台灣產車前科石龍尾屬之分類研究 a Taxonomic Study of Limnophila (Plantaginaceae) of Taiwan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

台灣產車前科石龍尾屬之分類研究 a Taxonomic Study of Limnophila (Plantaginaceae) of Taiwan 國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文 台灣產車前科石龍尾屬之分類研究 A Taxonomic Study of Limnophila (Plantaginaceae) of Taiwan 研 究 生:蔡思怡 Sz -Yi Tsai 指導教授:王震哲 博士 Dr. Jenn-Che Wang 中 華 民 國 102 年 七月 致謝 兩年的研究生涯,說長不長,說短不短,卻讓我感受到植物研 究的喜悅和快樂。感謝王震哲老師在這段期間內的提攜指導,才使得 我可以進入這豐富而有趣的植物分類研究。兩年的時間裡,老師總不 厭其煩的教導與指引我在分類上的研究方法,遇到困難時總可以從老 師那裏得到解決問題的方法與方向。在此獻上誠摯的感謝。 感謝國立台灣大學鍾國芳老師從我大學時期即引領我進入植物 研究之殿堂,畢業幾年後,又承蒙鍾老師撥冗指導碩士論文,對我的 碩士論文提出許多寶貴的建議,真的覺得非常榮幸與萬分感謝。感謝 國立自然科學博物館陳志雄老師揮汗批改學生的論文,不吝於論文的 架構與內容給予精闢的建議,而使論文更臻完備。 論文研究期間,感謝研究室的學長姊、學弟妹在研究與實驗上 的切磋幫忙與鼓勵。感謝長澤學長總是主動關心並與我討論研究進 度,給予許多指導與建議;感謝珆碩學長將我拉入玄參科雜草的世 界,也因此我才會愛上這些可愛的水生植物,您淵博的知識也著實讓 我佩服,每次跟您討論都能滿載而歸;感謝明哲學長在研究初期給予 研究方向的提示;感謝智凱學長在我進研究室之前即指引迷惘的我一 盞明燈,您樹立了植物分類研究者的青年典範,使我能循著您的路前 進,於研究期間也很感謝您給予的指導與建議;感謝福隆學長幫我建 立了分類研究的基本知識,您問題犀利與凡事懷疑的研究精神令我十 分佩服;感謝偉聿學長在研究期間慷慨提供研究材料與採集資訊,同 時也是難得的分類研究戰友;感謝元馨學姊在我剛進入研究室時即照 顧有加,使我更快融入與熟悉新環境。 感謝俊男美女助理群杏倩學姊、依恆學姊、威廷學長及貴竣學 長在研究室生活的照顧,一起出外採集也都非常歡樂;感謝同學梓容 一同在這兩年的碩士生涯打拼;感謝當時還是大學部的妙楓學妹作伴 前往南部採集,坐船渡海或騎車勇闖深山野路都那麼地令人難忘;大 學部的哲伶與憲燦為研究室帶來了年輕的朝氣,並感謝你們於口試當 天的事務協助。 論文研究期間,感謝吳首賢學長、鐘詩文學長帶我採集到重要 的研究材料、許天銓學長不吝提供研究材料與採集資訊,更要感謝田 中博士吳聲昱老師在研究材料上的大力協助,您默默為台灣水生植物 付出的精神,令我由衷感動;感謝日本國立科學博物館植物標本館之 田中法生博士及其友人大野先生與永田先生協助在日本的材料採 集;感謝台大昆蟲學系簡維君小姐與林業試驗所高資棟先生在掃描式 電子顯微鏡的鼎力協助,使論文可以更加完備;感謝台大生演所陳淑 華老師及陳香君老師在花粉研究上的指導與協助,以及凱修學弟在花 粉酸解的經驗分享。 還要感謝好友阿蓮、錢欣從大學到研究所的關心與心情分享, 遠在歐洲的阿蓮還幫忙掃描、影印台灣難以取得的文獻;合唱團的好 友們雅馨、藝文、芊君、如茵、賤賤、致成提供好笑對話及揪團出遊、 吃飯幫忙舒壓,宜華幫忙翻譯日文文獻;也感謝陳盈伶老師,除了在 聲樂上的指導,也是我的心靈導師;還有族繁不及備載的人,親愛的 你們偶爾捎來的一張小明信片都能讓我神遊各地,從研究中探出頭來 小透口氣。 最後,感謝父母與家人的支持和包容,老是瞞著你們做我想做 的事情,如爬山及考研究所,也老是把家裡當作旅館來來去去,但你 們都還是無怨無尤的支持著我,你們是我出外打拼最大的支柱與動 力!也很感謝爺爺從大學到研究所一直以來給予的關心與協助,您一 定要一直健康下去喔!更要感謝親愛的珆碩,同時扮演兩種角色的你 辛苦了,感謝你比我還積極的開著車載我到處採集,感謝你在研究材 料的拍攝上給予極高品質的協助,感謝你的貼心、包容 ,感謝你的 砥礪、鞭策,感謝你在我極度低潮時仍推著我向前走,希望我也能在 最後踢你一腳。 沒有大家,我不可能完成。 思怡 謹誌於 102.8.18 目次 目次 ......................................................................................................I 表次 .................................................................................................... II 圖次 ................................................................................................... III 中文摘要 ........................................................................................... IV 英文摘要 .............................................................................................. V 一、 前言 ............................................................................................. 1 二、 前人研究 ..................................................................................... 4 三、 研究材料與方法 ......................................................................... 9 四、 形態特徵 ................................................................................... 25 五、 花粉形態 ................................................................................... 71 六、 分子親緣關係 ........................................................................... 83 七、 分類處理 ................................................................................... 89 八、 引用文獻 ................................................................................. 140 九、 附錄 ......................................................................................... 148 I 表次 表 1、台灣產石龍尾屬分類群學名沿革一覽表 .................................. 7 表 2、DNA 序列研究之實驗材料...................................................... 15 表 3、本研究所使用之引子 ............................................................... 18 表 4、PCR 反應各種試藥濃度與體積 ............................................... 20 表 5、台灣產石龍尾屬名錄 ............................................................... 26 表 6、非台灣產而使用於部份形態討論之石龍尾屬名錄 ................ 26 表 7、台灣產石龍尾屬重要分類特徵之比較 .................................... 27 表 8、台灣產 Limnophila 節沉水葉形態比較 ................................... 33 表 9、台灣產石龍尾屬之花冠與花萼特徵比較 ................................ 41 表 10、台灣產石龍尾屬之雌蕊形態比較.......................................... 48 表 11、台灣產石龍尾屬之蒴果形態比較 .......................................... 50 表 12、石龍尾屬毛被物觀察與比較 ................................................. 54 表 13、石龍尾屬種子形態觀察比較 ................................................. 65 表 14、台灣產石龍尾屬花粉大小及形狀比較 .................................. 74 表 15、Limnophila aromatica 和 L. aromaticoides 之比較............... 105 表 16、Limnophila orientalis 和 L. sessiliflora 之比較 .................... 126 表 17、Limnophila taiwanensis 和 L. taoyuanensis 之比較 .............. 133 表 18、Limnophila pingtungensis 和 L. trichophylla 之比較 ........... 139 II 圖次 圖 1、trnL intron 與 trnL-F IGS intron 之位置與引子示意圖 ........... 18 圖 2、trnG 之位置與引子位置示意圖 ............................................... 18 圖 3、ndhF 之位置與引子位置示意圖 .............................................. 19 圖 4、石龍尾屬之莖橫剖面形態 ....................................................... 33 圖 5、石龍尾屬 Limnophila 節之沉水葉發育形態............................ 33 圖 6、台灣產石龍尾屬之葉部形態 ................................................... 34 圖 7、台灣產石龍尾屬之花序形態 ................................................... 38 圖 8、台灣產石龍尾屬之萼片形態 ................................................... 42 圖 9、台灣產石龍尾屬之雌蕊形態 ................................................... 49 圖 10、石龍尾屬植物之毛被物形態 ................................................. 55 圖 11、台灣產石龍尾屬之種子形態 ................................................. 66 圖 12、台灣產石龍尾屬之花粉形態 ................................................. 75 圖 13、石龍尾屬之親緣關係樹狀圖 ................................................. 84 III 中文摘要 本研究利用外部形態、種子與花粉微細形態及分子親緣關係等 資料,進行台灣產石龍尾屬(Limnophila)植物之分類研究。結果認為 台灣共產 11 種石龍尾,其中重新界定無柄花石龍尾(L. sessiliflora) 並確認其在台灣歸化,並從中分出新種東方石龍尾(L. orientalis sp. nov.)為台灣原生種,另再確認石龍尾(L. trichophylla)之學名正確性而 分出新種絲葉石龍尾(L. taiwanensis sp. nov.),另有新種屏東石龍尾(L. pingtungensis sp. nov.)。外部形態上,葉脈、葉形、萼片、蒴果等為 石龍尾屬植物的重要分類特徵,另外種子表面微細形態在節間與少 數種間具差異,支持節的歸群,亦可作為分類鑑定之參考。分子研 究取樣台灣產與部分國外材料共 19 種,外群選擇 Gratiola 和車前屬 (Plantago)做為外群,並使用葉綠體 DNA 之 trnL-F、trnG、ndhF 序 列進行本屬之親緣關係研究,合併各片段後得到總資料矩陣共 3,677 bp。親緣關係樹顯示台灣產石龍尾屬可分為三大支系,此三大支系 與沉水裂葉有無、葉脈平行脈或羽狀脈及蒴果成熟時萼片具條紋與 否等特徵一致,支持前人研究建立之 Limnophila 節、Striatae 節為支 持度極高的單系群,而前人置於 Integrifolieae 節之 L. fragrans 則與 Striatae 節形成姊妹群,應排除於 Integrifolieae 節之外。 關鍵字:水生植物、石龍尾、車前科、分類研究、分子親緣關係 IV Abstract The genus Limnophila (Plantaginaceae) in Taiwan is taxonomically revised based on morphological, palynological, and molecular biological studies. The result shows that 11 species of this genus are indigenous to Taiwan, which include 3 new species, L. pintungensis sp. nov., L. taiwanensis sp. nov. and L. orientalis sp. nov. The new species L. orientalis is divided from the re-circumscribed L. sessiliflora which is also confirmed here to be a newly naturalized species in Taiwan. The new species L. taiwanensis sp. nov. which was considered as L. trichophylla before is extracted from the re-recognized L. trichophylla. The morphology of venation, leaf shape, calyx, and capsule are the important characters for the classification of Taiwanese genus. Furthermore, the seed surfaces also provide evidences for distinguishing sections and some species. Finally, the phylogenetic relationship within this genus was studied using the cpDNA markers trnL/F, trnG, and ndhF from 19 species sampled in Taiwan and neighboring area. Gratiola and Sesamum are chosen as outgroups. The cladogram of molecular phylogeny revealed three separate lineages corresponding to the sectional grouping of previous studies and could be distinguished by the finely dissected submerged leaves, venation, and calyx striation on mature fruits. The section Limnophila and section Striatae are highly supported monophyletic groups, but section Integrifolieae shows paraphyly. Keywords: Aquatic plants, Limnophila, Plantaginaceae, Taxonomy, Phylogeny V 一、前言 石龍尾屬(Limnophila R. Br.)為車前科(Plantaginaceae)植物,全世 界約有 47 種,分布於舊世界之熱帶至亞熱帶地區,包括非洲、亞洲、 澳洲與太平洋群島等,大部分為水生或濕生植物。 本屬植物過去研究者依據花序、葉形、脈型與萼片紋飾等特徵分 為 2 至 5 個節(Boerlage, 1899; Philcox, 1970; Yamazaki, 1985);至於分 種所依據的主要特徵則有花梗、小苞片、毛狀物、兩型葉、香氣的有 無,脈型、花部、種子、萼片紋飾、莖橫切面的形態等等,以及閉花 授粉、生長型等生態特徵(e.g., Philcox, 1970; Wannan and Waterhouse, 1985)。 縱 觀本屬植物較完整的分類研究主要為 Philcox (1970) 和 Yamazaki (1985),Philcox (1970)依據大量標本,針對全世界的石龍尾 屬進行完整的整理與訂正,共確認 35 種。而 Yamazaki (1978, 1979, 1980)對東南亞地區本屬植物進行了一系列分類研究,除了訂正學名 之外,亦發表了數個新種及新變種,確認東南亞共產 22 種石龍尾 (Yamazaki, 1985)。然而過去分類研究多以乾燥標本為觀察材料,由於 欠缺新鮮材料及野外族群的觀察,因而難以確認物種的微細構造或是 種內的變異範圍,尤以本屬植物有多種可為沉水生長,為了適應水生 環境,形態常會有所改變或簡化,具有高度的外形可塑性,因此乾燥 1 標本難以提供詳盡的形態特徵,以至於影響分類研究的結果。 除形態分類研究之外,研究指出花粉孔與表面紋飾在本屬種間具 有分類意義(Thankachi and Kumari, 1998);而 Wannan and Waterhouse (1985)以 SEM (Scanning electronic microscope)進行澳洲產本屬植物種 子的觀察,認為種子表面微細形態具有明顯的種間差異,可作為分類 依據。本研究亦將使用 SEM 進行花粉與種子的微細形態觀察,以期 對於本屬的分類提供可用特徵。 本屬植物過去屬於廣義玄參科(Scrophulariaceae s. l.),而 Albach et al. (2005)依據分子親緣關係研究結果,認為本屬植物所屬之水八角族 (Gratioleae Benth.)應置於車前科之下,其觀點亦為 APG III (2009)所接 受,然而該研究並未取樣本屬植物進行分子親緣關係建構。至於本屬 於車前科下的親緣關係則與水八角屬(Gratiola L.)、Hydrotriche Zucc. 較為接近(Estes and Small, 2008; Schäferhoff et al., 2010),惟前人研究 之取樣並未涵蓋本屬各主要節,且本屬植物內多種與這兩屬形態相當 近似,其分子親緣關係應進行更進一步研究,以釐清這些近緣屬的親 緣關係以及本屬植物屬下分類群的關係。 由於近年來水族業與園藝界大量引進本屬植物,多少溢出的歸化 族群會造成混淆,增加原生種認定的困難度,而部分原生物種業已名 列瀕危甚至滅絕,此外在台灣尚有未確認之本屬植物存在,因此對本 2 類群進行詳細研究以建立正確名錄,並進而對各物種進行保育評估是 有必要的。 3 二、前人研究 (一)石龍尾屬的研究歷史 石龍尾屬最早由 Brown (1810)發表,拉丁名 Limnophila 的含意為 此植物喜愛生長於沼澤地,Brown 同時亦發表本屬之模式種 L. gratioloides R. Br. (= L. indica (L.) Druce)。 過去石龍尾屬植物除發表於 Limnophila 下之外,也曾被發表於 Ambuli Adans., Ambulia Lam., Conobea Aubl., Cybbanthera Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Diceros Lour., Gratiola L., Herpestis C.F. Gaertn., Hottonia L., Hydropityon Gaertn., Stemodia L., Tala Blanco, Terebinthina Rumph. ex Kuntze 等屬中,而其中 Ambuli Adans., Ambulia Lam., Cybbanthera Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Diceros Lour., Hydropityon Gaertn. f., Tala Blanco, Terebinthina Rumph. ex Kuntze 等屬為石龍尾屬之同物異名屬 (Philcox, 1970) 。 Limnophila 為 命 名 法 規 上 的 保 留 名 (nomen conservandum) (Camp et al., 1947; Rickett and Stafleu, 1960),因此發表 年代較早之 Ambuli (1763) 、 Ambulia (1783) 、 Diceros (1790) 、 Hydropityon (1805)等屬均置為廢棄名(nomen
Recommended publications
  • Etablierung Von Pflanzenzellkulturen, Isolierung Und Strukturaufklärung Der Inhaltsstoffe
    Etablierung von Pflanzenzellkulturen, Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung der Inhaltsstoffe Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz Claus Cordes geb. in Harderberg Mainz 2001 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.07.2001 Für meine Eltern INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I EINLEITUNG .......................................................................................1 1 Bedeutung von Pflanzen für die Medizin im Verlauf der Geschichte .....................1 2 Bedeutung von Pflanzenzellkulturen ..........................................................................7 3 Zielsetzung...................................................................................................................11 II MATERIAL.........................................................................................12 1 Geräte...........................................................................................................................12 1.1 Geräte, benutzt am Institut für Pharmazie in Mainz............................................12 1.2 Geräte der Firma AnalytiCon AG/AnalytiCon Discovery...................................13 2 Chemikalien und Materialien....................................................................................14 2.1 Chemikalien und Materialien, verwendet im Institut für Pharmazie in Mainz ...14 2.2 Chemikalien und Materialien, verwendet bei der Firma AnalytiCon AG/AnalytiCon Discovery...............................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Distribution of Vascular Macrophytes in Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India
    Diversity and distribution of vascular macrophytes in Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India Project submitted to Dhenkanal (Autonomous) college, Dhenkanal For the Degree of Master of Science in Botany By Raimani Murmu Roll No: PG 18 B013 Under the Guidance of Dr. A. K. KHILLAR Head Of the Department, Post Graduate Department of Botany Dhenkanal (Auto.) College, Dhenkanal, Odisha Dhenkanal (Autonomous) college, Dhenkana- 759001, Odisha Session: 2018-20 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Diversity and distribution of vascular macrophytes in Ansupa Lake,Odisha, India ” submitted for the degree of Master of Science in Botany to Dehnkanal College, is a record of review work carried out by Ms. Raimani Murmu under my guidance and supervision. The assistance obtained in any form during the course of this research has duly been acknowledged. Signature of HOD Project supervisor (Dr. A. K. KHILLAR) DECLARATION The review work embodied in this project is an original investigation carried out by the author on the topic entitled “ Diversity and distribution of vascular macrophytes in Ansupa Lake, Odisha, India” for M.Sc. degree in Botany from Dhenkanal (Auto.) College, Utkal University. To the best of my knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted to any other university or institution to confer any degree or diploma. Dhenkanal Signature of student Date: 19.06.2020 Roll No.PG18-BO13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I sincerely express my heartful gratitude and support of my supervisor , Head Of the Department, Dr.A.K.KHILLAR,Dhenkanal Autonomous College,Dhenkanal. His supervising style of warm-hearted patience, enthusiasm and encouragement is positively rare and count very lucky to have been guided by.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Pteridophyte Flora of Sri Lanka R.H.G
    Taxonomy and Conservation Status of Pteridophyte Flora of Sri Lanka R.H.G. Ranil and D.K.N.G. Pushpakumara University of Peradeniya Introduction The recorded history of exploration of pteridophytes in Sri Lanka dates back to 1672-1675 when Poul Hermann had collected a few fern specimens which were first described by Linneus (1747) in Flora Zeylanica. The majority of Sri Lankan pteridophytes have been collected in the 19th century during the British period and some of them have been published as catalogues and checklists. However, only Beddome (1863-1883) and Sledge (1950-1954) had conducted systematic studies and contributed significantly to today’s knowledge on taxonomy and diversity of Sri Lankan pteridophytes (Beddome, 1883; Sledge, 1982). Thereafter, Manton (1953) and Manton and Sledge (1954) reported chromosome numbers and some taxonomic issues of selected Sri Lankan Pteridophytes. Recently, Shaffer-Fehre (2006) has edited the volume 15 of the revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon on pteridophyta (Fern and FernAllies). The local involvement of pteridological studies began with Abeywickrama (1956; 1964; 1978), Abeywickrama and Dassanayake (1956); and Abeywickrama and De Fonseka, (1975) with the preparations of checklists of pteridophytes and description of some fern families. Dassanayake (1964), Jayasekara (1996), Jayasekara et al., (1996), Dhanasekera (undated), Fenando (2002), Herat and Rathnayake (2004) and Ranil et al., (2004; 2005; 2006) have also contributed to the present knowledge on Pteridophytes in Sri Lanka. However, only recently, Ranil and co workers initiated a detailed study on biology, ecology and variation of tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) in Kanneliya and Sinharaja MAB reserves combining field and laboratory studies and also taxonomic studies on island-wide Sri Lankan fern flora.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment for Limnophila Heterophylla (Plantaginaceae)
    United States Department of Weed Risk Assessment Agriculture for Limnophila heterophylla Animal and Plant Health (Plantaginaceae) Inspection Service June 16, 2020 Version 1 Limnophila heterophylla (Creative Commons image; Ito, 2007) AGENCY CONTACT Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 2760 Weed Risk Assessment for Limnophila heterophylla Executive Summary The result of the weed risk assessment for Limnophila heterophylla is Moderate Risk of becoming weedy or invasive in the United States. It is a rooted aquatic herb that is primarily a weed of rice in tropical countries. It is not known to be established outside its native range. It is cultivated in the aquarium trade in the United States but is not present outside of cultivation and is not regulated by any state. In its native range, it can form large, dense stands. It reproduces both vegetatively and by seed. It disperses on water but does not appear to have any other natural dispersal vectors. Although information on this species is limited, several congeners are significant weeds. Because it is found exclusively in tropical areas, we estimate that 0.5 to 3.4 percent of the United States is climatically suitable for the species to establish. It has not escaped cultivation in the United States. Ver. 1 June 16, 2020 1 Weed Risk Assessment for Limnophila heterophylla Plant Information and Background PLANT SPECIES: Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. (Plantaginaceae) (NPGS, 2020). SYNONYMS: Basionym: Columnea heterophylla Roxb.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Rahangdale S S, Rahangdale S R. Wetlands and Diversity Of
    1 Rahangdale S S, Rahangdale S R. Wetlands and diversity of angiosperm macrophytes in wetlands of Pune district, in Maharashtra, India. Plant Science Today. 2021;8(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.849 Supplementary Table Table 1. Aquatic macrophytes recorded from Pune district. Clade / Order / Status Common IUCN Sl. No. Botanical Name Growth form Voucher Family Category Name Status NYMPHAEALES Rooted with Floating 1 Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. OBL Kamal LC 23381 leaves Rooted with Floating 2 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea pubescens Willd. OBL Nil-Kamal LC 23406 leaves Rooted with Floating 3 Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews OBL Lal Kamal LC leaves MONOCOTS ACORALES 4 Acoraceae Acorus calamus L. Emergent FACW Vekhand LC 23002 ALISMATALES 5 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Emergent OBL Alu LC 6 Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth Submerged OBL LC 0303 7 Lemna perpusilla Torr. Free floating OBL LC Araceae 8 Pistia stratiotes L. Free floating OBL LC 9 Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden Free floating OBL LC 10 Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer Floating OBL LC 11 Blyxa aubertii Rich. Submerged OBL LC 23367 Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planchon ex 12 Submerged OBL LC Thwaites 13 Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle Submerged OBL LC 24461 14 Hydrocharitaceae Najas indica (Willd.) Cham. Submerged OBL LC 21393 Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex 15 Submerged OBL LC Wight) Thwaites 16 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Emergent OBL LC 23412 17 Vallisneria spiralis L. Emergent OBL LC 24450 18 Potamogeton crispus L. Floating leaves OBL LC Potamogetonaceae 19 Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Floating leaves OBL LC 23100 DIOSCOREALES Burmannia pusilla (Wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Different Plants in Kas Pathar Region
    International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ISSN (Online): 2581-3277 Survey of Different Plants in Kas Pathar Region Gharge Varsha Gajanan1, Shelar P. A.2, Mali Alpesh3, Bhandwalkar Omkar4 1, 2, 3, 4Gourishankar Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Limb, Satara, India-41501 Abstract— Many of the flowering plant which are present in India one of the megadiversity countries in the world with four biodiversity hotspots and three megacentres of endemism. The flora of India shows high diversity in terms of families, genera and species of angiosperms. Forest plays an important role in the life and economy of the country. Forest has a direct, intimate and profound relationship with the economy of Indian people. This is one of the natural wealth, which is shared by rich and poor. The forest provider’s major as well as minor products of commercial importance to local inhabitants. Almost two thirds of over 100 phytogeographically significant species occur on the plateau top; these represent 26 plant families and 43 genera. About 80% of the species are restricted to the upper plateau and its escarpments. Keywords— Flowering plant, biodiversity hotspots, phytogeographically, natural wealth. having historical background.1 Towards the end of the rains in I. INTRODUCTION September, the plateau comes to life with various types of he richness of flowering plants makes India one of flowers that carpet the floor of the plateau. The rainfall the megadiversity countries in the world with four received is between 2,000 and 2,500 mm annually.5 The total T biodiversity hotspots and three megacentres of area of 1,792 hectares under the Kas plateau, 1,142 hectares is endemism.
    [Show full text]