germânicos da Europa no período do Renascimento, produzidos entre 1497 e 1545. Constata-se que o corpo da bruxa concebido na Europa pré-moderna foi um corpo carregado de preceitos excessivamente masculinos e opressivos. É reconhecido também que, independente das pretensões dos artistas, fosse para desenvolver suas faculdades imaginativas, fosse para melhorar seu status social e econômico, a capacidade de criação do artista resultou numa imagem feminina adulterada. Para compreensão dos recursos culturais, políticos e sociais dos artistas em questão, analisou-se no primeiro capítulo, as perspectivas historiográficas de uma teorização da bruxaria, divididas em duas principais concepções: a crise na fé cristã e a questão de gênero. Após a publicação dos primeiros incunábulos no final do século XV, em especial o primeiro tratado inquisitorial ilustrado, De Laniis et phitonicis mulieribus (1489) de Ulrich Molitor, no segundo capítulo, observou-se o início de uma tradição iconográfica específica na Europa e a instauração da representação da bruxaria no âmbito das Artes Visuais por Albrecht Dürer, que estabeleceu dois modelos de representação, a bruxa de corpo grotesco e a bruxa de corpo afrodisíaco. No terceiro e último capítulo, analisou-se as obras do discípulo de Dürer, Hans Baldung Grien, que no decorrer da sua trajetória artística, tornou o corpo da bruxa protagonista de seus trabalhos. Elementos como a forquilha, os cabelos soltos, o corpo nu e os voos em animais são sancionados por ele e, de modo consequente, de seus contemporâneos. Assim, a última tarefa nesta parte foi apresentar uma herança iconográfica oriunda da tradição estabelecida por Dürer e Hans Baldung, como nas obras de Lucas Cranach, Peter Bruegel, Frans Francken, entre outros. Palavras-chave: Cultura Visual. Iconografia. Renascimento. Demônio. Feiticeira. 5 ABSTRACT This research analyzes a number of engraving and drawing works by Albrecht Dürer (1471 - 1528) and Hans Baldung Grien (1484 - 1545) residing in the Germanic territories of Europe during the Renaissance period, produced between 1497 and 1545. The body of the witch conceived in Early modern Europe will be a body laden with excessively masculine and oppressive precepts. It is also recognized that, regardless of the artists' pretensions, whether to develop their imaginative faculties or to improve their social and economic status, the artist's creative capacity has resulted in an adulterated female image. In order to understand the cultural, political and social resources of the artists in question, the historiographical perspectives of a theorizing of witchcraft were analyzed in the first chapter, divided into two main concepts: the crisis in the Christian faith and the question of gender. After the publication of the first incunabula, at the end of the 15th century, in particular the first illustrated inquisitorial treatise De Laniis et phitonicis mulieribus (1489) by Ulrich Molitor, the second chapter notes the beginning of a specific iconographic tradition in Europe and the establishment of representation of witchcraft in the field of Visual Arts by Albrecht Dürer, who established two models of representation, the grotesque body and the aphrodisiac body of the witch. In the third and last chapter, the work of Dürer's disciple, Hans Baldung Grien, who in the course of his artistic career, made the witch's body the protagonist of his works analyzed. Elements such as the fork, loose hair, naked body and flights on animals are sanctioned by him and, consequently, by his contemporaries. Thus, the last task in this part is to present an iconographic heritage derived from the tradition established by Dürer and Hans Baldung, as in the works of Lucas Cranach, Peter Bruegel, Frans Francken, among others. Keywords: Visual Culture. Iconography. Renaissance. Demon. Sorceress. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Esta importante etapa que encerro não teria acontecido se não fosse pelo amor e apoio incondicional da minha família. Desde o dia que peguei o primeiro ônibus em Caxias do Sul para morar em Porto Alegre, no ano de 2012, muitas experiências boas e ruins aconteceram, muitos aprendizados foram obtidos e muitas histórias vividas, sempre com o carinho e a compreensão de minha mãe, meu tio e meus avós. A importância de vocês é imensurável. Perto ou longe, nunca esqueçam que para mim é e sempre será um privilégio fazer parte das suas vidas e ser o orgulho de vocês. Tenho enorme gratidão ao meu querido orientador Paulo que aceitou entrar nessa fascinante viagem comigo, sempre presente com muita disposição e atenção para que conseguíssemos conquistar nossos objetivos. Seja sobre suas recordações de infância (“ah! a linda rainha má da Branca de Neve...”), seja sobre suas referências acadêmicas, suas inspirações, ideias ou singelos comentários gerados de nossos encontros, deixaram-me mais resistente e, principalmente, mais segura. Sou muito grata a UFRGS e ao PPGAV que me auxiliaram em todas as etapas burocráticas e na obtenção da bolsa CAPES no segundo ano de pesquisa para que a mesma pudesse acontecer. Agradeço também aos professores convidados à Banca examinadora: professora Daniela, que me acompanha desde a Graduação, sua presença auxilia-me a sempre buscar evoluir e ser uma melhor historiadora da arte; professor Marshall, um exemplo de pessoa e de educador a ser seguido, foi um prazer realizar o estágio docência na sua disciplina e estar próximo de tanto conhecimento; e professor Johnni Langer, pela disponibilidade de me socorrer academicamente no momento em que a aflição tomava conta de mim, sua sensibilidade foi fundamental para me restabelecer. Essa dissertação não poderia estar completa sem o auxílio atencioso dos museus Albertina, de Vienna e National Galleries of Scotland, de Edimburgo na obtenção de imagens de qualidade presentes nesse trabalho. 7 Aos meus colegas da turma 24 do Mestrado, uma turma cheia de pesquisas promissoras, um muito obrigado. Nossas conversas cheias de medos, aflições e desesperos nos tornaram mais fortes. De modo especial, à querida amiga Thirzá, uma pessoa acessível e verdadeira desde o primeiro dia em que a conheci, minha admiração só aumentou a partir das nossas trocas no decorrer de todo o processo, me auxiliando a crescer como mais profissional e como pessoa. Essa pesquisa não seria a mesma sem tua ajuda. E finalmente, aos meus amigos que suportaram meus longos sumiços e minhas aparições rápidas durante esses dois anos, devido a energia que a pesquisa me tomava, sem mencionar a paciência em ter que ouvir meus dilemas. À minha cunhada, Jeni, que me auxiliou com muita dedicação na correção deste trabalho. E em especial, ao meu amigo e companheiro de cinco anos. Chris, essa pesquisa não existiria sem teu amor, carinho e serenidade. Enquanto eu proporcionava a ti e a tua família somente histórias e conversas sobre bruxas (quando não era sobre minhas angústias e descrenças), vocês sempre estavam lá, prontos para me reconfortar e tu, especificamente, fazendo-me retornar ao meu estado de profundo bem estar. 8 As rosas da resistência nascem no asfalto. A gente recebe rosas, mas vamos estar com o punho cerrado falando de nossa existência contra os mandos e desmandos que afetam nossas vidas. Vereadora MARIELLE FRANCO (1979 - 2018) em 8 de março de 2018, em um pronunciamento no plenário da Câmara Municipal após receber flores de um homem Ela foi assassinada quatro dias depois. Ontem, hoje e sempre, presente! 9 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Pieter Bruegel, O Velho. A luta entre o carnaval e a quaresma, 1559 ..................... 76 Figura 2. James le Palmer. Omne Bono (Absolucio-Circumcisio), c. 1360 - c. 1375 ................ 94 Figura 3. Hans Vintler (? - 1419) Die plümen der tugent (1486), Fólio 331v..........................
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