Supplementary Information

1073 Supplementary Information Glossary – 1074 Index – 1077 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 D. Noland et al. (eds.), Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1 1074 Glossary Glossary AMI Any mental illness – a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid – 22 C; N-3 fatty acid; plays a role in mem- (excluding developmental and substance use disorders) brane function; Can be synthesized from alpha linolenic acid (ALA), although not efficiently (<5%) Behavioral health nutrition An umbrella term incorporating condi- tions with altered, mental, and intellectual states that may be influ- Epigenetics Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene enced by nutrients or nutritional status. expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence – a change in phenotype without a BDNF gene The BDNF gene provides instructions for making a protein change in genotype – which, in turn, affects how cells read the genes. found in the brain and spinal cord called brain-derived neurotrophic Epigenetics affects how genes are read by cells and subsequently how factor. This protein promotes the survival of nerve cells (neurons) by they produce proteins [5]. Epigenetics is the reason why a skin cell playing a role in the growth, maturation (differentiation), and main- looks different from a brain cell or a muscle cell. All three cells contain tenance of these cells. In the brain, the BDNF protein is active at the the same DNA, but their genes are expressed differently (turned “on” or connections between nerve cells (synapses), where cell-to-cell com- “off”), which creates the different cell types [4]. munication occurs. The synapses can change and adapt over time in Environmental influences that control gene activity within a cell response to experience, a characteristic called synaptic plasticity. The without changing the gene structure [6]. Each gene has the capability BDNF protein helps regulate synaptic plasticity, which is important of about 40,000 different expressions depending on the environmental for learning and memory. The BDNF protein is found in regions of the messaging. Epigenetic effects can be passed on from generation to gen- brain that control eating, drinking, and body weight; the protein likely eration. The discovery of epigenetics has revealed a nongenetic mode contributes to the management of these functions [1]. of inheritance that influences our health. The most vulnerable periods in the lifespan for epigenetic changes are in utero/pregnancy, early child- Bioflavonoid A plant pigment responsible for the colors found in hood, teenage years, menopause (female), and andropause (male). fruits and vegetables that has antioxidant properties beneficial to humans. Bioflavonoids include flavonols (quercetin), favanones (hes- Epigenetics control genes Certain circumstances in life can cause peretin), isoflavones (genistein), and anthocyanidin (cyanidin) [2]. genes to be silenced or expressed over time. In other words, they can be turned off (becoming dormant) or turned on (becoming active) [5]. Body composition An individual’s body percentage of fat, bone, The control of gene expression is the result of the epigenetic marks on muscle, and intra/extracellular hydration. Chronic disease expression the genetic material of that cell and termed the epigenetic signature of altered body fat distribution is an important consideration in body of that cell type. The genome does not change; it is the expression that composition and usually measured as waist circumference, waist-to- changes [7]. hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio. Epigenetic inheritance Occurs when phenotypic variations that do Chromatin The matter of chromosomes, includes DNA and all the not stem from variations in DNA base sequences are transmitted to factors physically associated with it: small chemical groups covalently subsequent generations of cells or organisms [3]. The transmittance attached to DNA (e.g., methyl groups), bound histone and nonhistone of information from one generation of an organism to the next (e.g., proteins, and associated RNA molecules [3]. parent-child transmittance) that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA (i.e., the sequence of nucleo- Chromosomes Chromosomes are thread-like molecules that carry tides) [8]. hereditary information for everything from height to eye color. They are made of protein and one molecule of DNA, which contains an Epigenome The total of all the epigenetic markings in a cell type [7]. organism’s genetic instructions, passed down from parents [4]. The epigenome is a multitude of chemical compounds that can tell the genome what to do [9]. The epigenome consists of chemical com- CNS Central nervous system pounds that modify, or mark, the genome in a way that tells it what to do, where to do it, and when to do it. Different cells have different Cytokine metabolism Cytokines are four families of mostly lymphoid epigenetic marks. These epigenetic marks, which are not part of the cells: interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interferons (IFNs), DNA itself, can be passed on from cell to cell as cells divide and from colony stimulating factors (CSFs). Cytokines are produced in response one generation to the next [9]. to immunological challenges from nutritional deficiency, infection, genotype, toxic influences, stress, and/or physical injury. Chronic Eugenics The study of or belief in the possibility of improving the inflammatory cytokine production contributes to all chronic disease. qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic DHA Docosahexaenoic acid – 20 C; N-3 fatty acid; plays a role in mem- defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative brane structure. DHA is present in large amounts in neuron membrane eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have phospholipids, a structural component of the human brain, cerebral inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics) [10]. cortex, skin, sperm, testicles, and retina. GALT Gut-associated lymphatic tissue. Bacterial colonization of the Eicosanoid Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) gut is essential for proper development of the GALT. Polysaccharides serve as precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, produced by bacteria activate T-cell-dependent immune response, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes) which have an anti- specifically CD4 T cells, B cells, immunoglobulins, balance of TH1, TH2, inflammatory effect. TH17 cells, etc. Energy dysfunction Mitochondrial energy metabolism, dietary intake Germline The cellular lineage of a sexually reproducing organism from and output, effect on body composition, physical activity, and influ- which eggs and sperm are derived; the genetic material contained in ence of stress on blood glucose/insulin/hormonal energy relationships. this cellular lineage which can be passed to the next generation [11]. 1075 Glossary Gluconeogenesis During low-carbohydrate intake or starvation, pro- Methylation The addition of a methyl (CH3) group from tein is used as de novo synthesis of glucose [12]. Gluconeogenesis is S-adenosylmethionine to a cytosine nucleotide or lysine or arginine about 60% efficient in ATP production. residue [5]. The addition of a methyl group, or a “chemical cap,” to part of the DNA molecule, which prevents certain genes from being Glycolysis Anaerobic pathway to release glucose without the pres- expressed [4]. ence of oxygen; lactic acid is the end product [13]. Glycolysis is about DNA hypomethylation refers to the loss of the methyl group in the 30% efficient in ATP production. 5-methyl cytosine nucleotide. Methylation is a natural modification of DNA and mainly affects the cytosine base (C) when it is followed by a Gut-immune system It is comprised of GALT, MALT, TLR, microbes, guanosine (G) in mammals (methylation) [19]. PANTH cells, and organs of the digestive system which can be Hypermethylation is an increase in the epigenetic methylation of triggered by environmental factors such as stress, drugs, infection, cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA [20]. LPS, etc. Methylation Denotes the addition of a methyl group to a substrate for Histones Proteins that DNA wraps around. (Without histones, DNA the substation of an atom or group by a methyl group (-CH3). Can be would be too long to fit inside cells.) If histones squeeze DNA tightly, involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expres- the DNA cannot be “read” by the cell. Modifications that relax the his- sion, and regulation of protein function and RNA metabolism [18]. tones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that “read” genes [4]. Primary nutrients involved as cofactors in methylation metabolism are B6, B12, folate, B2, zinc, and magnesium. HUFA Highly unsaturated fatty acids – include N-3 and N-6 fatty acids, EPA and DHA MET minute A metabolic equivalent of a task. It is a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities. One MET is I-D-U Dietetic and integrative medicine nutritional assessment heu- the energy equivalent expended by an individual while seated at rest. ristic of an individual’s nutrition status including intake, digestion and The MET equivalent is the energy expended compared to rest, so MET utilization of nutrients. values indicate the intensity.

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