Reconnaissance Geology of Amlia Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska
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Reconnaissance geology of Amlia Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska HUGH McLEAN JAMES R. HEIN } U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 TRACY L. VALUER) 174° ABSTRACT Amlia Island, located in the central part of the Aleutian Island Atka island chain, exhibits excellent shoreline exposures of Paleogene sedimen- tary and volcanic rocks, which record the earliest observable history of the volcanic arc. Volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks deposited by debris flow, turbidite, and grain-flow processes interfinger with vol- canic flows and breccia. Pillowed flows as well as massive columnar flows ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite record inter- fingering episodes of submarine and subaerial deposition. The occurrence of Reticulofenestra reticulata and Dictyococ- lOL cites scrippsae in laminated siltstone and sandstone beds indicates Haystack that the rocks on Amlia are late middle Eocene to early Oligocene Rock in age. Whole-rock radiometric ages of 32 and 39 m.y. from igneous rocks that interfinger with the sedimentary rocks corroborate the fossil ages and are correlative in age with the Hidden Bay pluton on 52' Adak Island. Some of the rocks on Amlia Island are only slightly altered and contain authigenic zeolite phases; other rocks are highly altered and contain prehnite, pumpellyite, and laumontite. Areal distribution of 180° 160° highly altered rocks may reflect proximity to shallow-seated plu- u.s.s tons, such as those that crop out on nearby Atka Island, which probably underlie much of Amlia. The island is structurally simple, with dips rarely exceeding 10° or 15°. High-angle faults with small displacement are common, however, and may reflect emplacement of shallow-seated intrusive rocks. Wave-cut terraces around much of the island appear to be in equilibrium with present sea level and suggest recent tectonic stability. INTRODUCTION Amlia Island is about 72 km long in an east-west direction, Amlia Island, located in the central part of the Aleutian Island about 8 km wide, and has a rugged shoreline marked by high cliffs chain, is the easternmost island of the Andreanof Island group and numerous bays. The topography of the island is characterized (Fig. 1). It lies just 2 km east of Atka Island; the two islands are by a central east-west-trending ridge with peaks ranging from 500 separated by the narrow and often turbulent waters of Amlia Pass to 600 m above sea level. Vegetation consists of a mat of tundra and (Fig. 1). grass; no trees grow on the island. Supplementary data in the form of six tables for this article may be secured free of charge by requesting Supplementary Data 83-12 from the GSA Documents Secretary. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 1020-1027, 5 figs., August 1983. 1020 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/94/8/1020/3419216/i0016-7606-94-8-1020.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 GEOLOGY OF AMLIA ISLAND, ALASKA 1021 Amlia is an ideal place in which to map the older rocks of the contains a reconnaissance geologic map with photos of Atka and central Aleutians because there are no active volcanoes, nor any Amlia Islands. Pliocene or Pleistocene volcanic terrane. The nearest active volca- STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY noes are on Atka Island, which lies to the northwest, and Seguam Island, which lies to the northeast. Prior to our work in 1979, Amlia The principal rock types on Amlia Island are volcanic sand- Island had not been mapped geologically; however, reconnaissance stone and siltstone, volcanic conglomerate, and volcanic breccia geologic studies on Atka Island in 1977 (Hein and McLean, 1980a) that interfinger with abundant pillow lavas and massive flows of indicated that the western end of Amlia consisted mainly of Ter- basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite (Fig. 2). Plutonic rocks are tiary sedimentary rocks. restricted to two small gabbro plugs(?) on the north side of the In the summer of 1979, we spent nine days mapping the geol- island and a tonalite sill complex on the south side. Stratigraphic ogy of Amlia Island. The island was circumnavigated using small relations between the sedimentary sequences and the volcanic flow boats powered by outboard motors, a method that permitted close sequences are complex, and rapid changes in facies complicate inspection of sea-cliff and nearshore outcrops. Frequent landings detailed correlations. 173' Sandstone, siltstone, and massive conglomerate Volcanic rocks with massive and columnar flows Volcanic rocks with pillow flows \o Strike and dip of beds Figure 1. Index map showing location of Aleutian Islands and Amlia Island, and generalized geologic map of Amlia Island Apparent strike and dip of beds and eastern tip of Atka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Anticline Syncline Fault Triangulation station were made to collect samples for studies of lithology, chemistry, The west end of the island, from Hungry Bay to Amlia Pass and paleontology. Outcrops in the interior of the island are sparse (Fig. 1), is mainly massive volcanic sandstone and volcanic breccia because of extensive vegetative cover; however, two short traverses with minor pillow lavas and dikes. The eastern end, similarly, is into the hills around Hungry Bay permitted measurement of strati- massive beds of volcanic sandstone and tuff interbedded with vol- graphic sections of volcanic and sedimentary rock. canic flows. The central part of the island along both north and This paper describes the geology, stratigraphy, structure, age south shores is mainly volcanic flows, both pillowed and massive, relations, sandstone petrology, and alteration of Amlia Island interlayered with subordinate volcanic breccia and thin-bedded based on our reconnaissance mapping. Igneous petrology and sandstone and siltstone. Columnar flows appear to predominate chemistry are summarized herein and discussed in more detail by along the mountain ridges above elevations of 300 ip (Figs. 2 and 3). T. L. Vallier and others (unpub. data). Hein and others (1981) Several megafossils, including a fossil fish tentatively identified Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/94/8/1020/3419216/i0016-7606-94-8-1020.pdf by guest on 23 September 2021 1022 McLEAN AND OTHERS E X PL ANATION Volcanic flows, V. E. = 2.5 x nTrrTTl massive and columnar 2 3 MILES . I _L Pillowed flows "I 2.5 5 KILOMETERS Sandstone Volcanic and Figure 2. Generalized cross section of structural and stratigraph- • c • c. sedimentary breccia ie relations through the central part of Amlia Island. See Figure 1 for Fault-Arrows indicate location. direction of relative movement as a member of the Jack family Carangidae (Fig. 4A), fragments of metric ages of Amlia Island are correlative with ages reported for mollusks, and a specimen of alga1 are not age diagnostic. the Hidden Bay pluton on Adak Island (Citron and others, 1980). Calcareous, nannofossils (coccoliths), however, from seven localities contained age-diagnostic species (Table I).2 A single specimen of SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Coccolithus eopelagicus in one sample indicates a Paleogene age; the occurrence of Reticulofenestra reticulata (Gardner and Smith) The sedimentary sequence at the east and west ends of the is diagnostic for a late middle Eocene to early Oligocene age. A island is gently folded, with dips averaging about 10°. Bed forms sample from the southwest shore, located about 2.5 km north of range from massive, channelized, pebble- and cobble-bearing, very Haystock Rock, also contains R. reticulata and R. umbilica as well. coarse-grained sandstone deposited by debris flows to very thin- A sample from the northeast part of the island from a locality about bedded and laminated, fine-grained sandstone and siltstone depos- 8 km west of triangulation station Brat contains one fragment of ited by turbidity currents (Figs. 4B and 4C). Rapid stratigraphic Dictyococcites scrippsae (Bukry and Percival) that indicates a mid- changes in grain size and bed thickness are common, and inter- dle Eocene to Oligocene age. bedded pyroclastic breccia and tuff attest to pulses of volcanism Three samples analyzed for palynomorphs were found to be contemporaneous with marine sedimentation. nearly barren; however, another sample contained rare palyno- Massive sandstone beds exposed at the eastern tip of the island morphs including Picea, Pinus Haploxylon, and Triplanosporites- (Fig. 4D) resemble the inner submarine fan facies B and C of Mutti Lygodium?. and Ricci-Lucchi (1978). Turbidite sandstones usually consist of We believe that the volcanic rocks that interfinger with the Bouma Tb and Tc intervals; beds rarely contain the graded Ta inter- sedimentary rocks are coeval and equivalent in age. Two minimum val. Tracks, trails, and soft sediment deformation are common fea- K-Ar ages from slightly altered volcanic rocks are late early Oligo- tures in thin-bedded turbidite sequences. Thin-bedded and lam- cene; this age approximates the early Oligocene nannofossil ages inated sequences, whicl for the most part are composed of tuff (Table 2).3 A pyroxene andesite from a columnar flow located in a (altered to secondary minerals), probably are the result of reworked small bay 6 km west of Sviechnikof Harbor is 32.0 ± 1.0 m.y.; a pyroclastic debris or water-lain volcanic ash. rhyolite dike in a cove 2 km west of triangulation station Brat is Massive, coarse-grained, pebbly sandstone at the west end of 32.7 ± 1.0 m.y. old. A fragment of gabbroic float from the east shore the island locally contains low-angle trough cross-bedding that dips of inner Hungry Bay is 39.8 ± 1.2 m.y., which corresponds to a late to the west and may indicate grain flow produced by tidal currents. middle Eocene age (Lowrie and Alvarez, 1981). The 32-m.y. radio- Imbricated clasts in debris flows near Hungry Bay show southwest- erly flow. 'A specimen of alga(?) having a radial form, about 10 cm in diameter, Sandstone Petrography that resembles the so-called Annularia stellata on Adak Island was found in beds of laminated silty sandstone along the east shore of Hungry Bay.