395 ABCC6, 300 ABCD2 Score, 98 Abetaliproteinemia, 349 Abscess

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86622-4 - Toole’s Cerebrovascular Disorders, Sixth Edition E. Steve Roach, Kerstin Bettermann and Jose Biller Index More information

Index

ABCC6, 300 AFO. See ankle-foot orthosis ANCA. See antineutrophilic cytoplasmic ABCD2 score, 98 age antibodies abetaliproteinemia, 349 CBF and, 204 ancrod, 364 abscess, 39, 304 hypoxia and, 71–72 Anderson-Fabry disease. See Fabry disease liver, 350 ischemia and, 71–72 anemia, 19, 111, 162, 164 abulia, 38 progeria, 302–303 aplastic, 163 ACA. See anterior cerebral artery subdural hematoma and, 275 Fanconi’s, 184, 306 ACAS. See Asymptomatic Carotid agenesis, 30 anesthesia, 66 Atherosclerosis Study AICA. See anterior inferior cerebellar artery anesthesia dolorosa, 51 ACE. See angiotensin converting enzyme AIDS. See acquired immune deficiency aneurysms, 238–247. See also specific types acetaminophen, 171 syndrome associated conditions with, 242–259 acetazolamide, 61 air embolism, 127, 128–129, 349 with AVM, 261 for moyamoya disease, 185 Alagille syndrome, 319 distribution of, 239–243 TCD and, 87 alcohol, 19 pregnancy and, 337 for venous thrombosis, 290 atherosclerosis and, 114 screening for, 249–250 acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 212 dilated cardiomyopathy and, 121 TIA and, 100 Achilles tendon, 379 hypertension and, 139 unruptured, 252 achromatopsia, 51 subdural hematoma and, 276 vaginal delivery and, 338 acquired immune deficiency syndrome TIA and, 100 angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. See Fabry (AIDS), 322 alexia, 51 disease acquired thrombophilia, 336 alpa-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole angioplasty, 103 acrocyanosis, 169 propionic acid (AMPA), 365 CAS, 115, 371 ACST. See Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery alpha-1-antitrypsin, 178 intravascular, 54 Trial alteplase, 224 percutaneous luminal, 8 ACTH, 338–339 Alzheimer disease, 207 transluminal coronary, 8 activated partial thromboplastin time amaurosis fugax, 17, 20, 33, 34–43 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (aPTT), 356 TIA and, 96 inhibitor, 102, 121, 137, 213, 335 activities of daily living (ADLs), 377, amblyopia, 268 vascular dementia and, 203 385–386, 388 ambulation, 379, 381 angiotensin II receptor blockers, 335 IADLs, 386 assistive devices for, 382 Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Adamkiewicz, artery of, 345, 348 21-aminosteroids, 365 Trial (ASCOT), 137 Adams, Robert, 9 amiodarone, 171 ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), 382 ADAMT13, 166 amitriptyline, 197–199 anomic aphasia, 15–16 adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 164 amnesia, 13, 14 anosognosia, 51 adenosine magnesium, 354 with steal syndromes, 53 anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 32, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 65 TIA and, 97 37–38 ischemic penumbra and, 69 amnestic syndrome, 50, 51 aneurysm of, 241 oxygen and, 67 amniotic fluid embolism, 338 anterior communicating artery and, 38 adhesion molecules, 88 AMPA. See alpa-amino-3-hydroxy-5- bilateral syndrome, 38 ADLs. See activities of daily living methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid dysfunction of, 38 ADP. See adenosine diphosphate amphetamine, 226, 351 ICA and, 38 AF. See atrial fibrillation for aphasia, 387 MCA and, 38

395

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86622-4 - Toole’s Cerebrovascular Disorders, Sixth Edition E. Steve Roach, Kerstin Bettermann and Jose Biller Index More information

396 Index

anterior choroidal artery, 38–39 antithrombin, 334, 336 Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial anatomy of, 38–39 deﬁciency of, 167–168 (ACST), 371 bilateral syndrome, 39 Anton’s syndrome, 18, 50, 51 ataxia, 19, 44 diabetes mellitus and, 39 aortic atherosclerotic plaque, 126 familial paroxysmal, 100 hypertension and, 39 APAS. See antiphospholipid antibody Friedreich, 320 syndrome, 39 syndrome ataxic hemiparesis, 138 anterior communicating artery, aphasia, 14. See also speciﬁc types atenolol, 137 37 clinical characterization of, 15 atheromata, 42 ACA and, 38 dysarthria and, 14 atherosclerosis aneurysm of, 241 management of, 386–387 alcohol and, 114 anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), MCA and, 36 in basilar artery, 42, 108 45, 47–48 PCA and, 51 biomarkers for, 88 long pontine circumferential branches aplastic anemia, 163 brain infarction and, 105 from, 49 APOE. See apolipoprotein E carotid artery obstruction from, 26 syndrome, 49 apolipoprotein E (APOE), 213, 225 cerebral infarction and, 31 TIA and, 49 apraxia, 39 of cervicocranial arteries, 105–116 watershed infarction of, 65 aPTT. See activated partial thromboplastin in children, 320 anterior median spinal artery, 346 time cholesterol and, 106–107 branches of, 346–347 arachnoiditis, 351 clinical manifestations of, 105–106 anterior spinal artery, 346 arterial blood pressure, 22 evaluation of, 112 syndrome, 348–349 arterial compression syndromes, 52 exercise and, 114 anterior thalamosubthalamic paramedian arterial dissection. See also cervicocephalic genetics of, 295 artery, 50 arterial dissections homocysteine and, 107 antibiotics, 163 SAH and, 237 hyperlipidemia and, 295 PAN and, 148 of spinal cord, 350 hypertension and, 106

platelet disorders from, 166 arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), 61, 67 management of, 112–116 anticoagulants, 1, 163. See also heparin; arterial-to-artery embolism, 126 of MCA, 36 warfarin arterial tortuosity syndrome, 30, 302 ophthalmic artery and, 20 for APAS, 169, 337 arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 223, parkinsonism and, 106 for ASD, 122 223–224, 259–264 pathogenesis of, 109–112 for CCADs, 181 abscess and, 304 pathology of, 107–109 for children, 326 brain infarction and, 304 PCA and, 51 epidural hematoma and, 102 in children, 314 PET for, 83 LB and, 102 HHT and, 304 risk factors for, 106–107 pregnancy and, 336, 339–340 pregnancy and, 337 spinal cord and, 350 for prosthetic heart valves, 371 seizures with, 17 statins for, 126 for spinal cord infarction, 354 of spinal cord, 352; HHT and, 352; steal syndromes and, 53 for stroke prevention, 370–371 management of, 354 thrombosis and, 107 subdural hematoma and, 102, 276 subacute necrotic myelopathy and, TIA and, 96 for Takayasu arteritis, 147–148 351 of VA, 42, 43, 108 for TIA, 102 treatment of, 263–264 atorvastatin (Lipitor), 114, 126 for venous thrombosis, 337 vaginal delivery and, 338 ATP. See adenosine triphosphate antidepressants, 171, 370, 388 arteritis, 19, 151–152 atrial fibrillation (AF), 6, 118, 119–120 for aphasia, 387 artery of Adamkiewicz, 345, 348 cerebral embolism and, 40 anti-factor Xa, 336 arthritis, 42, 154 cerebral infarction from, 5 anti-heparin protein, 69 ASA, 101 hyperthyroidism and, 320 antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies ascending frontal artery, 36 NVAF, 370 (ANCA), 149 ASCOT. See Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac risk stratification with, 120 antiphospholipid antibody syndrome Outcomes Trial warfarin for, 370–371 (APAS), 169 ASD. See atrial septal defect atrial septal aneurysm, PFO and, 121–122 migraine and, 196 aspergillosis, 316 atrial septal defect (ASD), 121–122, 320 pregnancy and, 336–337 aspiration pneumonia, 76, 366 auscultation, 22–26 thrombophilia and, 336 aspirin, 1, 6, 120 autonomic dysreflexia, 139 TIA and, 336 for APAS, 337 autoregulation, 62 antiplatelet therapy with dipyridamole, 115 of CBF, 6 for APAS, 337 for TIA, 101 of cerebral perfusion, 61 for ASD, 122 for homocystinuria, 299 in spinal cord, 347 for children, 326–328 for migraine, 197–199 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney for homocystinuria, 299 platelet disorders from, 166 disease, 242–243 for moyamoya disease, 186 in pregnancy, 339 AVM. See arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy, 339 PXE and, 301 for spinal cord infarction, 354 for TIA, 101 Babinski-Nageotte syndrome, 49 for stroke prevention, 370 assistive devices, for ambulation, 382 Babinski’s sign, 106 for Takayasu arteritis, 147–148 Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis baclofen, 381 for venous thrombosis, 289 Study (ACAS), 371 Baillie, Mathew, 105

Index 397

Balint’s syndrome, 37, 51 instability of, 367 infarcts, leukoencephalopathy, and balloons pregnancy and, 334 migraine catheters with, 8 subdural hematoma and, 278 Caisson’s disease, 350 with microcatheters, 9 B-mode. See brightness mode calcarine artery, 50 barbiturates, 19 boat hemorrhage, 21 calcium, 65, 164 Barthel Index (BI), 377, 388 Bobath approach, 385 ischemic penumbra and, 69 Baruch, Bernard, 201 body positions, TIA and, 96 calcium channel blockers, 186, 213, 365 basal cerebral veins, 284 bone marrow transplantation, 163 for CADASIL, 297 basal ganglia, 50 Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome, 260 for migraine, 197–199 basilar artery, 41 botulinum toxin, 381 callosomarginal artery, 37 anatomy of, 45 Bouillaud, Jean Baptiste, 13 urinary incontinence and, 38 aneurysm of, 241 boundary zone infarction, 64–65 CAMs, 88 ataxia and, 44 BPPV. See benign paroxysmal positional canes, 382 atherosclerosis in, 42, 108 vertigo CARASIL. See cerebral autosomal recessive diplopia and, 44 braces, 381–382 arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts dysfunction of, 43–45 brachiocephalic artery, 29 and leukoencephalopathy headache and, 44 bradycardia, 22, 118 carbamazepine, 298

hemiparesis and, 44 brain death, 87 carbon dioxide (CO2), 61, 67–68 hemiplegia and, 44 brain infarction, 62, 167, 361, 362 CBF and, 67 long pontine circumferential branches atherosclerosis and, 105 ischemic penumbra and, 70 from, 49 AVM and, 304 cardiac embolism numbness and, 43 circle of Willis and, 52 in children, 319–320 paralysis and, 43 ischemic penumbra and, 62 common carotid occlusion from, 30 paresthesias and, 43 Lyme disease and, 152 procedures with, 126–127 sensory disturbance and, 43 rCBF and, 365 transthoracic echocardiogram for, 76 short pontine circumferential branches SAH and, 95 warfarin for, 5 from, 49 SCD and, 161 cardiac failure, 121 syndromes, 45–47 Sjögren’s syndrome and, 154 cardiac tumors, 125–126 TIA and, 43 Takayasu arteritis and, 147 caregivers, 390 vertigo and, 43, 44 Wegener granulomatosis and, 149 CaRESS. See Carotid Revascularization visual symptoms and, 44 brain machine interface, 390 using Endarterectomy or Stenting weakness and, 43 brain tumors System basilar plexus, 285 in children, 316 Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal BBB. See blood brain barrier ICH and, 226 Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS), 372 Becker muscular dystrophy, 320 SAH and, 237 carotid artery, 5, 26 Behçet’s disease, 153–154, 320 TIA and, 95 anatomy of, 29 bends, 129 brainstem, 43–44 anomalies of, 30 Benedikt’s syndrome, 50, 43–44 compression of, 44 bilateral infarction of, 40 benign paroxysmal positional vertigo TIA in, 52 CCADs of, 177, 178–179 (BPPV), 95 veins of, 285 disease of, cerebral infarction and, 5 benzodiazepines, 381 branch artery syndromes, 48 dysfunction of, 29–32 beriberi, 121 breath holding, 61 kinking of, 30 beta 2 integrins, 88 brightness mode (B-mode), 86–87 ligation of, 6 beta blockers, 137, 197–199 Broca’s aphasia, 14, 15 palpation of, 21 Bettermann, Kerstin, ix brodifacoum, 171 reconstruction of, 8; for BI. See Barthel Index Brodmann area, 8, 38 hemiplegia, 8 bilateral ACA syndrome, 38 bromocriptine, 387 TIA and, 96 bilateral anterior choroidal artery Brown-Séquard syndrome, 349 tortuosity of, 30 syndrome, 39 bruits, 22–26, 44 ultrasound of, 6 bilateral homonymous hemianopia, 44 AVM and, 260 carotid artery angioplasty and stenting bilateral PCA infarction, 51–52 causes of, 22–24 (CAS), 115, 371 Biller, José, ix Buerger’s disease, 155 vs. CEA, 372 Binswanger’s disease, 109, 209 buphthalmos, 268 carotid canal, 241 biomarkers, 87–88 buprenorphine, 351 carotid duplex ultrasound, 84–87 bi-opercular syndrome, 36 bupropion, 370 B-mode of, 86–87 Blalock-Taussig operation, 53 Burrows, George, 6 carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 6, 115–116, subclavian steal syndrome and, 320 butterbur, 197–199 371 blindness. See also amaurosis fugax vs. CAS, 372 cortical, 18, 50, 96 C677I, 107 for TIA, 102–103 transient monocular, 17–22 CAA. See cerebral amyloid angiopathy Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS), 371 blood-brain barrier (BBB), 67, 68, 136 CADASIL. See cerebral autosomal dominant Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy blood gas interventions, 365–366 arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts vs. Stent Trial (CREST), 372 blood pressure, 72. See also speciﬁc types and leukoencephalopathy Carotid Revascularization using atherosclerosis and, 111 CADASILM. See cerebral autosomal Endarterectomy or Stenting classiﬁcation of, 136–138 dominant arteriopathy with subcortical System (CaRESS), 372

398 Index

carotid siphon occlusion, 31–32 cerebral blood ﬂow (CBF), 60 brain tumors in, 316 carotid-cavernous ﬁstula, 264–266 aging and, 204 cardiac embolism in, 318–320 CAS. See carotid artery angioplasty and autoregulation of, 6 cavernous malformation in, 314

stenting CO2 and, 67 CCADs in, 320–321 catecholamines, 62 CT and, 79 coagulation disorders in, 315–316 catheter angiography, 84 ischemia from, 61 CVST in, 324, 325 for AVM, 263 ischemic penumbra and, 69–70 FMD in, 321–322 for carotid-cavernous fistula, 265 MABP and, 136 with hemiplegia, 9 for ICH, 228 seizures and, 72 heparin for, 328 for lacunar infarction, 139 sleep and, 72 homocystinuria in, 323 for moyamoya disease, 184 cerebral blood volume (CBV), 79 hypercoagulability in, 323 for SAH, 249 cerebral edema, 367–368 ICH in, 313–314 for venous thrombosis, 289 cerebral embolism evaluation of, 317 catheter arteriography, for emergencies, 360 AF and, 40 treatment for, 316–317 catheters, with balloons, 8 clinical course of, 131 intracranial aneurysms in, 314–315 caudate hemorrhage, 221 diagnosis of, 130–131 ischemic infarction in, 317–324 CAVATAS. See Carotid and Vertebral MI and, 40 risk factors for, 319–320 Artery Transluminal Angioplasty pathophysiology of, 129–130 Kawasaki syndrome in, 320 Study prognosis for, 131 LMWH for, 328 cavernous malformation, 223–224, 266–267 risk factors for, 118–119 MI in, 320 in children, 314 cerebral infarction, 62–63 migraine in, 322–323 familial, 266 from AF, 5 moyamoya disease in, 322 seizures with, 17 atherosclerosis and, 31 myxomas in, 320 of spinal cord, 352 carotid artery disease and, 5 PAN in, 320 cavernous sinuses, 285 TIA and, 31 PFO in, 320 thrombosis of, 288 cerebral metabolism, 60–61 rhabdomyomas in, 320 CBF. See cerebral blood flow cerebral perfusion, 60–61 SAH in, 277 CBV. See cerebral blood volume autoregulation of, 61 subdural hematoma in, 277 CCA. See common carotid artery measurement of, 61 thrombocytopenia in, 315 CCADs. See cervicocephalic arterial cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), 230, 368 tPA for, 328–329 dissections cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), vasculitis in, 322 CCM1, CCM2, and CCM3, 88 in children, 325, 326 vitamin K and, 316 CD63, 334 cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), 224, warfarin for, 329–333 CEA. See carotid endarterectomy 336 chiropractic, 19, 42 central retinal artery (CRA), 17, 20, 33 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 60 chlorpromazine, 197 central retinal vein (CRV), 33 ICP and, 68 chlorthalidone, 213 cerebellum LB and, 84 cholesterol, 106–107, 114, 213 aneurysm of, 242 subdural hematoma and, 275, 276 embolism, 126 hemorrhage of, 222 venous thrombosis and, 289 chondroitin sulfate, 69 infarction of, 44–45 cervical internal carotid artery, aneurysm choriocarcinoma, 237 veins of, 285 of, 240–241 choroid plexus, 50, 284 cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), 88 cervical spine injury, 42 choroid vein, 284 ICH and, 225–226 cervicocephalic arterial dissections Churg-Strauss syndrome, 149 lobar hemorrhage and, 219 (CCADs), 177–181 Cicero, 356 SAH and, 237 associated conditions with, 178–179 cimetidine, 171 vascular dementia and, 203, 211–212 in children, 320–321 CIMT. See constraint-induced movement cerebral angiography, xi, 5 clinical presentation of, 179 therapy cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy course of, 181 ciprofloxacin, 171 with subcortical infarcts, diagnosis of, 179–181 circle of Willis, 37, 40, 52 leukoencephalopathy, and migraine management of, 181 aneurysm and, 243 (CADASILM), 197 prognosis for, 181 brain infarction and, 52 cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy TIA and, 96 PCA and, 50 with subcortical infarcts and cervicocephalic fibromuscular dysplasia, 96 TCD for, 87 leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cervicocranial arteries, 105–112 CK-MB, 366 88, 210–211 CFI. See color-flow imaging Claude syndrome, 43–44

clinical features of, 295–305 CHADS2, 119 cloﬁbrate, 171 genetics of, 295–297 Charcot, Jean Martin, 29, 195, 259 clopidogrel, 115, 339 migraine and, 197 Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms, 223 stents and, 120 vascular dementia and, 203 CHD. See coronary heart disease for TIA, 101

cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy chest X-ray, 360 CMR O2. See metabolic rate of oxygen

with subcortical infarcts and children, 9, 313–329 CO2. See carbon dioxide leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), anticoagulants for, 326 coagulation disorders, 30. See also 210–211, 297 antiplatelet therapy for, 326–328 anticoagulants; hypercoagulability genetics of, 297 atherosclerosis in, 320 in children, 315–316 vascular dementia and, 203 AVM in, 314 genetics of, 295

Index 399

hepatic dysfunction and, 316 cortical vein thrombosis diabetes mellitus, 19 ICH and, 224–225 ICP and, 29 anterior choroidal artery and, 39 SAH and, 236–237 seizures and, 29 TIA and, 97, 100 coarctation of the aorta, 242, 319–320 corticosteroids, 45, 128, 163 diagnosis, 357

cobalamin. See vitamin B12 for giant cell arteritis, 146 diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 135, 136 cocaine, 121, 226, 351 methotrexate with, 146 DIC. See disseminated intravascular coenzyme Q10 for Takayasu arteritis, 147 coagulation for MELAS, 306 COSS. See Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study diet, 6 cognitive changes, 14, 40 CPP. See cerebral perfusion pressure atherosclerosis and, 113, 295 with aneurysm, 252 CRA. See central retinal artery low-salt, 137 with AVM, 260 cranial radiotherapy, 184 for TIA, 102 intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 29 craniocleidodysostosis, 42 diffusion/perfusion weighted (DW/PW), SAH and, 252 C-reactive protein (CRP), 88 75 subdural hematoma and, 278 giant cell arteritis and, 144 dihydroergotamine, 199 cognitive reserve theory, 204 for ION, 34 dilated cardiomyopathy, 121 Collier’s sign, 45 Wegener granulomatosis and, 149 warfarin for, 371 color-flow imaging (CFI), 87 CREST. See Carotid Revascularization diphenhydramine, 197 color perception, 51 Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial diplopia, 17–18, 44 common carotid artery (CCA), 30–31, 371 Crestor. See rosuvastatin basilar artery and, 44 Compton effect, 6 CRP. See C-reactive protein with steal syndromes, 53 computed tomography (CT), 5, 7, 75, CRV. See central retinal vein TIA and, 96 76–79 cryofibrinogenemia, 169 dipyridamole, 339 for AVM, 262 cryoglobulinemia, 151, 169–170 aspirin with, 115; for TIA, 101 for emergencies, 358 CSF. See cerebrospinal fluid discharge, 388–390 for epidural hematoma, 281 CT. See computed tomography disseminated intravascular coagulation for ICH, 227–228 CTA. See computed tomography (DIC), 124, 165, 335 for ischemic penumbra, 71 angiography diuretics, 102, 137, 335 for lacunar infarction, 139 Cushing’s syndrome, 139 divalproex sodium, 197–199 for PAN, 148 cVCAM, 88 Doll, Richard, 9 for SAH, 247 CVST. See cerebral venous sinus donepezil, 212, 387 for Sturge-Weber syndrome, 270 thrombosis Doppler effect, 6 for subdural hematoma, 278 CVT. See cerebral venous thrombosis dorsal meningeal tentorial artery, 30 for venous thrombosis, 288–289 cyclophosphamide, 149 Dotter, Charles, 8 computed tomography angiography (CTA), cystathionine ȕ-synthetase, 298 Down syndrome, 32 79 moyamoya disease and, 185, 306 for atherosclerosis, 112 Dandy, Walter, 265 driving, 390 for AVM, 262 DBP. See diastolic blood pressure drop attacks, 44 for moyamoya disease, 188 De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Vesalius), 1 spinal cord ischemia and, 348 for SAH, 247–248 deafness, 19 with steal syndromes, 53 conduction aphasia, 15–16 DeBakey, Michael, 8 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 320 confluens of sinuses, 284–285 decompression sickness, 350 dural arteriovenous fistulas, 352–353 confusion, 31 decubitus, 370 dural sinus thrombosis, 163 MCA and, 36 deep venous system, 283–284 ICP and, 29 PCA and, 51 occlusion of, 288 seizures and, 29 with subdural hematoma, 278 deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 336, venous thrombosis and, 287 TIA and, 97 368–370 DVAs. See developmental venous congenital afibrinogenemia, 315 prevention and management of, 386 anomalies congenital heart disease, 121 Degos disease. See malignant atrophic DVT. See deep venous thrombosis constipation, 370 papulosis DW/PW. See diffusion/perfusion weighted constraint-induced movement therapy dehydration, 188, 286 dysarthria, 44 (CIMT), 385 Dejerine-Roussy syndrome. See thalamic aphasia and, 14 contracture prevention, 379–380 pain TIA and, 96 contrast media transit time (MTT), delirium, 36 dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome, 138 70–71 dementia, 31, 40. See also vascular dementia dyschromatopsia, 51 convulsions, 40 mixed, 212 dysfibrinogenemia, 170 copper deficiency, 349 multi-infarct, 209 dysgraphia coronary artery disease, 19 dental extraction, 42 alexia without, 51 coronary heart disease (CHD) depression, 16, 31, 370 dyslexia without, 51 obesity and, 114 diagnosis and management of, 387–388 dyslexia, 51 omega-3 fatty acids and, 113 dermatomyositis, 154 dyslipidemia, 108 corpora fibrosa, 1 developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), 270 dysmetria, 44 corpus callosum, 51 dextran, 40, 364 dysphagia, 44 cortical blindness, 18 diabetes, 370 aspiration pneumonia and, 76 PCA and, 50 atherosclerosis and, 295 management of, 386 TIA and, 96 hypertension and, 137 TIA and, 96

400 Index

dysphasia examination, 13–26 Friedreich ataxia, 320 anterior choroidal artery syndrome and, clues from, 26 frontopolar artery, 37 39 neurovascular, 21–26 Fugl-Meyer Assessment, 388 with epidural hematoma, 280 ophthalmological, 19–21 Functional Independence Measure (FIM), dyssynergia, 44, 48 exercise, 7, 114, 295 388 dystaxia, 44 external carotid artery, 29, 30 fungal infections, 152 PCA and, 51 fusiform aneurysm, 245, 250–252 with steal syndrome, 53 Fabry disease, 297–298, 324 TIA and, 96 facial artery, 22 G20210A, 336 factor V Leiden gabapentin, for migraine, 197–199 echocardiography (ECG), 120 deficiency of, 315 galantamine, 212 eclampsia, 139, 334–335 genetic testing for, 88 Galen, great cerebral vein of, 284 eculizumab, 163 mutation of, 168–169 Galenic system, 284 EDAS. See encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis pregnancy and, 334 gangrene, in fingers, 53 Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 50 protein C and, 336 genetics, 293–306 EDS. See Ehlers-Danlos syndrome factor XIII deficiency, 315 of arterial tortuosity syndrome, 302 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), 178, 243, Fallopius, 1 of atherosclerosis, 295 299–300 falls, 370 of CADASIL, 295–297 carotid-cavernous fistula and, 266 prevention of, 388 of CARASIL, 297 electrocardiography, 360–361 falx cerebri, 1 of coagulation disorders, 295 electrodes, 225 familial cavernous malformations, 266 of EDS, 299–300 embolism, 118–131. See also specific types familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), 88, 197 of Fabry disease, 297–298 with cardiac procedures, 126–127 familial hyperlipidemia, 295 of HERNS, 297 neoplasm and, 129 familial paroxysmal ataxia, 100 of HHT, 303–304 PCA and, 51 familial polycythemia, 163 of homocystinuria, 298–299 of retina, 21 Fanconi’s anemia, 184, 306 of hypertension, 293–295 vasospasm with, 130 fat embolism, 128 of Leigh syndrome, 306 emergency FBN1. See fibrillin-1 of Marfan syndrome, 300 diagnostic procedures, 358–361 fecal incontinence, 370, 386 of MELAS, 304–306 evaluation, 356–361 FEES. See fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of migraine, 197 treatment, 356–361 of swallowing of NF, 301–302 Emery-Dreyfus muscular dystrophy, FHM. See familial hemiplegic migraine of progeria, 302–303 320 fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of of PXE, 300–301 emotional lability, 31 swallowing (FEES), 386 of SCD, 293 enalapril, 141 fibrillin-1 (FBN1), 300 testing for, 88–89 encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS), fibrinogen, 164, 170 of Werner syndrome, 303 186 pregnancy and, 334 Gerstmann syndrome, 37, 219 encephalofacial angiomatosis. See fibrinolysis, 169, 287 giant cell arteritis, 19, 143–146 Sturge-Weber syndrome fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 43, 178, CRP and, 144 Endarterectomy versus Angioplasty in 188–189 herpes simplex virus and, 146 Patients with Symptomatic Severe aneurysm and, 242 ION and, 34 Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S), 372 in children, 321–322 TIA and, 95 endotracheal intubation, 357 FIM. See Functional Independence Measure Glasgow Coma Scale, 238, 237 ependymoma, 237 fingers, 51, 53 glaucoma epidural hematoma, 275–281 Fisher, C. Miller, 5 with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 268 anticoagulants and, 102 Fisher CT classification, 239 TIA and, 95 differential diagnosis of, 280–281 FLAIR. See Fluid Attenuation Fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein, 88 of spinal cord, 352; management of, Recovery glioblastoma multiforme, 237 281 flick phosphenes, 99 global aphasia, 15 epilepsy, 16–17 Fluid Attenuation Fluid Recovery (FLAIR), global ischemia, 61 aneurysm and, 252 209 glomerulonephritis, 139 AVM and, 263 [11]-C-flumazenil, 83 glucose, 66, 72 subdural hematoma and, 276 flunarizine, 197–199 glutamate receptor antagonists, 350 TIA and, 100 [18]-F-fluoromisonidazole, 83 glutaric aciduria, 306, 323 ergotamine, 199 fluvastatin (Lescol), 114 glycerol, 45 erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 144, FMD. See fibromuscular dysplasia glycolipid, 298 147 Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. See subacute glycoprotein Ib, 164 for ION, 34 necrotic myelopathy glycosaminoglycan, 69 erythromycin, 171 folate, 299 Goldstein, Murray, ix, 9 esmolol, 141, 230 folic acid, 114, 370 Good, David, ix ESR. See erythrocyte sedimentation rate foramen magnum, 41 Gowers, William R., 29, 118, 135, 313 EVA-3S. See Endarterectomy versus foreign body embolism, 127 Gratiolet, radiation of, 18 Angioplasty in Patients with Foville’s syndrome, 49 great cerebral vein of Galen, 284 Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis free radicals, 65 growth hormone, 338–339 evidence-based medicine, 9 Freud, Sigmund, 9 Gruentzig, Andreas, 8

Index 401

Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 163 for children, 328 Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome. See Hales, Stephen, 163 for emergencies, 361 progeria hallucinations, 44, 51 ICH from, 230 hydralazine, 141, 148, 335 Harvey, William, 1 for protein C deficiency, 168 hydrocephalus, 250 HBV. See hepatitis B virus thrombocytopenia and, 164 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme- HDL. See high-density lipoprotein for thrombophilia, 336 A-reductase (HMG CoA reductase), headache, 19. See also migraine for venous thrombosis, 289 114 basilar artery and, 44 heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 336 hydroxyurea, 161 with cryofibrinogenemia, 169 heparin-neutralizing factors, 164 hyperaldosteronism, 139 with ICA occlusion, 40 hepatic dysfunction, 171, 316 hyperbaric oxygen, 129, 188, 365–366 with ICH, 196 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 148, 351 hypercapnia, 365 intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 29 hepatitis C virus, 151 hypercoagulability, 167–170 MCA and, 36, 196 hereditary endotheliopathy with in children, 323 SAH and, 29 retinopathy, nephropathy and in pregnancy, 333 sentinel, 234 stroke (HERNS), 297 spinal cord ischemia and, 349 with steal syndromes, 53 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia venous thrombosis and, 286 with subdural hematoma, 277 (HHT), 88, 262, 303–304, 320 hyperemia, 63, 66 thunderclap, 338 spinal cord AVM and, 352 hypereosinophilia syndrome, 166–167 TIA and, 96, 97 HERNS. See hereditary endotheliopathy hyperextension injury, 42, 350 with venous thrombosis, 287, 290 with retinopathy, nephropathy hyperglycemia, 72, 361, 370 health-related quality of life (HRQOL), 390 and stroke TIA and, 95 Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation heroin, 351 hyperhomocysteinemia, 114, 166, 213, 299, (HOPE), 137 herpes simplex virus, 146 323 HELLP. See hemolysis, elevated liver herpes zoster virus, 151–152, 322 hyperinsulinemia, 137 enzymes, and low platelets during Herrick, James B., 160 hyperlipidemia, 295 pregnancy or the postpartum period Hetastarch, 364 hyperoxia, 365–366 hematoma, 42 HHT. See hereditary hemorrhagic hyperperfusion syndrome, 225 hemianopia, 17, 40 telangiectasia hypersensitivity vasculitis, 151 bilateral homonymous, 44 Hicks, Ralph, ix hypertension, 6, 19, 135–137 with steal syndromes, 53 HIF. See hypoxia-inducible factor alcohol and, 139 hemiballism, 51 high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), aneurysms and, 239 hemihypesthesia, 39 88, 203 anterior choroidal artery and, 39 hemineglect, 39 high-density lipoprotein (HDL), 106–107 atherosclerosis and, 106, 295 hemiparesis, 38 hippocampal gyrus, 51 BBB and, 136 anterior choroidal artery syndrome and, Hippocrates, 94, 377 control of, 115 39 histamine, 66 diabetes and, 137 basilar artery and, 44 history, 7 drug-induced, 365 with epidural hematoma, 280 HIV. See human immunodeficiency virus genetics of, 293–295 hemiplegia HLA. See human leukocyte antigen ICH and, 223 basilar artery and, 44 HLA-DR4, 143 pathophysiology of, 135–136 carotid artery reconstruction for, 8 HMG CoA reductase. See 3-hydroxy- pregnancy and, 334, 335 children with, 9 3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme- presymptomatic: diagnosis of, 136; motor function return in, 377–388 A-reductase management of, 136–137 hemodialysis, 276 Hoffmann’s sign, 106 TIA and, 97 hemodilution, 364 Hollenhorst plaques, 21, 33 hypertensive encephalopathy, 139–141 hemodynamic infarction. See boundary homocysteine, 107, 114, 295 ICH and, 227 zone infarction homocystinuria, 19, 298–299, 323 LB and, 141 hemoglobin C, 162 homonymous hemianopia, 44, 96 pregnancy and, 338 hemoglobin disorders, 160–162 homonymous visual field defects, 18, hyperthermia, 72, 356 hemoglobin S, 162 37, 40 hyperthyroidism, 320, 371 hemoglobin SC, 162 HOPE. See Heart Outcomes Prevention hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 121 hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low Evaluation hyperventilation, 61 platelets during pregnancy or the hormonal replacement therapy, 213, 289 ICP and, 290 postpartum period (HELLP), Horner’s syndrome, 20, 21, 44, 50 moyamoya disease and, 97 334–335 HRQOL. See health-related quality of life radiation vasculopathy and, 186 DIC and, 335 hsCRP. See high sensitivity C-reactive hyperviscosity syndrome, 163 thrombocytopenia and, 335 protein hypocapnia, 365 hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 335 HT. See hemorrhagic transformation hypoglycemia, 72 hemophilia, 88, 170 ȕ-human gonadotropin, 338 atherosclerosis and, 111 hemorrhagic infarction, 64, 224 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 84, drugs for, 19 hemorrhagic transformation (HT), 367 152, 245–246, 322 TIA and, 95 Henoch-Schonlein purpura, 151 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 185 hypogonadism, 338–339 heparin. See also low molecular weight Hunt and Hess score, 238, 237 hypoleptinemia, 137 heparin; unfractionated heparin Hunter, John, 160 hyponatremia, 95, 338–339 for CCADs, 181 Hurst, J. Willis, 75 hypophyseal arteries, 30

402 Index

hypoplasia, 30 occlusion of, 32; headache with, 40 ischemia, 61–62 hypoplastic ventricle syndrome, 121 stenosis of: TIA and, 31 age and, 71–72 hypotension, 96, 100 internal cerebral vein, 284 global, 61 hypotensive myelopathy, 350 International Carotid Stenting Study transitional zone, 38 hypothermia, 66, 356, 365 (ICSS), 372 ischemic cascade, 65–66 hypothyroidism, 338–339 International Headache Society Classification ischemic infarction hypoxia, 61, 66, 71–72, 111 and Diagnostic Criteria aneurysms and, 240 hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), 268 (ICHD-2), 196 in children, 317–324; risk factors for, 319 hypoxic myelopathy, 350 international normalized ratio (INR), 102 LB for, 1 hysterical paralysis, 16 for warfarin, 126, 370 seizures and, 40 internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), 45, 49 ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) IADLs. See instrumental ADLs interview. See examination anterior, 34 iatrogenic myelopathy, 350–351 intracerebral hemorrhage, 39, 164, 187 CRP for, 34 ICA. See internal carotid artery intracranial aneurysms, 223–224 ESR for, 34 ICAMs. See intercellular adhesion in children, 314–315 giant cell arteritis and, 34 molecules Turner syndrome and, 319–320 ischemic penumbra, 61, 69–71 ICH. See intracranial hemorrhage intracranial dissection, 179 brain infarction and, 62 ICHD-2. See International Headache intracranial embolism, 100 isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura Society Classification and Diagnostic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), 170–171, (ITP), 164, 225 Criteria 217–230 isovaleric acidemia, 306, 323 ICP. See intracranial pressure AVM and, 259 ITP. See isoimmune thrombocytopenic ICSS. See International Carotid Stenting with carotid-cavernous fistula, 265 purpura Study in children, 313; evaluation of, 317; IVH. See intraventricular hemorrhage ICTP, 88 treatment for, 316–317 IVIG. See intravenous immunoglobulin idebenone, 306 CT for, 76 123-I-iomazenil, 83 differential diagnosis for, 227 Jacob, Francois, 60 IL. See interleukins drug-induced, 226 JAK2. See Janus kinase 2 implanted electrodes, 225 evaluation for, 227 Janeway, Richard, ix incontinence headache with, 196 Janeway lesions, 320 fecal, 370, 386 management of, 229 jugular veins, 29, 285 urinary, 14, 38, 370, 386 pregnancy and, 337–338 Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), 163 indapamide, 137, 213 risk factors for, 218 ineffective aneurysm, 245 treatment for, 229–230 Kawasaki syndrome, 148, 320 ineffective embolism, 123–124 vascular dementia and, 211 Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 320, 324 infants. See children with venous thrombosis, 289 Kernohan’s notch, 63 infection intracranial pressure (ICP), 61, 68, 368 ketorolac, 197 arteritis from, 151–152 cortical vein thrombosis and, 29 Kety, Seymour, 9 spinal cord ischemia and, 349 CSF and, 68 Keys, John Maynard, 234 venous thrombosis and, 286 dural sinus thrombosis and, 29 kinking infective endocarditis, 320, 335 epidural hematoma and, 280 of carotid artery, 30 inferior hypophyseal artery, 30 hypertensive encephalopathy and, TIA and, 96 inferior mesencephalic paramedian artery, 140 Kohlmeier-Degos disease. See malignant 50 hyperventilation and, 290 atrophic papulosis inferior petrosal sinus, 285 intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 29 Korotkoff sound, 136 inferior rectus, 50 management of, 229, 367 KRIT1, 88 inferior sagittal sinus, 284 SAH and, 29 krypton, 6 inflammation, 143–155 subdural hematoma and, 278 inflammatory bowel disease, 170 TIA and, 95 labetalol, 141, 230, 335 infraclinoid intracavernous carotid artery, venous thrombosis and, 290, 337 laboratory studies, 75–76 241 intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 1 labyrinthitis, 52 inherited thrombophilia, 336 cognitive changes and, 29 ȕ-lactam, 166 INO. See internuclear ophthalmoplegia headache and, 29 lactic acid, 66, 70 INR. See international normalized ratio ICP and, 29 lacunar infarction, 137–139 instrumental ADLs (IADLs), 386 Lyme disease and, 152 language dysfunction, 14–15 intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), risk factors for, 314 L-arginine, 67 111–112, 203 Wegener granulomatosis and, 149 L-asparaginase, 168 interferons, 88 intrathoracic dissection, 178 lazaroids, 365 interleukins (IL), 88, 112, 295 intravascular angioplasty, 54 LDL. See low-density lipoprotein internal auditory artery, 47 intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 149, learned non-use, 379 syndrome, 47 163, 337 left common carotid artery, 29 internal carotid artery (ICA), 29, 30, 31, 371 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), left subclavian artery, 29, 40 ACA and, 38 221–222 Leigh syndrome, 306 bilateral dysfunction of, 32 ION. See ischemic optic neuropathy Leigh’s disease, 323 CCADs of, 177 ipsilateral choroid hemangioma, 268 lentiginosis, 178 middle ear and, 32 iron therapy, 163, 304 Leriche syndrome, 146, 348

Index 403

Lescol. See ﬂuvastatin for moyamoya disease, 184 TIA and, 96 lesion burden, 209 for PAN, 148 vascular dementia and, 207 LEU(UUR), 305 for SAH, 248 Ménière’s disease, 19, 44 leucopenia, 164 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6, 75, TIA and, 95, 100 leukemia, 163, 350 79–81 vertigo and, 52 leukoaraiosis, 207, 209–210 for AVM, 262–263 meningioma, 237 leukotrienes, 65 for cavernous malformation, 266–267 meningitis, 151, 322 Liebman-Sacks endocarditis, 125, 322 DW/PW, 71 SAH and, 237 LIFE. See Losartan Intervention for for emergencies, 358–360 spinal cord ischemia and, 350 Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension for epidural hematoma, 281 meningohypophyseal, 30 light sensitive retinopathy, 34 for ICH, 228 mental retardation, with Sturge-Weber lightning streaks of Moore, 95 for ischemic penumbra, 71 syndrome, 268 limb claudication, 53 for lacunar infarction, 139 MERCI. See Mechanical Embolus Removal limb shaking, 64, 97 for PAN, 148 in Cerebral Ischemia linoleic acid, 113 during pregnancy, 339 MERRF, 324 Lipitor. See atorvastatin for SAH, 248 mesencephalic artery, 48, 50

livedo reticularis, 169 of spinal cord, 354 metabolic rate of oxygen (CMR O2), 83 liver abscess, 350 for Sturge-Weber syndrome, 270 metabolic stroke, 306 LMNA, 302 for subdural hematoma, 278 metalloproteinases, 88 LMWH. See low molecular weight heparin for vascular dementia, 207 metformin, 370 lobar hemorrhage, 219 for venous thrombosis, 288 methionine, 299 locked-in syndrome, 45 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), methotrexate, 146 long pontine circumferential arteries, 49 71 methyldopa, 335 losartan, 137 malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP), methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase Losartan Intervention for Endpoint 189–190 (MTHFR), 107, 166, 298 Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE), man in the barrel syndrome, 65 methylmalonic acidemia, 306, 323 137 management, 356–373 methylphenidate, 370 lovastatin (Mevacor), 114, 171 pre-hospital, 356 methylprednisolone, 350 low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 181 mannitol, 45 metoclopramide, 197–199 for APAS, 337 MAO. See monoamine oxidase Mevacor. See lovastatin for children, 328 MAP. See malignant atrophic papulosis Meyer’s loop, 37 for emergencies, 361 marche-a-petit-pas, 106 MI. See myocardial infarction for NBTE, 124 Marfan disease, 178 microbleeds, 212 pregnancy and, 340 Marfan syndrome, 243, 335 microcatheters, 8 for protein C deﬁciency, 168 genetics of, 300 balloons with, 9 for thrombophilia, 336 homocystinuria and, 299 microcirculatory compromise, 68–69 for venous thrombosis, 289 Marie-Foix syndrome, 43 microembolism, 87, 95 low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 106–107, Masland, Richard, ix, 9 micropsia, 51 112, 213 mastoiditis, 288 midbrain hemorrhage, 222 atherosclerosis and, 114 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 88 midbrain long circumferential arteries, 50 obesity and, 114 MCA. See middle cerebral artery midbrain paramedian arteries, 49–50 low-salt diets, 137 McHenry, Lawrence, ix middle cerebral artery (MCA), 32, 34–37, 356 LP. See lumbar puncture McKinney, William M., ix ACA and, 32, 38 lumbar puncture (LP), 84 MCP-1. See monocyte chemotactic occlusion of, 38 anticoagulants and, 102 protein-1 aneurysm of, 241 for brain hemorrhage, 1 MCSF. See macrophage colony-stimulating aphasia and, 36 for emergencies, 360 factor atherosclerosis of, 36 hypertensive encephalopathy and, 141 mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), 136, bilateral lesions of, 37 for ICH, 228 230, 368 confusion and, 36 for ischemic infarction, 1 mean transit time (MTT), 79 delirium and, 36 for SAH, 248–249 mechanical clot dissolving, 364 headache and, 36, 196 luxury perfusion syndrome, 63 mechanical clot extraction, 364 lacunar infarction and, 137–138 Luzi, Mondino di, 1 Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral moyamoya disease and, 186 Lyall, Watson, 201 Ischemia (MERCI), 364 occlusion of, 35–37 Lyme disease, 152 medial longitudinal fasciculi (MLF), 49 TIA and, 36 medial medullary syndrome, 49 Wernicke’s aphasia and, 36 MABP. See mean arterial blood pressure medial striate artery, 37, 38 middle ear, 32 macroglobulinemia, 19 medulla, veins of, 285 middle meningeal artery, 30 macrophage colony-stimulating factor medulla oblongata hemorrhage, 223 midline echogram, 1 (MCSF), 112 melanoma, 237 migraine, 195–199 Maeda syndrome, 197, 210–211 MELAS. See mitochondrial myopathy, APAS and, 196 magnesium, 197–199 encephalopathy, latic acidosis and with AVM, 259 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 5, stroke CADASIL and, 197, 295 6, 81–82 memory, 14 in children, 322–323 for atherosclerosis, 112 subdural hematoma and, 278 genetics of, 197

404 Index

migraine (continued) myotonic dystrophy, 320 obesity, 137 management of, 197–199 myxomas, 125, 320 atherosclerosis and, 112 PCA and, 197 CHD and, 114 TIA and, 19, 95, 100 N-acetylcysteine, 370 LDL and, 114 venous thrombosis and, 337 naloxone, 350 Observationes Anatomica (Fallopius), 1 vertigo with, 195 National Institute of Neurological Diseases occipitocervical synostosis, 42 Millard-Gubler syndrome, 43–45 and Stroke (NINDS), 9 occupational therapy, 385 Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9 ocular ischemic syndrome, 97 207 NBO. See normobaric oxygen oculomotor nuclear complex, 50, 280 misery perfusion, 63 NBTE. See nonbacterial endocarditis OEF. See oxygen extraction fraction mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, neglect, 387 oleic acid, 113 lactic acidosis and stroke (MELAS), neoplasm, 39 omega-3 fatty acids, 113 88, 197, 324 aneurysm and, 246 OMIN. See Online Inheritance of Man clinical features of, 305–313 embolism and, 129 one-and-a-half syndrome, 49 genetics of, 304–306 SAH and, 237 Online Inheritance of Man (OMIN), 295 mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 124 spinal cord ischemia and, 349 ophthalmic artery, 19, 20, 32–34 mixed connective tissue disease, 154 TIA and, 100 ophthalmological examination, 19–21 mixed dementia, 212 nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, 370 ophthalmoplegic migraine, 195 MLF. See medial longitudinal fasciculi nephrotic syndrome, 336 oral contraceptives, 19, 169, 286, 289 MMPs. See matrix metalloproteinases neuroborreliosis, 152 orthoses, 381–382 MMSE. See Mini-Mental Status Examination neurocysticercosis, 154 oscillopsia, 18–19 Modified Rankin Scale, 388 neurodevelopmental therapy, 385 Osler, William, 13, 160, 333 modifier genes, 293 neurofibromatosis (NF), 32, 88, 301–302 Osler nodes, 320 Moniz, Egas, 6 moyamoya disease and, 184 Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. See hereditary monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 19, neuron specific enolase, 88 hemorrhagic telangiectasia 139, 140 neurorehabilitation. See rehabilitation osteoarthritic spondylosis, 350 monoclonal gammopathy, 19 neurovascular examination, 21–26 osteogenesis imperfecta, 178 monocular blindness. See amaurosis fugax NF. See neurofibromatosis otitis media, 288 monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), nicardipine, 141, 230, 335 oxygen, 67–68 112 nicotinamide, 306 ATP and, 67 Monro-Kellie doctrine, 68 nicotine replacement therapy, 370 hyperbaric, 129, 188, 365–366 Moore, lightning streaks of, 95 nifedipine, 335 ischemic penumbra and, 69 moyamoya disease, 31, 178, 183, 184, 186, NIH. See National Institutes of Health NBO, 365–366 195, 318 NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), 46, 54 oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), 62, 371 in children, 322 NIHSS. See NIH Stroke Scale Down syndrome and, 306 nimodipine, 354 Paget’s disease, 42 Fanconi’s anemia and, 306 NINDS. See National Institute of Neurological palinopsia, 51 hyperventilation and, 97 Diseases and Stroke PAN. See polyarteritis nodosa

ICH and, 226 nitrendipine, 213 PaO2. See arterial oxygen tension pathology of, 185 nitric oxide (NO), 67 papillary fibroelastomas, 126 pathophysiology of, 185 nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 65, 67 papilledema from radiation therapy, 187 nitrogen bubbles, 129 retinal hemorrhage and, 288 SAH and, 237 nitroglycerin, 67 with venous thrombosis, 287 Turner syndrome and, 306 nitroprusside, 141, 230, 335 venous thrombosis and, 337 MRA. See magnetic resonance angiography NMDA. See N-methyl-D-aspartate paralysis, 15–16 MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 213, 365 basilar artery and, 43 MRS. See magnetic resonance spectroscopy antagonists, 213 TIA and, 96 MRV. See MR-venogram for spinal cord infarction, 354 paraneoplastic vasculitis, 154 MR-venogram (MRV), 288, 337 NO. See nitric oxide paraphasias, 14 MTHFR. See methylene-tetrahydrofolate nonbacterial endocarditis (NBTE), 124 parapontine reticular formation (PPRF), 49 reductase nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Pare, Amboise, 275 MTT. See contrast media transit time; for migraine, 197–199 paresthesias, 31, 43 mean transit time platelet disorders from, 166 Parinaud’s syndrome, 45, 51 multi-infarct dementia, 209 PXE and, 301 parkinsonism, 106, 207 multiple myeloma, 163 nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), 371 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, 163 multiple sclerosis, 349 nonverbal communication, 13 Patel, Aneel, ix murmurs, 23, 32 normobaric oxygen (NBO), 365–366 patent foramen ovale (PFO), 121–123 Murray, Gordon, 6 nortriptyline, 197–199 atrial septal aneurysm and, 121–122 muscular dystrophy, 320 NOS. See nitric oxide synthase in children, 320 MVP. See mitral valve prolapse Notch3, 88, 295 TCD for, 87 myocardial infarction (MI), 19, 120 Nothnagel syndrome, 43–45 TIA and, 100 cerebral embolism and, 40 nucleus of Luys, 51 PCA. See posterior cerebral artery in children, 320 NVAF. See nonvalvular atrial fibrillation PCP, 88 pregnancy and, 336 Nymmann, Gregor, xi, 1 PE. See pulmonary embolism warfarin and, 371 nystagmus, 44, 53 PECAM-1, 334

Index 405

PEG. See percutaneous gastrostomy tube posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 50 UFH and, 340 percutaneous gastrostomy tube (PEG), anatomy of, 50 venous thrombosis and, 286, 334, 337 386 aneurysm of, 241 warfarin and, 339–340 percutaneous luminal angioplasty, 8 migraine and, 197 pre-hospital management, 356 perfusion CT, 61 posterior communicating artery, 39 premamillary artery, 30 perfusion MRI, 61 anatomy of, 39 pressure ulcer prevention, 379–380 pericallosal artery, 38 aneurysm of, 241 pretectal nuclear complex, 50 perimesencephalic SAH, 236 dysfunction of, 39 primary angiitis, 148–149 perindopril, 137, 213 posterior fossa brain malformations, primary polycythemia, 163 peripartum cerebral angiopathy, 338 Sturge-Weber syndrome and, 270 prochlorperazine, 197 peroxynitrate, 65 posterior fossa brain malformations, procollagen peptides, 88 persistent primitive anastomoses, 52 hemangiomas of the face, anomalous PRoFESS, 101–102 PET. See positron emission tomography arteries, cardiac defects, and eye progeria, 302–303 Peto, Richard, 9 lesions (PHACE), 243 propionic acidemia, 306, 323 PFO. See patent foramen ovale posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICA), propranolol, 171

PGI2. See prostacyclin 45, 47, 48–49 prosopagnosia, 51

PHACE. See posterior fossa brain watershed infarction of, 65 prostacyclin (PGI2), 101, 109 malformations, hemangiomas of the posterior spinal artery, 346 prostaglandins, 65, 164, 354 face, anomalous arteries, cardiac syndrome, 349 prosthetic heart valves, 125, 371 defects, and eye lesions posterior spinal rami, 347 protein C, 167, 168, 336 phenothiazine, 19 posterior temporal artery, 35 factor V Leiden and, 336 phenylpropanolamine (PPA), 226 posterior thalamosubthalamic paramedian pregnancy and, 334, 336 phenytoin, 19, 171, 298 artery, 50 protein S, 168, 336 pheochromocytoma, 139 potassium, 137 pregnancy and, 334, 336 phlebitis, 350 PPA. See phenylpropanolamine protein S100B, 88 phlebotomy, 163 PPRF. See parapontine reticular formation prothrombin, 168, 334, 336 photophobia, 51 Pravachol. See pravastatin prothrombin 20210 allele, 88 physical therapy, 385 pravastatin (Pravachol), 114 prothrombin time (PT), 102, 356 pial arteriolar plexus, 347 prednisone, 146, 149 P-selectin, 334 PICA. See posterior inferior cerebellar pre-eclampsia, 334–335 pseudo-athetosis, 51 arteries pregnancy, 169, 333–340 pseudobulbar palsy, 106 Pickwickian syndrome, 67 amniotic fluid embolism and, 338 pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), 178 PIGA, 163 aneurysms and, 240, 337 genetic testing for, 88 pineal gland, 50 anticoagulants and, 336, 339–340 genetics of, 300–301 PINP, 88 antiplatelet therapy in, 339 PT. See prothrombin time piracetam, 387 antithrombin and, 334 pulmonary embolism (PE), 336, 368–370 pituitary apoplexy, 338–339 APAS and, 336–337 pure motor stroke, 138 pizotifen, 197–199 aspirin in, 339 pure sensory stroke, 138 plasminogen, 169 AVM and, 337 putaminal hemorrhage, 217–219 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 blood flow changes in, 333 PXE. See pseudoxanthoma elasticum vascular dementia and, 203–204 blood pressure and, 334 pyridoxine. See vitamin B6 platelet antiaggregant therapy, 115 CADASIL and, 295 platelet disorders, 163–166. See also CVT and, 336 quality of life, 390 antiplatelet therapy factor V Leiden and, 334 drug-induced, 166 fibrinogen and, 334 radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC), 33 ICH and, 225 hemodynamic changes in, 333 radiation, 30, 32 SAH and, 236–237 hypercoagulability in, 333 atherosclerosis and, 295 platelet Factor 4, 69 hypertension and, 334, 335 intracerebral hemorrhage from, 187 platybasia, 42 hypertensive encephalopathy and, 338 for moyamoya disease, 184 pneumonia, 366 ICH and, 337–338 moyamoya disease from, 187 polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 148, 322 LMWH and, 340 spinal cord and, 349, 351 in children, 320 medications in, 171 vasculopathy from, 188; spinal cord and, 350 MI and, 336 dehydration and, 188; polycythemia, 19, 162–163 neuroimaging during, 339 hyperventilation and, 188 spinal cord ischemia and, 350 peripartum cerebral angiopathy, 338 radiation of Gratiolet, 18 TIA and, 100 physiological changes in, 333–334 radicular arteries, 345 polycythemia rubra vera, 163 pituitary apoplexy, 338–339 radiosurgery, 264 polycythemia vera, 336 protein C and, 334, 336 ramipril, 137 pons, 285 protein S and, 334, 336 randomized clinical trials, 1 pontine hemorrhage, 222 prothrombin and, 334 rapid eye movement sleep (REM), 72 pontine paramedian arteries, 49 SAH and, 337 Raymond-Foville syndrome, 43–45 positron emission tomography (PET), 63, thrombocytopenia and, 334 Raynaud’s phenomena, 169 83, 371 thromboembolism in, 333–345 rCBF. See regional cerebral blood flow for ischemic penumbra, 71 thrombophilia and, 336 rCBV. See regional cerebral blood for moyamoya disease, 185 tPA and, 340 volume

406 Index

rCMG. See regional cerebral metabolism of SAPPHIRE. See Stenting and Angioplasty SPACE. See Stent-Supported Percutaneous glucose with Protection in Patients at High Angioplasty of the Carotid Artery reading difficulties, 14–15 Risk for Endarterectomy vs. Endarterectomy recombinant human alpha-galactosidase A, SBP. See systolic blood pressure SPARCL. See Stroke Prevention by 298 SCA. See superior cerebellar artery Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol recovery assessment, 388 SCD. See sickle cell disease Levels recurrence prevention, 370–373 scleroderma, 154 spasticity, 381 recurrent artery of Heubner. See medial seizures, 40, 368. See also epilepsy SPECT. See Single-Proton-Emission- striate artery with AVM, 17, 259 Computer-Tomography red cell disorders, 162–163 with cavernous malformation, 17 speech difficulties, 14–15 red veins, 63 CBF and, 72 spinal cord, 345–354 RED-M. See retinopathy, encephalopathy, cortical vein thrombosis and, 29 amphetamines and, 351 and deafness associated dural sinus thrombosis and, 29 arachnoiditis of, 351 microangiopathy SAH and, 250 arterial dissection of, 350 regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), 69, 71, 83 with Sturge-Weber syndrome, 267 arterial supply of, 345–346 brain infarction and, 365 temporal lobe and, 51 atherosclerosis and, 350 regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), 71, TIA and, 95 autoregulation in, 347 83 with venous thrombosis, 287, AVM of, 350; HHT and, 352; regional cerebral metabolism of glucose 290, 337 management of, 354 (rCMG), 83 selectins, 88 cavernous malformation of, 352 rehabilitation, 373, 377–391 P-selectin, 334 circulation physiology of, 347 REM. See rapid eye movement sleep sE-selectin, 88 cocaine and, 351 renal failure, 297 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 370 dural arteriovenous fistulas of, renal transplantation, 298 SELP, 293 352–353 rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 295 sensorimotor stroke, 138 epidural hematoma of, 353; reperfusion injury, 69 sensory disturbance, 15–16 management of, 354 repetitive body movements, 14 basilar artery and, 43 glioma, 350 repose, 66 sentinel headache, 234 hemorrhage, 351 respiratory acidosis, 67, 163 septal vein, 284 hyperextension injury of, 350 retina sE-selectin, 88 hypotensive myelopathy of, 350 embolism of, 21 shaken baby syndrome, 277 hypoxic myelopathy of, 350 hemorrhage of, 20; papilledema and, Shakespeare, William, 293 iatrogenic myelopathy of, 350–351 288; with PXE, 301 short pontine circumferential arteries, 49 infarction: artery-specific causes of, 347; tear, TIA and, 95–99 shoulder pain, 380 clinical presentation of, 347; vascular physiology of, 33 SIADH, 338–339 diagnosis of, 354 retinal migraine, 195 sICAM-1, 88 management of, 354; risk factors retinopathy, encephalopathy, and deafness sick sinus syndrome, 118–119 for, 350–356 associated microangiopathy sickle cell disease (SCD), 9, 160–161, 323 ischemia: clinical features of, 347; (RED-M), 189 brain infarction and, 161 differential diagnosis for, 349; Reye syndrome, 328 genetics of, 293 drop attacks and, 348; rhabdomyomas, 125, 320 management of, 161–167 prognosis for, 351 rheumatic heart disease, 320 moyamoya disease and, 184 PAN and, 350 rheumatic valvular heart disease, 124 SAH and, 237 radiation and, 351 rheumatoid arthritis, 154 TCD for, 87 SAH of, 353 rheumatoid spondylosis, 350 TIA and, 100 SLE and, 350 riboflavin, 197–199, 306 sickle cell trait, 161–162 subacute necrotic myelopathy of, Rie, Oscar, 9 SICRET. See small infarction of cochlear, 351 right common carotid artery, 29 retinal and enceptialitic tissue subdural hematoma of, 353 right subclavian artery, 29, 40 silent aspirators, 386 substance abuse and, 350, 351 riluzole, 354 simvastatin (Zocor), 114 trauma to, 139, 350 rivastigmine, 212 Single-Proton-Emission-Computer- venous anatomy of, 347 Roach, E. Steve, ix Tomography (SPECT), 7, 61, watershed infarction in, 347 Rolandic artery, 36 83–84 spontaneous abortion, 336 Rosenthal, veins of, 284 for ischemic penumbra, 71 SSYLVIA. See Stenting of Symptomatic rostral basilar artery, 39 for moyamoya disease, 185 Atherosclerotic Lesions in the rosuvastatin (Crestor), 114 sinovenous occlusion, 283–290 Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries RPC. See radial peripapillary capillaries Sjögren’s syndrome, 154 STA. See superficial temporal artery rubeosis oculi, 20 skip lesions, 146 statins, 126, 213 rubral tremor, 51 SLE. See systemic lupus erythematosus steal phenomenon, 53 rule of halves, 137 sleep, 31, 66, 72 steal syndromes, 52–54. See also subclavian small infarction of cochlear, retinal and steal syndrome saccular aneurysms, 238 encephalitic tissue (SICRET), 189 clinical features of, 53 pathology of, 246–247 Smith, Homer W., 143 etiology of, 53 treatment of, 250 smoking. See tobacco pathophysiology of, 53 SAH. See subarachnoid hemorrhage SP. See stress proteins TIA and, 96

Index 407

Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in superior rectus, 50 ticlopidine, 101 Patients at High Risk for superior sagittal sinus, 283, 337 time to maximum peak of the contrast Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE), 372 supraclinoid internal carotid artery, 241 agent (TTP), 79 Stenting of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Susac syndrome, 189 TIMPs. See tissue inhibitors of Lesions in the Vertebral or susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), 82 metalloproteinases Intracranial Arteries (SSYLVIA), 373 swallowing function, 189. See also dysphagia tinnitus, 53 stents, 8 SWI. See susceptibility-weighted imaging tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases clopidogrel and, 120 Sylvian fissure, 34, 36 (TIMPs), 88 for TIA, 103 syncope, 40, 64 tissue necrosis factor (TNF), 112, 295 Stent-Supported Percutaneous Angioplasty syphilis, 84, 152, 349 tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 1, 6, of the Carotid Artery vs. spinal cord ischemia and, 349 169, 224, 361–364, 373 Endarterectomy (SPACE), 372 systemic diseases, 19 for CCADs, 181 steroids, 354. See also corticosteroids systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 124, for children, 328–329 sticky platelet syndrome, 166 140, 152–153 pregnancy and, 340 Stokes-Adams attacks, 14 spinal cord and, 349 ultrasound and, 364 strategically placed infarcts, 209 systolic blood pressure (SBP), 135, 136 tizanidine, 381 streptokinase, 6 TMS. See transcranial magnetic stress proteins (SP), 112 Takayasu arteritis, 30, 146–148, 322 stimulation string sign, 86 Takayasu’s disease, 53 TNF. See tissue necrosis factor Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction tamoxifen, 171 tobacco in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL), 114 Tatsuyuki Kudo, 183 aneurysms and, 238 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 267–270 TCD. See transcranial Doppler atherosclerosis and, 295 subacute necrotic myelopathy 99-Tc-labelled isotopes, 83 Buerger’s disease and, 155 AVM and, 351 tDCS. See transcranial direct current cessation of, 370 of spinal cord, 351 stimulation protein S and, 168 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 234–238 TEE. See transesophageal echocardiogram Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 265 brain infarction and, 95 telestroke, 356 toluene, 351 with carotid-cavernous fistula, 265 temperature, 72 top of the basilar syndrome, 45–47 caudate hemorrhage and, 221 Terson syndrome, 21 topiramate, 197–199, 290 causes of, 234 tetracycline, 62 tortuosity CT for, 76 tetralogy of Fallot, 121, 318 arterial tortuosity syndrome, 30, 302 diagnostic studies for, 247–249 TGA. See transient global amnesia of carotid artery, 30 epidural hematoma and, 281 thalamic hemorrhage, 219–221 tPA. See tissue plasminogen activator headache and, 29 thalamic pain, 43–44, 51 transcranial direct current stimulation ICH and, 227 thalamic syndromes, 51–52 (tDCS), 387 ICP and, 29 thalamogeniculate arteries, 50 transcranial Doppler (TCD), 7, 9, 61, 87 LB for, 84 thalamus, 50 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), Lyme disease and, 152 thalassemia, 162 385, 387 pregnancy and, 337 thiamine, 121 transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), seizures and, 40 thiopental, 354 119, 122 of spinal cord, 353 thromboangiitis obliterans, 155 transfusions, 161, 163 Wegener granulomatosis and, 149 thrombocythemia, 165 for HHT, 304 subclavian arteries, 29 thrombocytopenia, 164, 225 for subdural hematoma, 279 subclavian steal syndrome, 5, 44, 52 in children, 315 TTP and, 166 Blalock-Taussig operation and, 320 HELLP and, 335 transient global amnesia (TGA), 37 diagnosis of, 53–54 pregnancy and, 334 transient ischemic attack (TIA), management of, 54 thrombocytosis, 19, 100 14, 75, 94–103 subcortical lacunar infarcts, 209 thrombolytic therapy. See tissue AICA and, 49 subdural hematoma, 1, 39, 275–281 plasminogen activator aneurysms and, 240 anticoagulants and, 102 thrombophilia APAS and, 336 differential diagnosis for, 278 APAS and, 336 arterial occlusion and, 32 of spinal cord, 353 heparin for, 336 basilar artery and, 43 TIA and, 99, 100 LMWH for, 336 in brainstem, 52 trauma and, 19, 275, 277 pregnancy and, 336 CEA for, 102–103 suboccipital triangle, 41 venous thrombosis and, 336 cerebral infarction and, 31 substance abuse, 19, 100, 350, 351 thrombosis. See also specific types clinical features of, 96–98 sulfonamides, 148 acquired causes of, 167–177 course of, 103 superficial temporal artery (STA), 22, 186 atherosclerosis and, 107 diagnostic evaluation of, superficial venous system, 283 thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 100–105 superior cerebellar artery (SCA), 48, 49, 50 (TTP), 165–166, 225 differential diagnosis for, 98–100 watershed infarction of, 65 thunderclap headache, 338 evaluation of, 100–101 superior medial pontine syndrome, 49 thyroid disease, 100. See also hyperthyroidism; frequency of, 97 superior mesencephalic paramedian artery, hypothyroidism ICA stenosis and, 31 50 thyroid hormone, 171 management of, 101–103 superior petrosal sinus, 285 TIA. See transient ischemic attack MCA and, 36

408 Index

transient ischemic attack (TIA) (continued) varenicicline, 370 vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 114, 349, 370 migraine and, 19 vasa vasorum, 112 vitamin E deficiency, 349 neurovascular examination for, 97–98 vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAMs), vitamin K, 102, 170, 225 nonsymptoms of, 98 111 children and, 316 physical findings with, 98 vascular dementia, 109, 201–213 warfarin and, 171 prognosis for, 98, 103 diagnosis of, 207, 203 VLDL. See very low-density lipoprotein risk stratification for, 98 differential diagnosis for, 206–217 vocation, 390 with watershed infarction, 64 etiology of, 201 von Willebrand disease, 166 transient monocular blindness, 17–22 prevention of, 212–213 von Willebrand factor, 164, 166 transitional zone ischemia, 38 risk factors for, 203–206 transluminal coronary angioplasty, 8 topography of, 202–203 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 163 transplantation treatment for, 212–213 Wallenberg syndrome, 21, 48, 43–44 bone marrow, 163 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), warfarin, 6, 124, 224 renal, 298 268 for AF, 371 transposition of great vessels, 121 vascular reactivity, 61 for cardiac embolism, 5 transthoracic echocardiogram, 76 vasculitides for CCADs, 181 transverse infarction syndrome, 349 anatomic distribution of, 144–160 for children, 326–333 transverse myelitis, 349 classification of, 144 for dilated cardiomyopathy, 371 trauma, 19 vasculitis dosage of, 371 epidural hematoma from, 280 in children, 322 for hyperthyroidism, 371 to spinal cord, 139, 350 TIA and, 96 ICH from, 230 subdural hematoma and, 275, 277 vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 67 INR for, 126, 370 venous thrombosis and, 286 vasospasm, 95, 130, 250 MI and, 371 tricyclic antidepressants, 171 VCAMs. See vascular cell adhesion pregnancy and, 339–340 Trotter, Wilfred, 177 molecules for protein C deficiency, 168 TSH, 338–339 VEGF. See vascular endothelial growth for TIA, 102 TTP. See thrombotic thrombocytopenic factor toxicity with, 170–171 purpura; time to maximum peak of veins of Rosenthal, 284 vitamin K and, 171 the contrast agent venous anatomy, 283 water, 66 tuberculosis, 322, 349 venous stasis retinopathy, 34 watershed infarction, 64–65 tumor necrosis factor, 88 venous thrombosis, 285–293 moyamoya disease and, 186 turbulent flow, 23 ICP and, 337 in spinal cord, 347 Turner syndrome, 320 migraine and, 337 Weber syndrome, 43–44 moyamoya disease and, 306 papilledema and, 337 Wegener granulomatosis, 149 tyramine, 19, 139, 140 pregnancy and, 334, 337 brain infarction and, 149 secondary complications with, 290 CRP and, 149 UFH. See unfractionated heparin seizures and, 337 intraparenchymal hemorrhage ultrasound, 5, 84 thrombophilia and, 336 and, 149 for atherosclerosis, 112 Wegener granulomatosis and, 149 SAH and, 149 of carotid arteries, 6 ventilator settings, 357 venous thrombosis and, 149 for emergencies, 361 Vernon, Diane C., ix Wepfer, Johann Jakob, 1, 275 for giant cell arteritis, 145 vertebral artery (VA), 29, 40–43 Werner syndrome, 303 during pregnancy, 339 aneurysm of, 242 Wernicke’s aphasia, 15, 37, 219 tPA and, 364 arthritis and, 42 clinical characterization of, 15 for venous thrombosis, 289 atherosclerosis of, 42, 43, 108 MCA and, 36 unfractionated heparin (UFH), 181, 361 CCADs of, 177, 178–179 WFNS. See World Federation Neurological for NBTE, 124 SAH and, 237 Surgeons pregnancy and, 340 vertebral-basilar syndrome, 42 wheelchairs, 382–385 for venous thrombosis, 289 vertigo, 19, 40 whiplash, 42, 350 unruptured aneurysms, 252 basilar artery and, 43, 44 Williams syndrome, 88, 318 upper motor neuron syndrome, 381 with cryofibrinogenemia, 169 Willis, Thomas, 94, 275 urea, 45 Ménière’s disease and, 52 WINGSPAN, 373 urinary incontinence, 14, 38, 370, 386 with migraine, 195 World Federation Neurological Surgeons urinary tract infections, 366 with steal syndromes, 53 (WFNS), 237, 238 urokinase, 6 TIA and, 96 writing difficulties, 313 very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), Wyburn-Mason syndrome, 260 VA. See vertebral artery 106–107 vagus nerves, 29 Vesalius, Andreas, 1 xenon, 6 valproate sodium, 197–199 vide supra, 52 133-Xenon, 83 valproic acid, 164 VIP. See vasoactive intestinal peptide X-rays, ix

Valsalva maneuver, 21, 22 vitamin, B6, 299

valvular heart disease, 123 vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 370 Zocor. See simvastatin