DOCSLIB.ORG

Pharmacology-And-Toxicology-07-04

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pharmacology-And-Toxicology-07-04 SEX HORMONES (ESTROGENS, PROGESTINS ANTIESTROGENS, ANTIPROGESTINS) Female sex hormones: The ovaries of sexually-mature females secrete a mixture of estrogens of which 17β-estradiol is the most abundant (and most potent) and progesterone. ESTROGENS: Estrogen is a steroidal hormone Most estrogen in the female is produced in the ovaries by the theca interna and the granulosa cells of the follicles. Estrogens include the natural hormones as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic agents. Estrogens are used as hormone-replacement therapy (menopause), in oncology and as contraceptives. They antagonize the effects of the parathyroid hormone, minimizing the loss of calcium from bones and thus helping to keep bones strong. NATURAL ESTROGENS: Estradiol : It is rapidly oxidized in liver to estrone which is hydroxylated to form estriol. All three are found in blood but estradiol is the most potent estrogen. – (transdermal: Climara, Alora, Vivelle, Vivelle-Dot, Estraderm, FemPatch). Estrone: Kestrone 5 (injectable only) Estrogen receptors: ERα and ERβ types are tissue-specific. ERα (uterus, breast, hypothalamus and blood vessels). ERβ (prostate gland in male, ovaries in females ) Actions of estrogens: Development and maintenance of internal (fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina), and external genitalia. Skin: increase in vascularization, development of soft, textured and smooth skin. Bone: increase osteoblastic activity Electrolytes: retention of Na+, Cl- and water by the kidney Cholesterol: hypocholesterolemic effect ANTIESTROGEN AND SERMS: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs). Are mixed agonists/antagonists. Tamoxifen – an ER antagonist in breast, but a partial agonist in endometrium and bone. Raloxifene – ER agonist in bone, but an antagonist in both breast and endometrium. Clomifene – used to induce ovulation. Is an ER antagonist in hypothalamus but a partial agonist in ovaries. PROGESTERONE: Progesterone is also a steroid. A natural hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta. Intestinal absorption is quite erratic; must be micronized for most effective absoption. Important in menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Used for hormonal contraception and for producing longterm ovarian suppression for other purposes (e.g., dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, hirsutism and bleeding disorders) when estrogens are contra-indicated. PROGESTINS Drugs which mimic the action of progesterone. Complement the action of estrogen on primary and secondary sex characteristics. Many are used as oral contraceptives: Norgestrel Levonorgestrel Norethindrone Norethindrone acetate Norethynodrel Ethynodiol diacetate Desogestrel and norgestimate Natural progestin: Progesterone, a 21 carbon steroid is the natural progestin and derived from cholesterol. It is secreted in the later half of menstrual cycle under the influence of LH. Synthetic progestin: A number of synthetic progestin with high oral activity have been produced. These are either progesterone derivatives or 19- nortestosterone derivatives. Progesterone derivatives: - medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, dydrogesterone, nomegestrol acetate. 19-nortestosterone derivatives:- norethindron, lynestrenol, allylestrenol, desogestrel, gestodene, nordestimate. Action of progestin: Uterus: Progesterone brings about secratory changes in the estrogen primed endometrium and increased glandular secretion while epithelial proliferation is suppressed. It also decreases sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin. Cervix: Progesterone converts the watery cervical secretion induced by estrogen to viscid, scanty and cellular secretion which is hostile to sperm penetration. Proliferation of acini in mammary glands. CNS: high circulating concentration of progesterone (during pregnancy) appears to have a sedative effect. Slight increase in body temp. Weak inhibitor of Gn secretion from pituitary. How estrogens and progesterone achieve their effects: Steroids like estrogens and progesterone are small, hydrophobic molecules that are transported in the blood bound to a serum globulin. In target cells, i.e., cells that change their gene expression in response to the hormone, they bind to receptor proteins located in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus (if it formed in the cytoplasm). Binds to specific sequences of DNA, called the estrogen (or progesterone) response elements. Response elements are located in the promoters of genes. The hormone-receptor complex acts as a transcription factor which turns on (sometimes off) transcription of those genes. Gene expression in the cell produces the response. Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone: • The synthesis and secretion of estrogens is stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). • Hypothalamus → GnRH → Pituitary → FSH/LH → Follicle/ Corpus luteum → Estrogens/ progesterone. ANTIPROGESTIN: Mifepristone: • It is 19-norsteroid with potent competitive antiprogesterone. • Given during the follicular phase slowing of follicular development / failure of ovulation. • During luteal phase prevent progesterone secretion. • Orally active. Uses: • Termination of pregnancy: up to 7 weeks 600 mg single oral dose. • Postcortical contraception: within 72 hr of intercourse. • Indication of labour: by blocking relaxant action of progesterone on uterus of late pregnancy. • Cushiong’s syndrome: due to glucocorticoid receptor blocking property. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) are prescription medications that prevent pregnancy. Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone). Birth control pills may also be prescribed to reduce menstrual cramps or prevent anemia. Some women experience various levels of side effects of birth control pills. Mechanism of oral contraceptives: Hormonal birth control medications prevent pregnancy through the following ways: By blocking ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), thus preventing pregnancy. By altering mucus in the cervix, which makes it hard for sperm to travel further. By changing the endometrium (lining of the uterus) so that it cannot support a fertilized egg. By altering the fallopian tubes so that they cannot effectively move eggs toward the uterus Available Dosage Forms: Birth control (contraceptive) medications contain hormones (estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone). The medications are available in various forms, such as pills, injections (into a muscle, topical (skin) patches, and slow-release systems (vaginal rings, skin implants, and contraceptive-infused intrauterine devices. Oral Contraceptives: Estrogens: Ethinyl estradiol-30 micro grams Mestranol-50 micro grams Progesterones: Norethindrone- 1mg Norethindrone acetate Norgestimate Desogestrel 150 micro grams Norgestrel -0.5mg Levonorgestrel 150 micro grams Hormone Containing Contraceptives: Combination contraceptives, that is, contraceptive medications containing both estrogen and progesterone, are the most effective means for contraception with the exception of surgical sterilization. Several types of combination birth control pills exist, including monophasic pills, biphasic pills, triphasic pills, and 91-day-cycle pills. 1. Monophasic Pills: Monophasic pills have a constant dose of both estrogen and progestin in each of the hormonally active pills throughout the entire cycle (21 days of ingesting active pills). 2. Biphasic Pills: Biphasic pills typically contain 2 different progesterone doses. The progesterone dose is increased about halfway through the cycle. Ethinyl estradiol 35 micro gram+ Norethindrone 0.5mg (day1 to day 10) Ethinyl estradiol 35 micro gram+ Norethindrone 1mg (day12 to day 21) 3. Triphasic Pills: Triphasic pills gradually increase the dose of progesterone and provides higher dose of estrogen. Three different increasing pill doses are contained in each cycle. Ethinyl estradiol 35 micro gram+ Norgestrol 0.05mg (day1 to day 6) Ethinyl estradiol 35 micro gram+ Norgestrol 0.075 mg (day 7 to day 11) Ethinyl estradiol 35 micro gram+ Norgestrol 0.125 mg (day 12 to day 21) 4. Post Coital morning after pills: Two tablets of progestin levonorgestrol containing 1500mg Or single 1500mcg tablet taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse (up to 72 hours after) Preferably within 12 hours, no later than 72 hours. Ethinyl estradiol 50 micro gram+ levonorgestrol 250 micro gram. Two such tablets are to be taken within 72 hrs of unprotected sex. Ulipristal (SPRM-Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator) single dose 30mg effective with in 120hrs/5days. 5. Centchroman-Saheli: Non steroidal estrogen receptor antagonist-serm. Centchroman- 30mg twice in a week for first 3month and once in a week subsequently as long as the contraception is preferred. Reversible in 6 months. It is potent competitive antagonist at peripheral estrogen receptors and supresses proliferative stage of endometrium. It accelerates ovum transport, without affecting ovulation. No risk of teratogenesis. Contraindications: hepatic dysfunction polycystic ovarian disease cervical hyperplasia tuberculosis renal disease. 6. Injectable Contraceptives: Depot medroxy progesterone acetate (Depot-Provera) -DMPA : The first injection is given within 5 days following the onset of menstruation. After that, an injection is needed every 11-13 weeks. Side effects: Since progesterone is the only
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Prostate Cell Proliferation
    Review Article Clinics in Oncology Published: 18 Oct, 2016 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Prostate Cell Proliferation Joubert Banjop Kharlyngdoh and Per-Erik Olsson* Department of Biology, Örebro University, Sweden Abstract Epidemiological, in vitro and animal studies have indicated that Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) influence the normal growth and development of the prostate as well as development and progression of prostate cancer. This has been linked to an increased presence of environmental chemicals that interfere with hormonal signaling. Many of these effects appear to be associated with interferences with steroid hormone receptor signaling or by affecting steroidogenesis. Currently, there is abundant evidence from epidemiological studies linking pesticides and EDCs with elevated prostate cancer risk. Bisphenol-A, a known EDC, has been shown to promote induction of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), which is a biomarker for prostate cancer, in the LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells, and to increase prostate carcinogenesis in animal models. Our research has focused on AR signaling and identification of novel androgenic and anti-androgenic EDCs. Using prostate cancer cell lines we have shown that the AR agonist, TBECH, and antagonist ATE, which is also a partial ART877A agonist, induce PSA expression. With the increasing presence of these EDCs in indoor and outdoor air, follows an increased risk of disturbed prostate development, regulation and function. Hence, identification of the contribution of EDCs to prostate cancer
    [Show full text]
  • PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX to the TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 19 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names INN which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service CAS registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology on Your Palms CLASSIFICATION of the DRUGS
    Pharmacology on your palms CLASSIFICATION OF THE DRUGS DRUGS FROM DRUGS AFFECTING THE ORGANS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DIFFERENT DRUGS AFFECTING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND TISSUES DRUGS PHARMACOLOGICAL GROUPS Drugs affecting peripheral Antitumor drugs Drugs affecting the cardiovascular Antimicrobial, antiviral, Drugs affecting the nervous system Antiallergic drugs system antiparasitic drugs central nervous system Drugs affecting the sensory Antidotes nerve endings Cardiac glycosides Antibiotics CNS DEPRESSANTS (AFFECTING THE Antihypertensive drugs Sulfonamides Analgesics (opioid, AFFERENT INNERVATION) Antianginal drugs Antituberculous drugs analgesics-antipyretics, Antiarrhythmic drugs Antihelminthic drugs NSAIDs) Local anaesthetics Antihyperlipidemic drugs Antifungal drugs Sedative and hypnotic Coating drugs Spasmolytics Antiviral drugs drugs Adsorbents Drugs affecting the excretory system Antimalarial drugs Tranquilizers Astringents Diuretics Antisyphilitic drugs Neuroleptics Expectorants Drugs affecting the hemopoietic system Antiseptics Anticonvulsants Irritant drugs Drugs affecting blood coagulation Disinfectants Antiparkinsonian drugs Drugs affecting peripheral Drugs affecting erythro- and leukopoiesis General anaesthetics neurotransmitter processes Drugs affecting the digestive system CNS STIMULANTS (AFFECTING THE Anorectic drugs Psychomotor stimulants EFFERENT PART OF THE Bitter stuffs. Drugs for replacement therapy Analeptics NERVOUS SYSTEM) Antiacid drugs Antidepressants Direct-acting-cholinomimetics Antiulcer drugs Nootropics (Cognitive
    [Show full text]
  • 2012 Harmonized Tariff Schedule Pharmaceuticals Appendix
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2014) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE HARMONIZED TARIFF SCHEDULE Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2014) (Rev. 1) Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes PHARMACEUTICAL APPENDIX TO THE TARIFF SCHEDULE 2 Table 1. This table enumerates products described by International Non-proprietary Names (INN) which shall be entered free of duty under general note 13 to the tariff schedule. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers also set forth in this table are included to assist in the identification of the products concerned. For purposes of the tariff schedule, any references to a product enumerated in this table includes such product by whatever name known. ABACAVIR 136470-78-5 ACEVALTRATE 25161-41-5 ABAFUNGIN 129639-79-8 ACEXAMIC ACID 57-08-9 ABAGOVOMAB 792921-10-9 ACICLOVIR 59277-89-3 ABAMECTIN 65195-55-3 ACIFRAN 72420-38-3 ABANOQUIL 90402-40-7 ACIPIMOX 51037-30-0 ABAPERIDONE 183849-43-6 ACITAZANOLAST 114607-46-4 ABARELIX 183552-38-7 ACITEMATE 101197-99-3 ABATACEPT 332348-12-6 ACITRETIN 55079-83-9 ABCIXIMAB 143653-53-6 ACIVICIN 42228-92-2 ABECARNIL 111841-85-1 ACLANTATE 39633-62-0 ABETIMUS 167362-48-3 ACLARUBICIN 57576-44-0 ABIRATERONE 154229-19-3 ACLATONIUM NAPADISILATE 55077-30-0 ABITESARTAN 137882-98-5 ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE 320345-99-1 ABLUKAST 96566-25-5 ACODAZOLE 79152-85-5 ABRINEURIN 178535-93-8 ACOLBIFENE 182167-02-8 ABUNIDAZOLE 91017-58-2 ACONIAZIDE 13410-86-1 ACADESINE 2627-69-2 ACOTIAMIDE 185106-16-5
    [Show full text]
  • Dosage Units of Steroids with a Seal Coating for the Steroids
    ~™ iiiiiii nun iiiiiiii inn mil mil inn iiiii inn urn mill mi mi m (19) J European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets (11) EP 0 927 556 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication:ation: (51) |nt. ci.6: A61 K 31/565, A61 K 9/28 07.07.1999 Bulletin 1999/27 (21) Application number: 97202908.6 (22) Date of filing: 23.09.1997 (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: HARTHOLT GERTJAN PETER AT BE CH DE DK ES Fl FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC 5406 BD UDEN (NL) NL PT SE (74) Representative: Kraak, Hajo (71) Applicant: Akzo Nobel N.V. N.V. Organon, 6824 BM Arnhem (NL) Postbus 20 5340 BH OSS (NL) (54) Dosage units of steroids with a seal coating for the steroids (57) Dosage units, such as tablet cores and gran- ules, containing a composition comprising a steroid having two hydrogen atoms at position 3 of the steroid skeleton, are coated. While a conventional sugar coat- ing process involves the application of several layers including, as a surface layer, a sugar coat, it was found that a seal coat such as normally used in a sugar coat- ing process can be used as the surface layer for the pur- pose of preventing the transfer of the steroid out of the composition. From this novel use of a seal coat, novel dosage units result. The process is advantageous, as it requires fewer steps than before. < CO LO LO r»- Csl o Q_ LU Printed by Xerox (UK) Business Services 2.16.7/3.6 1 EP 0 927 556 A1 Description ing the dosage unit to coating steps comprising the application of a seal coat.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology Cito
    Pharmacology Cito 5 Read: it is important! Dear future physicians and pharmaceutists! The scientific and pedagogical staff of the Pharmacology department of the National University of Pharmacy (Kharkiv) presents a new textbook "Pharmacology – Cito!" to you. We want to change the myth that it is impossible to learn pharmacology quickly and qualitatively. The textbook "Pharmacology – Cito!" is published for those, who have decided to connect his or her profession with medicines, but think that a great amount of the information in pharmacology is hard to learn. Taking this fact into account we have decided to help those, who wish to master pharmacology in logical, fast - "Cito!"- version. Not be afraid of pharmacology! The 40-year experience of teaching pharmacology testifies that for the last 10-15 years a tendency of reducing the amount of classroom hours in pharmacology because of increasing the amount of the individual work is being observed. However, because of the lack of time and the constant increasing volume of information in pharmacology, everyone has not enough time to master it soundly and qualitatively. This textbook trains future pharmaceutists and physicians in the pharmacological logic, i.e. knowing the mechanisms of drug action one can understand their pharmacodynamics, naturally, on the basis of pharmacodynamics one can find logically the indications to their application and from their side effects the contraindications can be seen. The information about the peculiarities of medicines has been generalized and given as a pharmacological ―face‖ in tables. The volume of this textbook in pharmacology is sufficient for acquiring the confidence in the opportunity of the further improving of knowledge in this discipline, which is important for a physician and a pharmaceutist.
    [Show full text]
  • Stembook 2018.Pdf
    The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]
  • RR-17: Scoping Review of Prenatal
    NTP RESEARCH REPOrt ON THE SCOPING REVIEW OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO PROGESTOGENS AND ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES NTP RR 17 SEPTEMBER 2020 NTP Research Report on the Scoping Review of Prenatal Exposure to Progestogens and Adverse Health Outcomes Research Report 17 September 2020 National Toxicology Program Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ISSN: 2473-4756 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Scoping Review of Prenatal Exposure to Progestogens and Adverse Health Outcomes Foreword The National Toxicology Program (NTP), established in 1978, is an interagency program within the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Its activities are executed through a partnership of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Food and Drug Administration (primarily at the National Center for Toxicological Research), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (part of the National Institutes of Health), where the program is administratively located. NTP offers a unique venue for the testing, research, and analysis of agents of concern to identify toxic and biological effects, provide information that strengthens the science base, and inform decisions by health regulatory and research agencies to safeguard public health. NTP also works to develop and apply new and improved methods and approaches that advance toxicology and better assess health effects from environmental exposures. NTP reports the findings from many of its studies in the NTP Technical Report and Monograph series. NTP uses the Research Report series, which began in 2016, to report on work that does not fit readily into one of those two series, such as pilot studies, assay development or optimization studies, literature surveys or scoping reviews, and handbooks on NTP procedures or study specifications.
    [Show full text]
  • US 2006/0094698 A1 De Nijs Et Al
    US 20060094698A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0094698 A1 De Nijs et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 4, 2006 (54) SELF-ADMINISTERED CONTRACEPTIVE (30) Foreign Application Priority Data NECTION OF OLY SOLUTION May 30, 2002 (EP)........................................ O2O77126.7 (76) Inventors: Henrik De Nijs, Oss (NL); Hendrikus Adrianus Antonius Van Der Voort, Publication Classification Oss (NL); Dirk D. Leysen, Organon (NL) (51) Int. Cl. A6II 3/56 (2006.01) A6M 3L/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 514/170; 604/500 Correspondence Address: INTERVET INC. PATENT DEPARTMENT (57) ABSTRACT PO BOX 318 MILLSBORO, DE 19966-0318 (US) The subject 1nVent1On provides a pharmaceutical formula tion in the form of an oily solution for injection to a subject comprising a contraceptively and/or therapeutically effec tive amount of a long-acting progestogen and a contracep (21) Appl. No.: 10/515,714 tively and/or therapeutically effective amount of a long acting androgen dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable (22) PCT Filed: May 23, 2003 oily medium wherein the injection is administered by the subject itself with a needle-less device, a mini-needle device (86). PCT No.: PCT/EPO3/SO192 or a pre-filled Subcutaneous syringe. Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 1 of 16 US 2006/0094,698 A1 Figure 1 Etonogestrel heptanoate (Etonogestrel enanthate) Etonogestrel pentadecanoate Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 2 of 16 US 2006/0094698 A1 Figure 2a -0-Etonogestrel -- Etonogestrel heptanoate -A-Etonogestrel undecanoate --Etonogestrelnonanoate time (days) Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 3 of 16 US 2006/0094698 A1 -0- Etonogestrel -HEtonogestrel heptanoate -A- Etonogestrel undecanoate - - Etonogestrelnonanoate time (days) Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 4 of 16 US 2006/0094698 A1 Figure 2b PK in male rabbits after one i.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Allylestrenol Combined with Ritodrine on Threatened Premature Labor and Its Influence on Inflammatory Factors in Peripheral Blood
    EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 19: 907-912, 2020 Efficacy of allylestrenol combined with ritodrine on threatened premature labor and its influence on inflammatory factors in peripheral blood QING LI*, CHUNHUA LI* and HONGMEI JIN Department of Obstetrics, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, P.R. China Received September 13, 2019; Accepted November 11, 2019 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8273 Abstract. Efficacy of allylestrenol combined with ritodrine significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). on threatened premature labor (TPTL) and its influence on Allylestrenol combined with ritodrine can significantly reduce inflammatory factors in peripheral blood were investigated. the expression levels of IL‑17, IL‑10 and IL‑6 in TPTL, reduce A total of 206 cases of TPTL patients from 2014 to 2016 adverse pregnancy conditions, prolong gestational weeks, and were collected in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan has higher safety and better application value. University, and 106 cases were treated with allylestrenol combined with ritodrine as a research group and 100 cases Introduction were treated with allylestrenol combined with magnesium sulfate as a control group. General information of patients was Threatened premature labor (TPTL) is a sign of giving birth in collected, and changes in the expression levels of IL‑17, IL‑10 the middle and late stages of pregnancy before normal delivery and IL‑6 were detected by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent (<37 weeks). It is reported that 65% of pregnant women with assay. Prolonged pregnancy time, success rate of fetal protec- TPTL will give birth prematurely (before 37 weeks) (1), while tion and average delivery time of patients were recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Progestagens During Early Pregnancy
    09-dante-_Opmaak 1 4/12/12 09:19 Pagina 61 FVV in ObGyn , 2012, M OnOGraph : 61-66 preterm birth Use of progestagens during early pregnancy G. D ante , V. V accarO , F. F acchinetti Mother-Infant Department, Unit of Obstetrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy. correspondence at: [email protected] Abstract The term “progestagens” covers a group of molecules including both the natural female sex hormones Progesterone and 17-hydroxy Progesterone as well as several synthetic forms, all displaying the ability to bind Progesterone receptors. Several studies have used Progesterone and related steroids in the attempt to prevent spontaneous miscarriage, and treat recurrent miscarriage. The present paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on progestagens effects during early pregnancy. We looked only at the results from randomized controlled trials. We found and analyzed 15 trials on the prevention of recurrent miscarriage and 2 trials on the treatment of miscarriage. The results demonstrated that there is no evidence to support the routine use of progestagens for the treatment of threatened miscarriage. Key words: Miscarriage, progestagens, Progesterone, 17 α OH Progesterone, 17 α OH Progesterone Caproate, recurrent miscarriage. Introduction to increase the embryo implantation rates in assisted reproduction programmes. the term “progestagens” progesterone (Fig. 1) is a steroid hormone which cover a group of molecules including both the plays a crucial role in each step of human pregnancy. natural female sex hormones progesterone and 17- in early pregnancy progesterone is produced by the hydroxy progesterone (17p) as well as several corpus luteum whose duration has been estimated synthetic forms, all displaying the ability to bind 12 ± 2 days.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION Ann ROLE of ALLYLESTRENOL (GESTANIN) in ITS MANAGEMENT
    INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION ANn ROLE OF ALLYLESTRENOL (GESTANIN) IN ITS MANAGEMENT by J A TISWAR SINGH MEENAKUMARI DEVI and Y. LAKSHMI DEVI SUMMARY Infrauterine growth retardation poses a great problem in the developing countries, specially in states, like ours. Modern amenities and sophistications have hardly benefited the rural Population. We found Allylestrenol (gestanin) quite helpful in the manage­ ment of IUGR. Physical rest for 2-3 hours in the afternoon has shown better results. Introduction previleged pregnant women throughout the world. This has encouraged us to take up I Perinatal mortality still remains the only the present study for trying to improve the accepted, though crude, yardstick of obste­ incidence of IUGRj LBW/ SGA infants tric care throughout the world. The risk of when detected antenatally. SGA/LBW infants is three times greater than infants born with birth weight above Material and methods 2.5 Kg. The risk is sixteen times greater From among the pregnant women of 20 among low socio-economic group. World weeks attending antenatal clinic at R . M. C. Health Organisation study in several coun­ Hospital, Imphal from July 1982 to Janu­ tries has shown 5% to 20% occurrence rate ary 1984 we selected 250 subjects belonging of LBW. In India 20% to 30% of babies to similar socio-economic group living under are born with LBW, contributing to 60% of similar environments, whom we diagnosed perinatal deaths. The long term risk of LBW I clinically as having IUGR after three con­ SGA/Dysmature infants require careful secutive visits. These cases were given ally­ study and should draw attention from all.
    [Show full text]