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World War II Chart Template World War II Chart Template Name of Packet Reading and Author: Continuity and Change: Women in World War II and After by Anderson and Zissinger Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Different Types and Nature of 20th Century Warfare Example: World War Two Civil War Guerilla War Limited War Total War -Women and children were greatly affected by WWII as they had never been before in the history of war. Whole cities and villages were subjected to extreme brutality such as Leningrad and different towns in Nazi occupied territory. -Whole chapter outlines how the aspects of Total War affect children and women. Historiography Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Origins and causes of war Example: World War Two Long-term Causes Short-term Causes Immediate Causes Economic Causes Ideological Causes Political Causes Religious Causes Historiography Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Nature of 20th century wars Example: World War Two Technological Developments Tactics and Strategies Air Land Sea The Home Front: Economic & -Siege of Leningrad caused over one million deaths from starvation and disease. Germans ceaselessly bombed the city and tried to starve Social Impact the city into submission. Changes in the Role & Status of Great Britain: Women -Mrs. B in London – organized her neighborhood’s air-raid shelter -Women in the workforce and industry raises dramatically -Government registered all women between eighteen and fifty and drafted single women between twenty and thirty, giving them the choice of war work or military service. 97% of Englishwomen favored this policy. -Women were compensated less for war-related accidents until public outcry forced a policy change in 1943 -Women were paid significantly less for doing the same jobs as men. - (1944) female teachers championed for equalization and won a majority in parliament for the issue until Churchill shut it down. (srsly Churchill?) -Women had to work, care for their children, and received rationed food which required hours of standing in line to get. -They were responsible for salvaging material in short supply such as waste paper, metal, rags, scrap rubber, bones, and kitchen waste. -Women in the military, who were childless and unmarried, were either assigned to the “Land Army” where they had to labor on farms or to the industrial, navy, air force, and army sectors. Russia: -Women replaced almost all men in agricultural work and were the majority in industrial work -Women participated in active combat and were sent to the front. They were usually widowed or single. -Over 100,000 women won military honors, including “Hero of the Soviet Union.” -Maria Oktyabr’skaya: She was given the rank of sergeant and was assigned to drive a tank. She destroyed a German gun embankment. She died in the war but was posthumously awarded “The Order of Lenin.” A tank was named in her honor, Fighting Woman Friend. -122nd Air Group was all female and formed in 1941. It had three regiments: fighters, bombers, and the night bombers. It participated in 4,419 operations. -Lily Litvak: chief Soviet female air ace. She shot down 12 German planes and was called the “white rose of Stalingrad.” She was shot down and died in 1943. -During the Siege of Leningrad, women rallied to the defense of the city. Female poets like Vera Inber and Olga Berggoltz described the suffering of the city. German Occupied Regions: -Non-Jewish women in Western occupied nations escaped the harshest consequences of German rule as they were not drafted for forced labor or shot as hostages. By the end of the war, desperation drove the Nazis to hold onto the territory with brutal methods. -Village of Oradour in France was completely destroyed to discourage others from supporting Allied armies. There was only one female survivor. -Women suffered from hunger and chaos caused by transportation, occupation, and isolation. Jewish Women: -Women formed a disproportionate amount of the Ghetto population because men had already been killed or shipped off at a high rate. -Nazi policy sent women and small children to be killed in gas chambers and ovens almost immediately upon arrival to the concentration camps. -They suffered humiliation from having to strip naked in front of male officers and have all of their body hair shaved. Some women recalled feeling desexualized after that experience. -Women stopped menstruating because of the starvation diet. -Women suffered some sexual abuse at the camps. “House of Dolls” at Auschwitz was a brothel that used female guards to control women. They were tattooed with “Field Whore” on their chests. -Female guards could be very sadistic. Ilsa Koch was the wife of a commandant who was known for her brutality. -Women developed survival methods by forming makeshift families. Women recount having survived because of the support from other women in the camps. -Anne Frank (1929-1945) was a Jew from Amsterdam who went into hiding with her whole family in an apartment. She kept a diary and recorded all of her thoughts and feelings. The family was betrayed and sent to Auschwitz where she died two months before the end of the war. Resistance & Revolutionary -Women organized resistance networks which smuggled information and people out of occupied Europe. They provided safe houses, Movements published underground newsletters, and took part in assassination attempts against Nazis. France: -Marie-Madeleine Fourcade directed a 3,000 person network. Yugoslavia : -Women partisans fought the German and at least one village was commanded by a Jewish woman. Poland: -Women fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising of 1943 and provided a majority of the couriers between ghettos and the outside world. Hungary: -Hannah Senesh was a Jew and poet who became a Zionist and resistance fighter. She became an officer in the British air force and agreed to parachute a small group of resistance fighters into Yugoslavia in 1944. The group was captured by Germans and they tortured her to reveal classified coding information but she refused to give up the info and was killed in a firing squad in 1944. Historiography Before WWII, women were not greatly affected by war – during WWII they become deliberate targets of violence and atrocities. Germany and Italy never drafted women during the war, while the Soviet Union and Great Britain did, which was one of the reasons that they didn’t win. Great Britain shut down any attempts at full equalization of men and women during the war, even as women were essential to winning the war. War and shipments of Jews to concentration camps caused normal kindness to women and children to disappear. Topic 1: Causes, Practices and Effects of War Major Theme: Effects and Results of Wars Example: World War Two Peace Settlements & Wars Ending Without Treaties Attempts at Collective Security Pre- and Post WWII Political Repercussions Territorial Changes Post-war Economic Problems Historiography .
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