Supplementary Information

1073

Glossary – 1074

Index – 1077

Glossary

AMI Any mental illness – a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid – 22 C; N-3 fatty acid; plays a role in mem- (excluding developmental and substance use disorders) brane function; Can be synthesized from alpha linolenic acid (ALA), although not efficiently (<5%) Behavioral health nutrition An umbrella term incorporating conditions with altered, mental, and intellectual states that may be influ- Epigenetics Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene enced by nutrients or nutritional status. expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence – a change in phenotype without a BDNF gene The BDNF gene provides instructions for making a protein change in genotype – which, in turn, affects how cells read the genes. found in the brain and spinal cord called brain-derived neurotrophic Epigenetics affects how genes are read by cells and subsequently how factor. This protein promotes the survival of nerve cells (neurons) by they produce proteins [5]. Epigenetics is the reason why a skin cell playing a role in the growth, maturation (differentiation), and main- looks different from a brain cell or a muscle cell. All three cells contain tenance of these cells. In the brain, the BDNF protein is active at the the same DNA, but their genes are expressed differently (turned “on” or connections between nerve cells (synapses), where cell-to-cell com- “off”), which creates the different cell types4 [ ]. munication occurs. The synapses can change and adapt over time in Environmental influences that control gene activity within a cell response to experience, a characteristic called synaptic plasticity. The without changing the gene structure [6]. Each gene has the capability BDNF protein helps regulate synaptic plasticity, which is important of about 40,000 different expressions depending on the environmental for learning and memory. The BDNF protein is found in regions of the messaging. Epigenetic effects can be passed on from generation to gen- brain that control eating, drinking, and body weight; the protein likely eration. The discovery of epigenetics has revealed a nongenetic mode contributes to the management of these functions [1]. of inheritance that influences our health. The most vulnerable periods in the lifespan for epigenetic changes are in utero/pregnancy, early child- Bioflavonoid A plant pigment responsible for the colors found in hood, teenage years, menopause (female), and andropause (male). fruits and vegetables that has antioxidant properties beneficial to humans. Bioflavonoids include flavonols (quercetin), favanones (hes- Epigenetics control genes Certain circumstances in life can cause peretin), isoflavones (genistein), and anthocyanidin (cyanidin) [2]. genes to be silenced or expressed over time. In other words, they can be turned off (becoming dormant) or turned on (becoming active) [5]. Body composition An individual’s body percentage of fat, bone, The control of gene expression is the result of the epigenetic marks on muscle, and intra/extracellular hydration. Chronic disease expression the genetic material of that cell and termed the epigenetic signature of altered body fat distribution is an important consideration in body of that cell type. The genome does not change; it is the expression that composition and usually measured as waist circumference, waist-to- changes [7]. hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio. Epigenetic inheritance Occurs when phenotypic variations that do Chromatin The matter of chromosomes, includes DNA and all the not stem from variations in DNA base sequences are transmitted to factors physically associated with it: small chemical groups covalently subsequent generations of cells or organisms [3]. The transmittance attached to DNA (e.g., methyl groups), bound histone and nonhistone of information from one generation of an organism to the next (e.g., proteins, and associated RNA molecules [3]. parent-child transmittance) that affects the traits of offspring without alteration of the primary structure of DNA (i.e., the sequence of nucleo- Chromosomes Chromosomes are thread-like molecules that carry tides) [8]. hereditary information for everything from height to eye color. They are made of protein and one molecule of DNA, which contains an Epigenome The total of all the epigenetic markings in a cell type [7]. organism’s genetic instructions, passed down from parents [4]. The epigenome is a multitude of chemical compounds that can tell the genome what to do [9]. The epigenome consists of chemical com- CNS Central nervous system pounds that modify, or mark, the genome in a way that tells it what to do, where to do it, and when to do it. Different cells have different Cytokine metabolism Cytokines are four families of mostly lymphoid epigenetic marks. These epigenetic marks, which are not part of the cells: interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), interferons (IFNs), DNA itself, can be passed on from cell to cell as cells divide and from colony stimulating factors (CSFs). Cytokines are produced in response one generation to the next [9]. to immunological challenges from nutritional deficiency, infection, genotype, toxic influences, stress, and/or physical injury. Chronic Eugenics The study of or belief in the possibility of improving the inflammatory cytokine production contributes to all chronic disease. qualities of the human species or a human population, especially by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic DHA Docosahexaenoic acid – 20 C; N-3 fatty acid; plays a role in mem- defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative brane structure. DHA is present in large amounts in neuron membrane eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have phospholipids, a structural component of the human brain, cerebral inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics) [10]. cortex, skin, sperm, testicles, and retina. GALT Gut-associated lymphatic tissue. Bacterial colonization of the Eicosanoid Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) gut is essential for proper development of the GALT. Polysaccharides serve as precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids (prostaglandins, produced by bacteria activate T-cell-dependent immune response, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes) which have an anti- specifically CD4 T cells, B cells, immunoglobulins, balance of TH1, TH2, inflammatory effect. TH17 cells, etc.

Energy dysfunction Mitochondrial energy metabolism, dietary intake Germline The cellular lineage of a sexually reproducing organism from and output, effect on body composition, physical activity, and influ- which eggs and sperm are derived; the genetic material contained in ence of stress on blood glucose/insulin/hormonal energy relationships. this cellular lineage which can be passed to the next generation [11]. 1075 Glossary

Gluconeogenesis During low-carbohydrate intake or starvation, pro- Methylation The addition of a methyl (CH3) group from tein is used as de novo synthesis of glucose [12]. Gluconeogenesis is S-adenosylmethionine to a cytosine nucleotide or lysine or arginine about 60% efficient in ATP production. residue [5]. The addition of a methyl group, or a “chemical cap,” to part of the DNA molecule, which prevents certain genes from being Glycolysis Anaerobic pathway to release glucose without the pres- expressed [4]. ence of oxygen; lactic acid is the end product [13]. Glycolysis is about DNA hypomethylation refers to the loss of the methyl group in the 30% efficient in ATP production. 5-methyl cytosine nucleotide. Methylation is a natural modification of DNA and mainly affects the cytosine base (C) when it is followed by a Gut-immune system It is comprised of GALT, MALT, TLR, microbes, guanosine (G) in mammals (methylation) [19]. PANTH cells, and organs of the digestive system which can be Hypermethylation is an increase in the epigenetic methylation of triggered by environmental factors such as stress, drugs, infection, cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA [20]. LPS, etc. Methylation Denotes the addition of a methyl group to a substrate for Histones Proteins that DNA wraps around. (Without histones, DNA the substation of an atom or group by a methyl group (-CH3). Can be would be too long to fit inside cells.) If histones squeeze DNA tightly, involved in modification of heavy metals, regulation of gene expres- the DNA cannot be “read” by the cell. Modifications that relax the his- sion, and regulation of protein function and RNA metabolism [18]. tones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that “read” genes [4]. Primary nutrients involved as cofactors in methylation metabolism are B6, B12, folate, B2, zinc, and magnesium. HUFA Highly unsaturated fatty acids – include N-3 and N-6 fatty acids, EPA and DHA MET minute A metabolic equivalent of a task. It is a physiological measure expressing the energy cost of physical activities. One MET is I-D-U Dietetic and integrative medicine nutritional assessment heu- the energy equivalent expended by an individual while seated at rest. ristic of an individual’s nutrition status including intake, digestion and The MET equivalent is the energy expended compared to rest, so MET utilization of nutrients. values indicate the intensity. An activity with a MET value of 5 means five times the energy is being expended than would be at rest. MET Ketosis To maintain metabolic homeostasis, ketone metabolism is the minutes is the time engaged in an activity with consideration to the most energetically efficient metabolic fuel to synthesize glucose using number of METs [21]. fatty acids and ketone bodies under periods of prolonged food restriction or low-carb/high-fat dietary regimen. Microbiome The collection of microbes in our digestive system which includes bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Lack of sleep Underlying deregulation of neurotransmitters and hormones that help flip the on-off switch between waking and sleep. Lack Nutraceutical Derived from nutrition and pharmaceutical, broadly a of sleep quality and duration disturbs the 24-hour circadian rhythm food or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, includ- and management of wake-time energy. Lack of sleep associations are ing disease treatment and prevention. allergies, central adiposity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and Nutraceuticals range from specific nutrients to dietary supple- other physical ailments [14]. ments, herbal products, and processed foods and include beta- carotene, fish oil, garlic, green tea, oat bran, olive oil, and various herbs. Lifestyle and community Most chronic disease often has a social Sometimes called functional foods. Also, “standardized pharmaceutical- basis as well as a biological basis. An individual’s social network can grade nutrients, known as nutraceuticals” influence their health and alter gene expression [15]. An individual is more likely to be healthy if they are a part of a community that sup- Nutritional triage theory When the availability of a micronutrient is ports a healthy diet, lifestyle, and emotional environment. inadequate, metabolic resources will ensure that functions needed for short-term survival are protected at the expense of functions whose Lifestyle medicine An approach to decreasing disease risk and illness lack of a micronutrient only has long-term consequences [22]. burden by utilizing lifestyle interventions. The practice of medicine that extends beyond primary prevention, to modifying existing risk Petrochemicals Derived from petroleum or natural gas (ethane, factors that cause disease, and rehabilitation from the disease and propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons), petrochemicals are used prevention of recurrence [16]. to manufacture artificial products including plastic, medicine, medical devices, cosmetics, furniture, cars, and computers [23]. Humans can Long latency nutritional insufficiencies The presumption has ingest phytochemicals or it can be absorbed through the skin. When been that if the intake of the nutrient is sufficient to prevent the they accumulate in tissues and organs, they are responsible for brain, expression of the index disease (i.e., iodine and goiter, vitamin nerve, and liver damage, birth defects, cancer, asthma, hormonal disor- D and rickets, etc.), then the nutrient intake is sufficient for the ders, and allergies. entire organism. But a nutrient deficiency could have long-term consequences and contribute to chronic disease, either by a similar Plasticity The adaptability of an organism to changes in its environ- mechanism to that inducing the index disease or by an entirely dif- ment or differences between its various habitats 24[ ]. ferent mechanism [17]. Prebiotic A substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorgan- MALT The mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue in the mucosal lining isms conferring a health benefit. of the digestive lumen. Probiotic A live microorganism that, when administered in adequate MAPDOM Within the “U” of the I-D-U assessment heuristic, the amounts, confers a health benefit on the host. MAPDOM acronym represents the six most important nutritional categories determining an individual’s health. MAPDOM stands for: Secretory IgA Protective antibody which comprises 80% of the gut minerals, antioxidants, proteins, D-fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, A, K), oils/ antibodies and is primarily in the gut lumen. It is the earliest of the fats, and methylation nutrition. antibodies to respond to an immune trigger. 1076 Glossary

SMI Serious mental illness – is defined as a mental disorder with seri- 9. National Human Genome Research Institute. Epigenome. Available ous functional impairment which substantially interferes with or limits at: https://www.genome.gov/27532724/epigenomics-fact-sheet/. one or more major life activities. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. 10. Dictionary.com: Eugenics. Available at: http://www.dictionary.com/ Suboptimal The negative effects of levels of consumption that lie browse/eugenics. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. above the minimum, but under the optimal level of consumption for 11. Merriam-Webster: Germ Line. Available at: https://www.merriam- these vitamins. webster.com/dictionary/germ%20line. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. 12. Gallagher ML. Macronutrients: carbohydrates. In: Krause’s food Telomeres Caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect and the nutrition care process. 13th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; chromosomes, like the plastic tips at the end of shoelaces. Telomeres 2012. p. 51. determine how cells age. Without the caps, telomeres become frayed 13. Dorfman L. Nutrition in exercise and sports performance. In: until they can no longer do their job, DNA strands become damaged, Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. 13th ed. St. Louis: Else- and cells can’t do their job [25]. vier Saunders; 2012. p. 508. 14. Lombardo GT, Ehrlich H. Sleep to save your life. New York: Harper- TLR Toll-like receptor. Collins; 2005. p. 1–5. 15. Hyman M. Can social networks cure disease? Part I. Retrieved from: Toxic heavy metals Metals and metal compounds that have a nega- http://drhyman.com/blog/2012/04/20/can-social-networks-cure- tive effect on human health by building up in biological system 26[ ]. disease-part-i/. Feb 2013. They include arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, 16. Egger GJ, Binns AF, Rossner SR. The emergence of “lifestyle medi- and mercury. Other toxic metals may include essential metals if imbal- cine” as a structured approach for management of chronic disease. anced (zinc and copper), medicinal metals (platinum and bismuth), Med J Aust. 2009;190(3):143–5. metals in emerging technology (indium and uranium), toxic metalloids 17. Heaney RP. Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium (arsenic and antimony) and certain nonmetallic elements if imbal- and vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:912. anced (selenium and iodine) [27]. 18. Wikipedia. Methylation. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Methylation. June 2013. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmittance of 19. Hypomethylation. Google Definition Search. Available at:https:// information (epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, histone www.google.com/search?q=hypomethylation+definition&ie=utf- modifications) from one generation of an organism to the next (e.g., 8&oe=utf-8. Accessed 14 Dec 2016. parent-child transmittance) that affects the traits of offspring without 20. Wiktionary. Hypermethylation. Available at: https://en.wiktionary. alteration of the primary structure of DNA (i.e., the sequence of nucleo- org/wiki/hypermethylation. Accessed 14 Dec 2016. tides) [28]. 21. The Cooper Institute. MET minutes: a simple common value to track exercise progress. Available at: http://www.cooperinstitute. org/2012/04/met-minutes-a-simple-common-value-to-track- References exercise-progress. Accessed 30 Dec 2016. 22. McCann JC, Ames BN. Vitamin K, an example of triage theory: is 1. NIH US Library of Medicine. BDNF gene brain derived neurotrophic micronutrient inadequacy linked to diseases of aging? Am J Clin factor. Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/BDNF. Accessed Nutr. 2009;90:889. 14 Dec 2016. 23. American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM). Petrochemi- 2. Lucock M. Molecular nutrition and genomics: nutrition and the cals. Retrieved from: http://www.afpm.org/petrochemicals/. Aug ascent of humankind, vol. 84. Hoboken: Wiley; 2007. 2013. 3. Jablonka E, Raz G. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: preva- 24. Plasticity. Google Definition Search. Available at:https://www. lence, mechanisms and implications for the study of heredity and google.com/search?q=plasticity+definition&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8. evolution. Q Rev Biol. 2009;84(2):131–76. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. 4. LiveScience. Epigenetics: definitions & examples. Available at: 25. Telomere Activation Sciences. What is a Telomere? Available at: http://www.livescience.com/37703-epigenetics.html. Accessed 10 https://www.tasciences.com/what-is-a-telomere/. Accessed 13 Dec Dec 2016. 2016. 5. What is epigenetics? Epigenetics: Fundamentals. Available at: http:// 26. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, United States Depart- www.whatisepigenetics.com/fundamentals/. Accessed 10 Dec 2016. ment of Labor. Toxic metals. Retrieved from: https://www.osha.gov/ 6. Francis RC. Epi-genetics: the ultimate mystery of inheritance. SLTC/metalsheavy/. Aug 2013. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.; 2011. 27. Costa LG. Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Casarett & Doull’s essentials 7. Mahan KL, Raymond JL, editors. Krause’s food and the nutrition care of toxicology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2010. p. 324. process. 14th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2017. 28. Transgenerational. Google Definition Search. Available at:https:// 8. Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance. Google Definition Search: www.google.com/search?q=transgenerational&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8. Available at: https://www.google.com/search?q=transgenerational+ Accessed 13 Dec 2016. epigenetic+inheritance&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8. Accessed 13 Dec 2016. 1077 A

Index

–– causes 525 –– autoantibodies 892 A –– salivary cortisol test 525 –– bioelectrical impedance analysis 872 –– stages 524, 525 –– biological heterogeneity 867 Aarogyam mulam Uttamam 790 –– three-legged stool approach –– blood-brain barrier 868–870 A1AT biochemical mechanisms 957 –– adaptogens 525 –– bulbar ALS 867 Abnormal vaginal flora (AVF) 546 –– hormonal supplementation 526 –– butyrate 889 Abnormal vaginal microbiota (AVM) 546 –– nutraceuticals 525 –– carbohydrate 872, 873 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) 810, –– nutrition and lifestyle 525 –– cause of death 867 870 Adrenal fatigue 525 –– cholesterol 881 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range Adrenal glands 524 –– classifications 867, 868 (AMDR) 179, 338, 355 Adult Intake Questionnaire 700 –– clinical dietetics and nutrition care 870, 871 Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition Adult Treatment Panel III 519 –– commercial enteral formulas 883, 884 and Dietetics (ACEND) 622 Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS) 581 –– complementary and alternative (CAM) Acetaminophen 462 Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) 699 medicine 871 Acetoacetate 343 Aerobic exercise 598 –– conventional dietary 871 Acetone 343 Aerobic vaginitis 546 –– dairy 876 Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) 460 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 180, –– Deanna Protocol 882 Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) 476 181 –– demyelination 881 Achara rasayana 792 Agni 786 –– diagnosis 866, 867 Acid/alkaline balance 936 Agouti viable yellow (Avy) gene 237 –– dietary fat 879–882 Acidosis 357, 358 Ahara (diet) 786, 792 –– dietary self-care choices 866 Acoustic nerve (CN8) examination 660 Air displacement plethysmography (ADP) –– DNA methylation 892 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome method 331, 685 –– energy expenditure 872 (AIDS) 141 Air pollutants 943 –– environmental toxins 884 Acquired immunity 7 Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) 358 –– erythrocyte fatty acid analysis 892 Acrodynia 653 Alginate 383 –– essential metals Activation energy 93 Allergic asthma 945, 946 –– beta-methylamino-L-alanine 887 Active Hexose Correlated Compound Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) 946, –– copper 887 (AHCC) 423 949, 956 –– iron dyshomeostasis 887 Active range of motion 1011 Allodynia 449 –– familial 867 Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire 701 Allostasis 737 –– fats 872, 873, 878 Acute/adult respiratory distress syndrome Aloe 383 –– gastrointestinal (GI) system 887 (ARDS) 930 Aloe vera gel 387 –– gluten 874 Acute illness/communicable disease 7 Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) 181, 417, 453 –– gut-brain interactions 888 Acute immune response 125 Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency 933 –– healthy enteral feedings 884 Acute phase reactants 307 –– A1AT biochemical mechanisms 957 –– heavy metals 885, 886 Adaptive immune system –– liver 956 –– human mutant transgenic SOD-1 G93A mouse –– central tolerance 297, 298 –– lungs 956 model 867 –– diagnostic features 295 –– skin 956 –– IFMNT practitioners 866, 870 –– IgE and allergic reactions 294, 295 Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) 158 –– impaired glycolysis 891 –– macrophages and dendritic cells 292 Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) 476, 938 –– indirect calorimetry measurements 872 –– oral tolerance ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised –– infections 892, 893 –– allergies and autoimmunities 295 (ALSFRS-R) 872 –– integrative and functional medical nutrition –– child at birth 295 Alternative Healthy Eating Index 126 therapy 871 –– control ingested antigens 295 Aluminum 496 –– ketogenic diet 872, 882 –– dietary proteins 296 Alveolar macrophages 930 –– laboratory biomarkers 890, 891 –– food immune reactivities 296, 297 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 166–167, 240, 317, 347, –– limitations 870 –– IgA and IgM 295, 296 399, 400, 809 –– liver dysfunction 892 –– induction/disturbance 296 Ama 787 –– loss of muscle 872 –– peripheral tolerance 298, 299 American Diabetes foundation 455 –– medium-chain triglycerides 880, 882 –– primary immune response 293 American Heart Association (AHA) 809 –– metabolomics 891 –– secondary immune response 293, 294 American Psychiatric Association Committee on –– microbiome 888 Adaptogens 525 Research on Psychiatric Treatments 478 –– microRNA-155 870 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 263 Amiloride binding protein 1 (ABP1/AOC1) 258 –– multisystems disorder 867 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production 598 Amino acids 479, 877 –– multisystems metabolic pathways 867 Adenosylcobalamin 259 Amyloid precursor protein (APP) 240 –– natural chelators 886 Adiponectin 520, 521 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 330, 929 –– neurodegenerative pathways 867 Adjuvant analgesics 462 –– adrenal 892 –– nourishment 870 Adrenal dysfunction –– age of onset 867 –– nutrient-dense diet survey 866 –– adrenal bank account 524 –– altered metabolism and hypermetabo- –– nutrition management algorithm 871 –– adrenal fatigue 525 lism 867–868 –– nutritional assessment 872 –– adrenal glands 524 –– amino acids 877 –– nutritional interventions 866 –– adrenal steroid hormones 524 –– antibodies 892 –– omega-3 PUFAs 879 1078 Index

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (cont.) Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase –– severe late-onset hypereosinophilic –– omega 6 PUFAs 880 (AADC) 244, 277 asthma 946 –– oxidative phosphorylation 891 Arsenic 541, 943 –– suspected triggers/risk factors 944, 945 –– PALS advance nutrition research 866 Artemisinin 440 –– symptoms 944 –– phospholipids 882 Arthritis 448, 454, 456, 458, 460 –– toxic exposure 948 –– phytonutrients 884, 885 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) 126, 299, 542 –– traffic density and asthma exacerbations 949 –– probiotics 889 Ascorbic acid 299 Atkins diet 354 –– protein 872, 875 Ascorbyl palmitate vitamin C 504 Atopic dermatitis 990 –– reductionist versus systems biology Ashwagandha 756, 763 ATSDR 2013 Substance Priority List 69 approach 893, 899 Asperger syndrome 474 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 144 –– Riluzole 867 Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease –– anxious 506 –– risk factor 871, 872 (AERD) 949 –– classic 505 –– saturated fatty acids 880 Assessment-based interventions 120 –– comprehensive fatty acids test 505 –– small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 889–890 Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) 534 –– comprehensive stool analysis 505 –– soy 876 Association of Ayurvedic Professionals of North –– definition 505 –– sporadic 867 America (AAPNA) 785 –– dietary and lifestyle strategies 506, 507 –– sugar Asterixis 381 –– gene testing 505 –– accumulation of 873 Asthma –– gluten/casein peptides test 505 –– dopamine 873 –– allergic asthma 945, 946 –– IgE/G food allergy test 505 –– hormonal imbalances (glucose and –– allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis 946, 949 –– inattentive 505 insulin) 874 –– aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 949 –– lab testing 505 –– inflammation and autoimmunity 873 –– chronic disease 929 –– limbic 506 –– neuroprotective and antioxidant proper- –– cross country skiing-induced asthma 946 –– metals hair test or toxin testing 505 ties 873 –– definition 944 –– organic acid testing 505 –– serotonin deficiency 873 –– dietary patterns 947 –– over-focused 505 –– supplements 893–898 –– food allergy 947, 948 –– ring of fire 506 –– TCA cycle 891 –– genotypic characteristics 947 –– temporal lobe 506 –– thyroid function 892 –– histamine intolerance 946 –– treatment 505 –– upper and lower motor neurons 867 –– IFMNT assessment 950–952 Autism 400 –– urinary organic acid analysis 891 –– IFMNT case study 950–955 Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) 474 Analgesics 462 –– adolescence 953 –– allergy 501 Androgens 524 –– anthropometrics 955 –– associated conditions 498 Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) 933 –– biochemical 954 –– autoimmune testing 501 Angiogenesis 440 –– birth 953 –– biomedical assessment for 500 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 238 –– body composition 954 –– birth history 504 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibi- –– childhood 953 –– blood chemistry 500 tors 208 –– clinical 954 –– DHFR 502 Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) 208 –– college 953 –– diabetes mellitus 499 Angiotensinogen gene (AGT) 238 –– digestion, assimilation and elimination 954 –– diet history 504 Anorexia nervosa 750 –– energy 954 –– DSM-V criteria 498 Anthropometrics 680–691 –– fats and oils questionnaire 953 –– environmental factors 499 Anti-endomysium-IgA antibodies (EMA) 244 –– follow-up 955 –– family history 501, 504 Anti-fungal diet 1046 –– genotypic risks 954 –– folate and methylation genes 502 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) 288 –– inflammation 954 –– FUT2 502 Anti-inflammatory activities 141 –– lifestyle 954 –– gastrointestinal symptoms 499, 500 Anti-inflammatory agents 728 –– nutrient cofactors 947 –– genes affecting detoxification 502 Anti-inflammatory diet (AID) 410, 454 –– nutrition 953 –– genetic screening 500, 501 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) 306 –– nutrition Dx 955 –– gluten/casein peptides test 504 Antioxidants 179 –– nutrition physical exam 954 –– HLA genes 502 Anupana 787 –– outcome 955 –– hormones 501 Anxiety 242 –– past medical history 952–953 –– immune function and inflammation mark- Anxious ADD 506 –– past surgical history 953 ers 500 Any mental illness (AMI) 474 –– pharmaceutical use 953 –– incidence 498 –– See Also Psychiatric disorders –– plan 955 –– MAO B 504 Apgar Score 512 –– signs/symptoms/medical symptom –– maternal immune activation 499 Apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2) gene 238 questionnaire (MSQ) 954 –– MCM6 502 Apolipoprotein E (APOε) 238 –– sleep and stress 955 –– mitochondrial dysfunction 501 Apoptosis 178 –– social 953 –– mitochondrial issues in 500 Approximate Macronutrient Distribution Ranges –– structural 954 –– MTHFR 502 (AMDR) 49 –– symptoms/complaints at first visit 952 –– neonatal intensive care unit 499 Arachidonic acid (AA) 115, 116, 142, 393, 544, –– toxin Load 954–955 –– neurotransmitter genes 502 729, 734, 1036 –– utilization, cellular & molecular 954 –– niacin and CoQ10 504 Arachidonic/di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid ratio –– young adulthood 953 –– nutritional support 503 (AA/DGLA ratio) 160 –– lifestyle influences 949 –– oxidative stress 501 Arbuda 796 –– nonallergic asthma 945, 946 –– past medical history 504 Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine 625 –– oxidative stress 948 –– physical examination 504 Arm muscle area (AMA) 684 –– pathophysiology 944, 945 –– polymorphisms in 501 Aromatherapy 589 –– primary conventional therapy 949 –– prenatal factors 499 1079 A–B Index

Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) (cont.) Basal metabolic rate analyzers 330 Black tea 539 –– prenatal history 504 Baseline nutrient status 101 Blood-brain barrier (BBB) 182, 183, 399, 868–870 –– pyroluria test 501 Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) 438 Blood cell palmitoleic acid (MUFA16:1) 881 –– RFC polymorphisms 502 Basti 792 Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) 868 –– severity assessment 498 Bastyr (Robert’s) Formula B 387 Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) 868 –– thyroid hormones 499 Bastyr Center for Natural Health (BCNH) 776, 777 Blue nails 654 –– toxins 501 Beau’s lines 652, 687 Body cell mass (BCM) 328 –– transcobalamin II gene 502 Beck Depression Inventory 485 Body composition 1022 –– transsulfuration pathway genes 502 Behavioral competencies 76, 78 –– ACSM age-adjusted body fat classifica- –– treatment 504 Behavioral evaluation report 79 tions 333 –– urine for organic acid testing 500 Behavioral profiling tools 79 –– ACSM and ACE body fat classifications 332 –– urine for peptide testing 500 Behavioral styles 75 –– analysis 128, 683 Autoimmune microenvironment (AIM) 441 Bentonite clay 504 –– basal metabolic rate analyzers 330 Autoimmune Paleo (AIP) diet 426, 427 Beta 2 adrenergic receptor ADRB2 463 –– bioelectrical impedance analysis Autoimmunity 167 Beta-agonists 949 –– body capacitance 328 Autoimmunity-triggered dietary antigens 993, Beta carotene 983 –– phase angle 328 994 Beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) 343 –– total body water 329 Autoinflammatory diseases, development 292 Betaine hydrochloride 383 –– body mass index 325 Autointoxication 380 Beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) 887 –– body weight 325 Autonomic dysfunction 523 Bhastrika Pranayama 795 –– extra-, intracellular and total body water 329 Autonomic nervous system (ANS) 738 BIA instruments 158 –– fat and fat-free compartments 324 Autophagy mechanism 933 Bifidobacterium sp. 230, 397, 402, 462 –– field methods 324 Ayurveda 744 –– B. breve 393 –– girth measurements Ayurvedic approach –– B. infantis 398 –– bioelectrical impedance analysis 327, 328 –– Agni 786 –– B. lactis 545 –– bioimpedance spectroscopy 327 –– Ahara Rasa 786 –– B. longum 393, 397, 545 –– body fat percentage 326 –– for cancer 796 Bile 228, 229 –– skinfold measurement 327 –– detox treatment 792 Bile canaliculus 228 –– waist circumference 326 –– for diabetes 794 Biochemical individuality 101, 327 –– waist-to-height ratio 326 –– dietary and lifestyle recommendations 794–796 Biochemical individuality and genetic/epigenetic –– height 325 –– Dinacharya 790 influences on chronic disease 127 –– laboratory methods –– disease management 792 Biochemical mechanism –– air displacement plethysmography –– dosha (See Dosha) –– activation energy 93 method 331 –– food is medicine –– active site 93 –– computed tomography 332 –– black pepper/piper nigrum 789 –– B-complex and metabolic briefing 94, 95 –– dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 331 –– fenugreek 789 –– B-complex and metabolic correction 95 –– hydrostatic weighing 331 –– ghee 787 –– cofactors 93 –– magnetic resonance imaging 332 –– ginger/shunti 789 –– enzyme-catalyzed reactions 93 –– ultrasound technology 332 –– honey/madhu 789, 790 –– gene mutation 93 –– weight 325 –– mint/pudina 789 –– Law of Mass Action 94 Body Ecology Diet 503 –– tulsi 788, 789 –– physiological impairments 94 Body mass index (BMI) 325 –– turmeric/curcuma longa 788 –– Principle of Le Chatelier 94 Body’s inherent detoxification pathways 208 –– in India 784–785 –– substrate 93 Boswellia tree 460 –– lifestyle 790 Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) 128, 327, Boswellin 387 –– like increases like principle 787 328, 685, 872 Brahmacharya (self-control) 786 –– in modern practice 796–797 –– body capacitance 328 Brain –– nutrition and principles 786–787 –– body cell mass 328 –– biological structure 182 –– for obesity 792, 793 –– total body water 329 –– blood-brain barrier 182 –– origin and history 784 Bioenergetic deficits 868 –– cerebral spinal fluid 183 –– Panchakarma 792 Biofeedback 615 –– evaluation/assessment 184 –– Ritucharya 790 Bioflavonoid 1022 –– glymphatic circulatory system 183 –– Sadvritta 790 Bio-identical hormone replacement 528 –– pathophysiology 183, 184 –– six tastes 786, 787 Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) 327 –– treatment 184, 185 –– Trayopasthambas 786 Biological heterogeneity 867 Brain cells 182 –– in USA 784–785 Bioperine (black pepper) 460 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 396, BioPsychoSocial (BPS) model 615 398–400, 477, 874, 1007 Biopsychosocial conceptual model 916, 917 Brain maturation delay theory 505 B Biotin (vitamin H) 984 Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) 65, 66 Biotinidase deficiency 508 Breastfeeding infant nutrition 34 Bacillus subtilis 393 Biotransformation 226–228 Bredesen Protocol TM 348 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) 546 –– dietary composition and bioactive constitu- Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) 918 Baicalin 440 ents 194 Brittle nails 653 Barrett’s esophagus 423 –– factors 194 Brown/gray nails 654 Barriers –– mechanisms 193 Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere Syndrome 2 –– biological structure 185 –– multiple chemical sensitivity 194 (BVVLS2) 479 –– evaluation/assessment 185 –– phases 193 Bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 867 –– pathophysiology 185 Bipolar disorder (BD) 396, 475, 476 Butterbur 461 –– prevention/treatment 186 Bisphenol A (BPA) 420, 421 Butyrate 889 1080 Index

B vitamin deficiencies 459 –– dietary considerations 809, 810 –– symptom 828 B vitamins 104–107, 935, 936 –– eNOS/NOS3 239 –– translational vascular medicine 825 B12 deficiency 443, 986 –– evidence-based nutritional and lifestyle –– treatment 824 factors 803 –– tsunami effect 825 –– fasting 239 –– vascular immune dysfunction 825 C –– FTO 239, 240 –– vessel changes 828 –– hemochromatosis 240 Cardiovascular/cognitive decline 716 CACNA1C 474 –– homeostasis 804 Carnitine 503 Cadmium 486, 943 –– hypercoagulability 811 Carotenoids 936 Caffeine 460 –– hypertension 238, 239 Carrageenan 386 Caffeine intoxication 477 –– inflammation 804, 806 Casomorphin peptides 504 Calcidiol 260 –– inflammatory markers 807 Casomorphins 384 Calcitriol 260 –– inflammatory mediators 809 Catecholamines 275, 276 Calorie restriction 350 –– insulin resistance 811, 812 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) 109, 241, Cancer-related pain 451 –– integrative and functional medicine 275, 276, 463, 502 Cancer stem cells (CSC) 413 approaches 818 Cathelicidin 971 Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1-R) 535 –– iron overload 811 CBD hemp oil 461 Cannabinoids 461 –– metabolic disorder comorbidities 808 CD8+ T cell response 438 Cannabis 461 –– metabolic risk factors 802, 803 CDC research statistics 32 Capillary refill test 655 –– microbiome 810, 811 Celiac disease (CD) 110, 244, 454 Carbohydrate diet 746 –– oxidative stress 807 Celiac gene 394 Carbohydrates 177 –– pathophysiology 804 Cell membrane damage 177 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 348 –– PCOS 240 Cell membrane permeability 158 Carcinogenesis-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) 438 –– PON1 239 Cellular hydration 157 Cardiac diet 745 –– proinflammatory state 815 Cellular interventions 716 Cardiometabolic syndrome 601, 602 –– and psychiatric disorders 809 Cellular pathology 7 –– acute phase reactants 815 –– psychosocial determinants of health 804, 805 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 451 –– bioelectric impedance analysis 816 –– and rheumatic diseases 809 Central hepatic venule 223 –– biopsy 816 –– sarcopenia 812, 813 Central nervous system (CNS) 395, 399, 449, 477, –– blood labs 816 –– short physical performance battery (SPPB) 815 482 –– CT/PET CT scan/MRI/ultrasound 816 –– type 2 diabetes 239 Central sensitization (CS) 449 –– dental/oral health 817 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Ceramides 970 –– diets 816 –– cardiovascular genetics 831, 832 Certified Nutrition Specialist (CNS) 625 –– dyslipidemia 816 –– causes 827 Ceruloplasmin 113 –– glucose/insulin 816 –– cell membrane dysfunction 825 Cervical cancer 444 –– gonadal health 817 –– cell membrane physiology 825 Chamomile 385 –– gut health 817 –– CHD risk factors 831 CHD8 gene 501 –– happiness 817 –– clinical interventions 828 Cheilitis 971 –– hypercoagulation 816 –– comprehensive lab testing 832 Chelation therapy 886 –– immune compromised 816 –– computed tomography angiogram (CTA) 828 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry –– lifestyle 816 –– congestive heart failure (CHF) 824 system 192 –– loneliness 817 –– coronary heart disease 824 Childhood disintegrative disorder 474 –– nutrient insufficiencies, deficiencies/ –– DASH 1 and 2 diets 833 Childhood wellness 36 excesses 817 –– dyslipidemia 824, 830, 831 Chinese restaurant syndrome 876 –– obesity 816 –– EndoPAT 831 Chlamydia trachomatis 535, 546 –– physical activity 817 –– endothelial cells 827 Cholesterol 158, 176, 478, 479, 881 –– physical examination 817 –– endothelial dysfunction 825, 827 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) 264 –– posture and spinal alignment 817 –– endothelium 825 Chondrocytes 441 –– renal health 817 –– finite responses 825 Chondrosarcoma 440 –– sleep 817 –– hyperinsulinemia 831 Chronic disease –– toxin load 817 –– hypertension 824, 825, 828, 830 –– environmental toxins 570–571 –– visceral adipose tissue 816 –– LDL-cholesterol 825, 826 –– food insecurity 570 –– adipocytes 813, 814 –– Mediterranean diet 832–833 –– history 564 –– allostasis 804, 805 –– metabolic memory 827 –– legislative policy –– American Heart Association 802 –– mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) –– arsenic exposure 571 –– anthropometry 815 pathway 831 –– asbestos 571 –– APOa2 genotypes 238 –– noninvasive vascular testing 831 –– lead 571 –– apolipoprotein E 238 –– nutraceuticals and dietary factors 828 –– primary origin –– and autoimmune disorders 809 –– obesity 831 –– early life experiences 565 –– body composition measurements 803 –– oxidative stress/inflammatory responses 825 –– environmental factors 564 –– body mass index height/weight 815 –– phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) –– epigenetic 564, 565 –– characterization 238, 802 pathway 831 –– genetic predisposition 564 –– and chronic stress 811 –– polygenetic codes 828 –– preconception and intrauterine 565 –– and comorbidities 809 –– Portfolio diet 833 –– social disadvantage 564 –– conventional treatment 817 –– post-prandial phenomena 828 –– secondary origin –– definition 813 –– prevention 824 –– alcohol 566 –– diagnostic criteria 813 –– risk factors 824–825 –– dietary patterns 568 1081 B–C Index

–– physical activity 568 –– psychological pain 449 Cobalamin 259 –– sleep 566 –– psychosocial mediators 449, 450 Coconut oil 509 –– smoking 566 –– sleep 451 Codeine 462 –– social determinants 567, 568 –– therapy 448 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) 128, 179, 476, 942 –– stress 565 –– turmeric (Curcuma longa) 460 Coffee 460 –– tertiary origins 571–574 –– vegan, vegetarian diet 455, 456 Cognitive behavioral therapy 615, 616 –– types of 564 –– vitamin D/vitamin A 458 COLEVA project 706 –– years lived with disability (YLD) 564 –– willow bark 461 Colitis 385 Chronic dysfunction Chronic/noncommunicable disease 7 Collaborative and participatory approaches 14 –– balance reactions 1006 Chronic psychological stress 395 Collagen 438, 439, 442 –– bedrest 1008–1010 Chronobiology 579 Colonic inertia 916 –– dominant and visual perceptual field Chvostek’s sign 657 Colonic motility 131 changes 1006 Ciliary function 931 Comfrey 387 –– fascial restrictions and adhesions 1005 Circadian rhythm 165 Commitment language 1053 –– fascial sheaths 1005 –– bright light exposure 579 Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) 289 –– global muscles 1005 –– central and peripheral circadian clocks 580 Communication skills 78 –– individual's fitness level and lifestyle 1006 –– chrononutrition 579 Community of wellness 36, 37 –– muscle imbalances 1005 –– chronotypes and personalized nutrition 590 Complementary and alternative (CAM) medi- –– postural asymmetries 1005 –– circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) (See cine 871 –– postural changes 1005 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs)) Complementary feeding 42 –– posture imbalances 1005 –– definition 579 Complete blood count (CBC) 443 –– rehabilitation 1010, 1011 –– functional genomics 579 Complex active transporter (pump) system 193 Chronic idiopathic constipation 102 –– gold-standard measures 579 Comprehensive elimination diet 1046 Chronic inflammation 1007 –– lifestyle influences 589, 590 Compressed eating window (CEW) 751 Chronic iodine ingestion 104 –– melatonin therapy 579 Congenital urinary disorder 77 Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) 420 –– metabolism and nutrition status 579 Congestive heart failure (CHF) 838 Chronic noncommunicable disease 8 –– pathophysiology-mechanism –– treatment 838 Chronic pain –– cancer 586, 587 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 116, 117, 137, 147, –– anti-inflammatory diet 454 –– cardiovascular issues 587 387 –– Boswellia tree 460 –– diabetes 587 Conscientious behavior (C) 75 –– butterbur 461 –– endocrine system 588 Consortium of Southeastern Hypertension –– B vitamin deficiencies 459 –– immune system 588 Centers (COSEHC) 825 –– cancer-related pain 451 –– metabolism and obesity 586 Consumer-centric healthcare delivery system 5 –– cannabinoids 461 –– renal function 588 Contact dermatitis 991 –– central sensitization 449 –– reproductive system 588 Contact urticaria 991 –– definition 448 –– sleep hygiene 589 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) 716 –– depression 451 –– risk factors 579 Conventional assessments 949–950 –– elimination diet 454 –– sleep-wake cycle 581 Cooking oils 154 –– epigenetics 463, 464 –– suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 579 Copper 483, 887 –– essential nutrients 459 –– toxin-related influences 589 Copper-to-zinc ratio, in cancer 114 –– feverfew 461 –– zeitgebers 579 Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn –– food sensitivities 453 Circadian rhythm shifts 131 SOD1) 867 –– functional labs to assess nutritional status 454 Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs) Cordyceps 543 –– genetics 463 –– advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) 581 Coronary heart disease (CHD) 838 –– ginger (Zingiber officinale) 460 –– circadian clock genes 585, 586 –– clinical presentation 834, 835 –– gut microbiome 452, 453 –– delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) 581 –– physical examination and laboratory 834, 835 –– hydration 460 –– irregular sleep-wake pattern 581 –– results 835 –– inflammation 452 –– non-24 hour sleep pattern 581 –– treatment 835, 838 –– language of pain 464, 465 –– sleep apnea 581 Cortical thymic epithelial cell (cTEC) 298 –– lifestyle 464 –– treatment Corticosterone 398 –– magnesium 458, 459 –– circadian clock system 583 Cortisol 539 –– medical treatment –– feeding/fasting cycle 583, 584 Cortisol-releasing hormone (CRH) 399 –– non-opioid/adjuvant analgesics 462 –– light, melatonin, and vitamin B12 581, 582 Council for Ayurvedic Counseling (CAC) 785 –– non-opioids 462 –– metabolism and clock coupling 583 Covalently-linked carbon atoms bearing –– opioids 462, 463 –– nutrition 582 hydrogen atoms 136 –– mediterranean diet 454, 455 –– time-of-day restricted feeding 584, 585 C-reactive protein (CRP) 452, 454, 723 –– neuropathic pain 449 cis and trans isomerism 136 C-reactive protein-high sensitivity (CRP-hs) 314, –– nociceptive pain 449 Classic attention deficit hyperactivity disor- 315 –– nutrients and supplementation in 456 der 505 Creatine monohydrate (CM) 476 –– nutrition and 451 Clay play 504 Crohn’s disease 258 –– nutritional assessment 453, 454 Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Integrative & Cross country skiing-induced asthma(CCSA) 946 –– obesity and 452 Lifestyle Medicine 622 Crunch test 606 –– omega-3 essential fatty acids 456, 458 Clinical medicine 7 C-terminal glycine-rich domain 874 –– omega 6 fatty acids 458 Clopidogrel 264 Curcumin 387, 440–442, 460, 937 –– oral facial pain 453 Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) 392, 397, 401, Current conventional care system models 5 –– oxalate-containing foods 456 402 Current education and treatment systems 8 –– paleo diet 455 Clostridium perfringens 392 Current healthcare paradigm 81 –– prevalence 448 Clubbing 686 Current United States health system “dysfunctional” 4 1082 Index

CXC motif cytokines (CXCL12) 439, 440 –– fruit 208 –– health outcomes and clinical benefits 762 Cyanocobalamin 259 –– gluten 209 –– maintenance 735 Cyclooxygenase 456 –– healthy fats 209 –– manufacturers 761, 762 Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) 439, 545 –– stevia 208 –– need for nutrients 735 Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) 271, 502 –– sugar 208, 209 –– nomenclature and formulations 756, 757 Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) gene 261 –– supplementation use 209–210 –– nutraceutical marketplace 756 Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) 263 –– vegetables 208 –– nutritional gaps 735 Cytochrome enzymes 263 –– wheat 209 –– nutritional supplements 762 Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP 450) 193, 228 Detractors 453 –– patient-directed purchasing and expanding Cytochrome P450 genes 502 Detroit Water and Sewer Department markets 756 Cytokine metabolism 1022 (DWSD) 731 –– peer reviewed sources 763 Cytokine production 944 Dexamethasone 538 –– post-market surveillance 734 Diabetes mellitus type 2 519 –– quality control and safety 760, 761 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group –– rationale 734 D 2002 study 522 –– risk reduction 734 Diabetic ketoacidosis 748 –– roles and responsibilities 735 Dairy 876 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental –– selection and education 760 Dandelion root extract (DRE) 420 Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V) 240 –– sexual enhancement 763 Data extraction tool (DET) 870 Diamine oxidase (DAO) 258, 259 –– sports /fitness 763 D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) 343 Diaphragmatic breathing 1008, 1009 –– top-selling herbal supplements 756 Deanna Protocol (DP) 882 Dietary and lifestyle influences –– turmeric/Curcuma longa 763 Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DLC) 383 –– antioxidants 179 –– US Pharmacopeia and NSF International 734 Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) 581 –– coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) 179 –– vitamin, mineral and botanical ingredients 758 Delirium 381 –– L-carnitine 180 –– weight loss 763 Delta-5-desaturase (D5D) 159, 160 –– lipoic acid 179 Diet diary instructions Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 461, 507 –– mitochondria –– activities 1060 Demyelination 881 –– cardiolipin 178 –– amount of food 1060 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis –– evaluation/assessment 179 –– date and time 1060 (DGGE) 258 –– inner and the outer mitochondrial –– food/beverage consumed 1060 Dendritic cells (DCs) 288, 931 membranes 178 –– location 1060 Dental assessment –– mitochondrial dysfunction 178 –– mood 1060 –– biochemical individuality 1022 –– oxidative phosphorylation 178 –– symptoms 1060 –– energy dysfunction 1022 –– powerhouse of cell 178 Dietetic and integrative medicine nutritional –– lifestyle 1022 –– prevention/treatment 179 assessment 1037 –– nutrient Insufficiencies 1022 –– mitochondrial biogenesis 180 Dietitians in Integrative and Functional Medicine –– sleep and stress 1022 –– pathophysiology 177 (DIFM) 625 –– toxic load 1022 –– phosphotidylethanolamine 180 Diet ratio 354, 355 –– websites 1022 –– reactive oxygen species 177 Diet supplementation Depression 243, 244, 475 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) –– antioxidants 353 –– dopamine deficiency 243, 244 diet 717, 778, 833 –– digestive aids 353 –– enzyme deficiency 244 Dietary fat –– gut health 353 –– serotonin deficiency 243 –– history 153–154 –– herbs and botanicals 353 Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) 706 –– human history 153–154 –– minerals 353 Dermatitis herpetiformis 990 Dietary fiber 102 –– vitamins 353 Dermis 970, 971 Dietary flavonoids 440 Digestive disease 915 Desaturase enzymes delta-6-desaturase Dietary intervention 920, 921 Digestive enzymes 385 (D6D) 159, 160 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 338 Diglycerides 137 Desaturation process 139 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) 458 Desmodium styracifolium 536 1994 (DSHEA) 734, 756, 757 Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) 271, 499, 502 Detoxification 410 Dietary supplements Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) 734 –– alcoholic binge 206 –– Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 734 Dinacharya 790–792 –– definition 206 –– additives 759 Dioxins 542 –– exhaled breath 206 –– and pathways 764 Diphtheroids 544 –– kidney’s filtering system 206 –– botanical therapeutics 758, 759 DISC paradigm 75 –– phases 206 –– dietary prebiotics 763 D-lactate 271 –– primary approach 206, 207 –– dietary supplement labels 758 DNA methylation 892 –– rich blood flow 206 –– DMAA 734 DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 237 –– secondary approach –– drug-nutrient interactions 735 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 393, 474–476, 478 –– kidney 208 –– DSHEA 734 Dominant behavior (D) 75 –– liver 207, 208 –– FDA 734 Dominant payer system 4 –– tertiary approach –– filler dietary supplements 763 Dopamine 397, 873 –– alcohol 208 –– genetic factors 735 Dopamine deficiency 243 –– artificial sweeteners 208 –– GMPs 734 Dopamine-hydroxylase (DBH) activity 483 –– body’s inherent detoxification path- –– Government regulations 759, 760 Doshas ways 208 –– Government, regulatory and association –– Kapha 785 –– corn sweeteners 208 resources 762 –– Pitta 785 –– dairy consumption 209 –– green tea 763 –– Sama Prakruti 785 –– fiber 208 1083 C–E Index

–– Vata 785 –– non-celiac gluten sensitivity 745 –– harmful xenobiotic exposures 227 Drug-nutrient interactions –– Paleo Diet 745 Enteropathic arthropathies 442 –– albumin 214 –– risk factors 746 Environmental chemical exposures 227 –– altered body composition 214 Emodi 440 Environmental/exogenous toxins 129 –– food and nutrient kinetics 214–218 Emotional freedom technique (EFT) 616 Environmental pollutants 942, 943 –– hypoalbuminemia 214 Endocannabinoid system (ECS) 535 Environmental toxins 884 –– nutrition professional 215–218 Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) 518 Enzymatic detoxification processes 209 –– nutrition status 215 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) 198, 416, Epidermis 970 Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 128, 570 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 439–440, 535 331, 685 Endocrine disruptors 518, 522, 529 Epigenetic diet 989 Dutch Hunger Winter Study 237, 238 Endogenous essential respiratory metabolites Epigenetics 463, 464, 497–499, 513, 549, 1036 Dutch Winter Famine study 565 –– CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) 942 –– agouti gene 237 Dysbiosis 392–394, 397, 503, 932 –– glutathione 940–942 –– cancer –– amino acid metabolism 258 –– micronutrient analysis and functional –– CBS 261 –– celiac disease 244 testing 938 –– glutathione 261, 262 –– Crohn’s disease 258, 259 Endogenous stress 921 –– NAT1 and NAT2 262 –– FUT2 polymorphisms 258 Endogenous toxins 129 –– PTEN function 262 –– histamine degradation 258 Endometriosis 534, 535 –– TNF-α 262 –– microbiota 244, 258 EndoPAT 831, 837 –– transsulfuration 262 –– MUC2 258 Endothelial dysfunction –– cardiometabolic disease –– NCGS 244 –– nitrate-nitrite NO pathway 837 –– APOa2 genotypes 238 Dysbiotic gastrointestinal tract bacteria 993 –– nitrate-to-nitrite reduction 837 –– apolipoprotein E 238 Dysfunctional medical system 8 –– protocol 837 –– characteristics 238 Dysfunctional system 6 –– treatment 837, 838 –– eNOS/NOS3 239 Dyslipidemia Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 239, 598 –– fasting 239 –– causes 836 Endotoxins 392 –– FTO 239, 240 –– clinical history 834 Endurance/slow twitch 180 –– hemochromatosis 240 –– noninvasive vascular testing 836 Energy 128, 129 –– hypertension 238, 239 –– physical examination and laboratory 834 Energy dysfunction 1036 –– PCOS 240 –– supplements and dose 837 Enteric-coated peppermint oil 385 –– PON1 239 –– treatment 834, 837 Enteric endocrine cells 231 –– type 2 diabetes 239 Dysregulated collagen homeostasis 931 Enteric nervous system (ENS) 230, 394, 395, 403, –– definition 236 Dysthymia 477 453 –– DNA methylation 237 Enterohepatic circulation (EHC) –– Dutch Hunger Winter Study 237, 238 –– bile 228, 229 –– histone modification 237 E –– bile ducts and gallbladder 223 –– IBD and dysbiosis –– clinical nutrition 222 –– celiac disease 244 Educating practitioners 74 –– conventional Western medicine 222 –– Crohn’s disease 258, 259 Effective communication 79 –– cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP 450) 228 –– FUT2 polymorphisms 258 E4 Method 80, 81 –– definition 222 –– histamine degradation 258 Eicosanoid cascade 158 –– enteric endocrine cells 231 –– microbiota 244 –– alpha-linolenic acid 158 –– enteric nervous system 230 –– MUC2 258 –– 20-carbon eicosanoids 158 –– gut-associated lymphoid tissue 231 –– NCGS 244 –– direct source 159 –– gut microbiome 222 –– maternal diet, smoking status, mental state –– fatty acid desaturation 159–160 –– hepatic sinusoids 223, 225 and social environment 236 –– fatty acid elongation 159 –– hepatocyte 223 –– metabolomics and microbiome –– IFMNT practitioner 158 –– hepatocyte cell membrane 224 analyses 236 –– linoleic acid 158 –– large intestine/colon 223, 231 –– microbiota 258 –– omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids 158 –– liver 223 –– mitochondrial function 262, 263 –– specialized pro-resolving mediators 158 –– liver function 225, 228 –– non-coding RNAs 237 Eicosanoids 141–143 –– liver/hepatic lobule 223 –– nutrients Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 474–476, 478, 1036 –– metabolic zonation/organization 224–227 –– adenosylcobalamin 259 Electrical impedance myography (EIM) 330 –– metabolism of xenobiotics 222 –– cyanocobalamin 259 Electromagnetic frequencies (EMF) 129, 416 –– microbiome/metabolome 230 –– GIF deficiency 260 Electron transport chain (ETC) 537 –– portal tracts 222, 224 –– hydroxocobalamin 259 Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) 944 –– portal vein 222, 223 –– methylcobalamin 259 Electronic health record (EHR) technology 4 –– recirculation and conservation 222 –– TCN1 259, 260 Electronic Nutrition Care Process Terminology –– single nucleotide polymorphism 228 –– VDR 260, 261 (eNCPT) 772 –– small and large intestines 229 –– vitamin B12, vitamin D and autoimmune Eleutherococcus senticosus 525 –– small intestine 223 disease 259 Elimination diet 454 –– terminal ileum 223, 231 –– pharmacogenomics Elimination/excludion diets –– xenobiotic –– acetylation 263 –– adverse food reactions 745 –– biotransformation 226–228 –– CETP 264 –– autoimmune diseases 745 –– CDC report and scan 227 –– cytochrome enzymes 263 –– food intolerances 745 –– classes 228 –– glucuronidation 263 –– food sensitivities 745 –– definition 226 –– glutathione 263 –– implementation 745 –– environmental chemical exposures with –– mercaptopurine 264 –– low FODMAP diet 745 fetal development 227 –– warfarin genetics 264 1084 Index

–– psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease –– for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 610 Folate-sensitive fragile genetic sites 475 –– ALZ 240, 241 –– for sarcopenia 608–610 Folinic acid 271 –– anxiety 242 –– for Schizophrenia 610 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 537 –– COMT 241 –– for spinal cord injuries 610 Food –– depression 243, 244 –– TETR 606, 607 –– antibacterial and antiviral activity 722 –– DSM-V 240 –– traditional exercise training 603 –– antioxidant activity 721 –– GAD 241 –– 12-12 rule recommendation 605 –– blood platelet aggregation 722 –– GAD enzyme 243 –– types 602 –– cholesterol metabolism 722 –– glutamate 242, 243 –– walking 603 –– culture 717 –– magnesium deficiency 241, 242 Exogenous stress 919 –– detoxification enzymes 721 –– methylation 241 Eye 180 –– vs. dietary nutrient 719, 720 –– panic disorder 242 –– dysbiosis 732 –– PNMT 241 –– factors 717 –– s-adenosyl-homocysteine 241 F –– fatty acids –– SNPs 245–257 –– biological activities 727 Faces Pain Scale 462 –– tags 236 –– health and well-being 727 Facial Nerve (CN7) examination 657 Epithelial cells (ECs) 290 –– impact 727 Familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP) 958 Epsom salt baths 503 –– MUFA 728 Fascial sheaths 1005 Equilibrium Energy Intake (EEI) 49, 50 –– n-3 PUFAs 729, 730 Fasting 455, 456 Erectile dysfunction (ED) 278 –– omega-6 PUFAs 728, 729 Fasting glucose 518, 519, 521 Erythrocyte fatty acid analysis 892 –– saturated fatty acids 727, 728 Fasting plasma glucose (FGP) 400 Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles 118 –– trans fats 730 Fat-free parenteral nutrition (PN) 143 Escherichia coli 535 –– types 727 Fat mass and obesity gene (FTO) 239 Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency 118, 974 –– fiber intake 723 Fats 878 Essential fatty acids 478 –– cancer 724 Fat-soluble vitamins 109, 983 Essential metals –– cardiovascular 723 Fatty acids 164 –– beta-methylamino-L-alanine 887 –– diabetes 724 –– analysis 118 –– copper 887 –– endogenous hormones 723 –– elongation 159 –– iron dyshomeostasis 887 –– gastrointestinal tract 723, 724 Fatty liver/hepatic steatosis 207 Essential nutrients 459 –– immune system 724 Fear of movement (FOM) 464 Essential oils (EO) 425, 426 –– obesity 723, 724 Fecal microbiota for transplantation (FMT) 317, Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 208 –– soluble fiber 723 402 Estrogen 538 –– water-insoluble organic compounds 723 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 757 Estrogen-DNA adducts 529 –– water-soluble organic compounds 723 Fenugreek 938 Estrogen metabolism 518, 520, 522, 528, 529 –– food triggers, food allergens, and intoler- Fermentable fiber products 103 Estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) activation 529 ances 724–727 Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and Estrovera 529 –– gut microbiota 731, 732 polyols (FODMAP) diet 455 Evidence-based medicine (EBM) 4, 9, 13, 14 –– immune system 721 Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, Exercise 522, 546, 547 –– intestinal microbiota 732 monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP ) Exercise training (ET) 596 –– low-fat animal products 722, 723 diet 101, 384, 717 –– adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production 598 –– meal timings and intervals 720, 721 Fermented foods 402 –– aerobic conditioning training 603 –– nutrition 717 Fetal neurodevelopment 103 –– for cancer 610 –– nutrition intervention 733, 734 Fetal nutrition status 34 –– cardiometabolic syndrome 601, 602 –– nutritionist/dietitian 717 Fetal origins of adult-onset diseases (FOAD) –– daily movement 596 –– personalized and precision hypothesis 22 –– for dementia 608–609 medicine 717 Feverfew 461 –– dietary supplements 596 –– prebiotics 732, 733 Fiber 102, 103, 208 –– excessive sitting 597 –– probiotics 732 Fiber aids 102 –– fitness assessments 606 –– processed foods 717, 718 Fibroids 535 –– healthcare savings 596 –– recommendations 717 Fibromyalgia 449, 451–454, 456–460 –– IGF-1 markers 606 –– social relations 717 Fibrosarcoma cells 440 –– integrative lifestyle therapies 606 –– steroid hormone concentrations 722 Field methods 324 –– lifestyle habits 596 –– therapeutic diets 717 Fine particulate matter 943 –– lifestyle intervention programs 606 –– water intake Firmicutes 544 –– lymphatic system 599 –– autoimmune thyroiditis 731 Fisetin 937, 938 –– moderate aerobic exercise training 605 –– DWSD 731 Fish oil 454, 457 –– movement and detoxification 596–597 –– filtering options 731 FITTPRO model 605 –– for multiple sclerosis (MS) 610 –– Flint River 731 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 275 –– for NAFLD 607, 609, 610 –– functional medicine assessment 730 Flax seed 529 –– nitric oxide (NO) production 598 –– functional physiology 730 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) 424 –– omega-6 to omega-3 ratio 596 –– health implications 731 FODMAP diet 1046 –– oxygen, nutrition and movement 597, 598 –– hemodynamics and functional reserve 730 Folate (vitamin B9) 108, 459 –– for Parkinson’s patients 610 –– hydration 730, 731 –– conversion system 271 –– physical therapy 607 –– intercellular water binds 730 –– deficiency 128, 165, 316, 985 –– physical therapy and targeted training 605 –– long-term health consequences 731 –– supplementation 548 –– planned exercise training 604 –– SDWA 731 Folate receptor (FOLR) 502 –– public health recommendations 603 –– social and economic conditions 731 Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) gene 508 –– pyramid 603 –– water discoloration 731 1085 E–G Index

–– whole foods, consumption Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) –– primary clinical domains 915 –– epidemiological studies 718 –– alginate 383 –– regulation of motility 914, 915 –– fibers 719 –– aloe 383 –– structural and mechanical abnormalities 915 –– Nrf pathway 718, 719 –– deglycyrrhizinated licorice 383 –– transit time 914 –– organosulfur compounds 719 –– diet for 382 –– transit times 915 –– phytochemicals 718 –– hypochlorhydria 383 Gastrointestinal dysbiosis 306 –– polyphenols 719 –– limonene 383 Gastrointestinal inflammatory bowel disease –– terpenoids 719 –– melatonin 383 –– anxiety and depression 386 Food addicts anonymous (FAA) 923 –– mucilaginous substances 383 –– comfrey 387 Food allergy 947, 948 –– probiotics 383 –– diet 386 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 734 –– proton pump inhibitor 382 –– fish oil 387 Food aversion 546 –– stomach acid 383 –– food additives 386 Food bioactives 994 –– STW 5 (Iberogast) 383 –– functional medicine strategies advan- Food immune reaction and autoimmunity Gastrointestinal (GI) tract 723, 887 tages 387 –– cross-reactivity –– on brain 381 –– hygiene hypothesis 386 –– of aquaporin with human tissue 856, 857 –– on endocrine effects 381 –– iron 387 –– between wheat and human tissue 854, 855 –– on immunity 380, 381 –– nutraceuticals 387 –– of dairy with human tissue 855, 856 –– mechanistic model 380 –– oral butyrate supplements 386 –– of food antigens with diabetes and thyroid –– on metabolism 381, 382 –– paleo diet 386 antigens 858, 859 –– microbiome 380, 381 –– probiotics 386, 387 –– of pectin with human tissue 857 –– microbiota 380 –– specific carbohydrate diet 386 –– emulsifiers/surfactants 849, 850 Gastrointestinal assessment 1038–1040 –– vitamin D 387 –– food colorants 851–853 Gastrointestinal disorders Gastrointestinal reflux (GERD) 462 –– genetically modified foods (GM foods) 847, 848 –– assessment Gastroparesis 916 –– gluten peptides 848 –– diagnosis 923–924 Gate control theory 448 –– gums 852, 853 –– dietary supplement protocol 924 Gender benders 381 –– hygiene hypothesis 844 –– evaluation 925 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 241 –– industrial food additives 849, 853, 854 –– medical assessment and treatment 922– Genetic polymorphisms 193 –– nanoparticles 850, 851 923 Genetic susceptibility 200 –– oral tolerance breakdown 848 –– monitoring 924–925 Genetically modified foods (GM foods) 847, 848 –– organic solvents 850 –– patient profile 922 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 244 –– protein modification 848 –– pertinent medication history 922, 923 Genetics 463 –– salt 849, 850 –– PES statement 924 Genistein 539 –– sugars 849 –– therapeutic nutritional intervention 924 Geographic information systems (GIS) 20 –– transglutaminases 851 –– dietary intervention 920, 921 Geometric framework for nutrition (GFN) –– Western diet 844, 845 –– digestive disease 915 –– balanced foods 44 –– wheat breeding 848 –– endogenous influences 921 –– complementary feeding 44 –– xenobiotic residues 845–847 –– food-mediated disease 915 –– geometry of 43 Food-insufficient adolescents 477 –– functional GI disorders 916 –– intake target 44 Food-mediated disease 915 –– Global Impact on Health 915–916 –– model selection 43, 44 Food sensitivities 453 –– herbal and nutritional supplement interven- –– nutritional rails 44 Food sensitivity resources 1067–1069 tions 921 –– nutritionally balanced 44 Foreign direct investments (FDI) 20 –– impaired digestive capacity 921 –– nutritionally imbalanced 44 Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) 272, 273 –– integrative and functional medicine practitio- –– protein prioritization 44, 45 Free plasma copper 483 ners 920 –– rules of compromise 44, 45 Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) 873 –– irritable bowel syndrome Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GFN) 43 Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) 385 –– altered motility 919 Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) 872 Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) 258, 271, 502 –– brain-gut interaction 919, 920 Germ theory 7 Full-body (hand-to-foot) multi-frequency BIA 327 –– diagnostic criteria 917, 918 Ghee 787 Functional GI disorders (FGIDs) 916 –– IBS-QOL questionnaire 917 GIF deficiency 260 Functional Medicine Matrix (IFM Matrix) 614, –– IBS-SSS 917 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 210, 460 1016 –– non-celiac gluten sensitivity 918 Girth measurements Functional medicine model 596 –– pathogenesis 918 –– bioelectrical impedance analysis 327, 328 Functional Nutrition Evaluation 691 –– pathogenicity 919 –– bioimpedance spectroscopy 327 Furancarbonylglycine 504 –– pathophysiology 918 –– body fat percentage 326 –– patient stratification and categorization 917 –– skinfold measurement 327 –– prevalence 916 –– waist circumference 326 G –– quality of life 917 –– waist-to-hip ratio 326 –– symptomology 919 Gliadorphins 384 Galen’s program 6 –– symptoms 917 Global phenomenon 19, 20, 82 Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) 458 –– visceral hypersensitivity 919 Global positioning systems (GPS) 20 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 242, 398, 400, –– motility disorders 916 Global Strategy on Diet 24 449 –– myriad exogenous factors 922 Global technological connectivity vehicle 82 Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) 116 –– nutritional and lifestyle clinical application Globally Harmonised System of classification and Gas exchange 931 principles 921–922 labelling of chemicals (GHS) 192 Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) 478 –– organic gastrointestinal disease 916 Glucocorticoids 524, 811 GAS6 protein 483 –– pharmaceutical applications 920, 921 Gluconeogenesis 1036 Gastric cancers 423 –– prevalence 914, 915 Glucosamine sulfate 187 1086 Index

Glucose 479 –– absorption 368 Hard skills 74 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide –– assimilation 368 Harmful xenobiotic exposures 227 (GIP) 724 –– digestion 368 Hartnup disease 988 Glucose-hydrogen breath test (GHBT) 919 –– eating 368 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 441 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) –– elimination 369 Healing Skills in Medical Practice 700 deficiency 339 –– motility 368 Health action plan 25 Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) 340 –– secretion 368 Healthcare dollar expenditure 5 Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) 340 –– digestive tract 368 Healthcare management model 96 Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) 340 –– functional laboratory testing 369–370 Healthcare practitioner 1056 Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) 340 –– gastric acids 369 Healthcare systems 4 Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) 340 –– gut microbiome 368 Healthcare workforce 6 Glutamate 242, 243, 503, 506, 510, 512 –– gut microbiota 372 Healthful food-based patterns 10 Glutamatergic NMDA receptors 398, 400 –– hydrochloric acid (HCl) 369 Healthy enteral feedings 884 Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) 242 –– and MALT 370 Healthy gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGSCF) Glutathione (GSH) 210, 261, 263, 504, 940–942 –– Matzinger’s Danger model 368 diet 503 Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) 261 –– microbiome 372–374 Heart rate variability (HRV) 738 Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 deletion –– nutrition 373–375 HeartMath 706, 707 (GSTT1) 261 –– prebiotics 375 Heavy metals 886 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) 261, 422, 502 –– probiotics 375, 376 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 535 Gluten 874 –– rest and relaxation 370 Hemochromatosis (HFE) 240 Gluten-free dairy-free guide –– 5R protocol 373 Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 519, 521 –– balanced fats and oils 1062 –– small intestine 371 Hemp 461 –– breakfast ideas 1063–1065 –– stomach acid level 369 Hepatic sinusoids 223 –– cleansing beverages 1062 –– supplements 372 Hepatocyte 223 –– general guidelines 1061–1062 –– therapeutic foods 375 Hepatocyte cell membrane 224 –– healthy carbohydrates 1062 Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) Herbal and nutritional supplement interven- –– lunch/dinner ideas 1065 system 231, 372, 915 tions 921 –– preparation 1062–1064 Gut-brain interactions 888 Herbal therapies 410 –– shopping list 1066–1067 Gut immune barrier (GIB) 869 Herceptin 2 (HER2) protein 264 –– snacks 1065–1067 Gut microbiome 8, 102, 442, 452, 453 Hif1a 441 –– symptoms 1061 Gut microbiota High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 141 Gluten-free diet 500, 503, 1046 –– Alzheimer’s disease 399, 400 High-intensity interval training (HIIT) 605, 703, Gluteomorphin peptides 504 –– autism 400 737 Glycerophospholipids (GPLs) 117 –– BDNF 398, 399, 401 High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) 163 Glycolysis 340, 537, 1037 –– bipolar disorder 396 HIPPA PRIVACY ACT 1056 Glycyrrhetinic acid 383 –– blood brain barrier 401 Histamine 385 Glyphosate (GLY) 244, 506, 544 –– dysbiosis 392, 393 Histamine methyltransferase (HNMT) 258 Glyphosate exposure 874 –– enteric nervous system 394 Histiocytes 971 Goiter 103 –– fecal microbiota transplantation 402 History of medicine 6–8 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 537 –– food sources 402, 403 Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) Grandmaternal nutrition status 34 –– antidepressant foods 403 levels 475 Grape seed 510 –– fatty acids 403 Homeostatic model of assessment for insulin Green Revolution 19 –– fermented foods 402 resistance (HOMA-IR) 398, 521 Green tea 763 –– LPS 402 Homocysteine Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection 511 –– traditional fermented whole foods 402 –– BHMT 274 GSTM1 gene 534 –– gut brain interactions 394, 395 –– CBS 274, 275 Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) 956 –– inflammaging 401 –– cystathionine 275 Gunas 785 –– MGB axis 394 –– MTR and MTRR 273, 274 Gut microbiome 222 –– microbiota composition 401 –– transsulfuration pathway 273 Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAPS) diet 503, –– mood disorders 395–397 Homovanillate (HVA) 241 717, 1046 –– neuroimmune interactions 394 Honokiol 440 Gut-associated immune system (GALT) –– neurological disorders 399 Hormonal health –– biofilm layer 373 –– non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 401 –– adrenal glands (See Adrenal dysfunction) –– diet 372 –– Parkinson’s disease 400 –– insulin (See Insulin resistance) –– dietary and lifestyle recommendations –– probiotics 393, 394 –– sex steroid hormones (See Sex steroid –– acidity with diluted vinegar 369 –– psychobiotics 397, 398 hormones) –– betaine HCl 369 –– schizophrenia 396 Hormone replacement therapy 528 –– eating habits 370 Gut motility 131 Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) 932 –– Swedish bitters 370 Gut response/gut decision 394 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 537 –– umeboshi plum 369 Gycerol-containing lipids 137 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 244, 317, 502 –– dietary supplementation recommendations Gymphatic circulatory system (GCS) 183 Human mutant transgenic SOD-1 G93A mouse –– Bovine colostrum 370 model 867 –– medium chain triglycerides (MCT oil) 370 Human papillomavirus 535 –– protease enzymes 370 H Hydration 460 –– Saccharomyces boulardii 370 Hydrochloric acid 385 Half-and-half nails 653, 688 –– transfer factor 370 Hydrogen sulfide 261 Hangnails 655 –– Vitamin A 370 Hydrogenated oils 119 Hapalonychia 654 –– digestive process Hydrostatic weighing 331 1087 G–I Index

Hydroxocobalamin 259 –– vitamin A 299 –– malnutrition 305, 307, 311 Hydroxyhemopyrrolin-2-one 501 –– vitamin B 299 –– methionine metabolism 316 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) 243 –– vitamin C 299 –– methyl nutrients 315

5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-OH-TRP) 276 –– Vitamin D/1,25-(OH)2D3 299 –– minerals 316 Hyperalgesia 449 –– innate immunity –– neurology 317 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) 428 –– basophils 289, 290 –– oncology 316 Hyperglycemia 479 –– dendritic cells 288 –– phytonutrients 316 Hyperhomocysteinemia 479 –– diagnostic features 292 –– respiratory 317 Hyperinsulinemia 126, 519 –– eosinophils 290 –– sleep 316 Hypermagnesemia 485 –– epithelial cells 290 –– stress 306–308, 316 Hyperparathyroidism 111 –– first responders 288 –– tuberculosis 308, 309 Hypertension 238, 239, 600 –– food components 288 –– vaccination –– angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors –– ILCs 289 –– adverse effects 317 (ACEI) 836 –– macrophages 288, 289 –– aluminum 318 –– angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) 836 –– mast cells 289 –– antibiotics and antimicrobials 317 –– beta-blockers (BB) 836 –– monocytes 288 –– FMT 317 –– calcium channel blockers (CCB) 836 –– neutrophils/neutrocytes 289, 290 –– mercury 318 –– central alpha agonists (CAA) 836 –– NK cells 289 –– principle of 317 –– clinical history 834 –– paneth cells 290, 292 –– safety 318 –– diagnosis and treatment 834 –– physiologic, anatomic, and cellular –– vitamin A retinol 314 –– direct vasodilators 836 components 288 –– vitamin D, A, E 315 –– high renin hypertension 835 –– mucosal immune system –– vitamin D 25-hydroxy 314 –– low renin hypertension 835 –– diagnostic features 287, 288 Infectious disease 892, 893 –– natural diuretics 835, 836 –– IgA 286, 287 Inflammaging 401 –– nutraceutical supplements 835 –– intestinal permeability-large macromol- Inflammasomes 291 –– physical examination and laboratory 834 ecules 287 Inflammation 165, 452, 1007 –– results 834 –– pathogens and antigens 286 –– Alternative Healthy Eating Index 126 Hypervitaminosis skin findings 989 –– role of 286 –– aryl hydrocarbon receptors 126 Hypnotherapy 616 –– SIgA 286 –– chronic diseases 125 Hypochlorhydria 383, 1038 –– protective layers 286 –– complete nutritional assessment 125 –– causes 1038 Immunoglobulin E (IgE) 944 –– control 155 –– disease association 1038 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 62 –– diet 126 –– low stomach acidity 1038 Immunomodulatory activities 141 –– host defense and survival 125 –– self-testing and treatment 1038–1040 Immunosenescence 401 –– hyperinsulinemia 126 –– symptoms 1038 Impaired digestive capacity 921 –– immune dysregulation 125 Hypocholesterolemia 956 Impaired glucose tolerance 518, 519 –– initiation and resolution 125 Hyponatremia 477 In vitro fertilization (IVF) 534 –– integrative assessment 126, 127 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis 1007 Inattentive ADD 505 –– Mediterranean or Paleolithic pattern of Hypothyroidism 95 Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) 722 dieting 126 Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif1ά) Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 278 –– micro- and macronutrient deficiencies 125 degradation 439 Industrial Revolution 192 –– oxidative stress 125 Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) 930 –– pro-inflammatory adipokines 126 Infection –– undernutrition 125 I –– AMR 306 –– visceral adiposity 126 Iatrogenic deaths 92 –– autoimmune 317 –– western lifestyle behaviors 126 Iberogast 368 –– causes of 311 Inflammatory autoimmune diseases 873 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) 937, 957 –– CRP-hs 314, 315 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 258, 402, 442, IFM Adult Intake Questionnaire 705 –– defense and repair systems 305, 306 993–996 IFM Exercise History and Activities of Daily Living –– diagnosis Inflammatory load assessment 163 questionnaires 700 –– history 310 Inflammatory prostaglandins 116 IFM Matrix tool 697 –– inflammation 309 Inflammatory response 339 IL1-β activation disorders 292 –– intravenous (IV) technology 310 Inflammatory tumor-promoting cytokines as Illegitimate nonscientific approaches 7 –– NSAIDs 309 interleukin 6 (IL-6) 439 Immune dysregulation 125 –– severe sepsis 310 Influential behavior (I) 75 Immune system 1011 –– steroids 309 Information and communication technologies –– adaptive immune system –– vitamin C requirements 309 (ICTs) 20 –– central tolerance 297, 298 –– digestion, absorption, microbiota/GI, Initial nutrition assessment checklist –– diagnostic features 295 respiration 313 –– background 1020–1022 –– IgE and allergic reactions 294, 295 –– endogenous structure and function 315 –– before appointment 1020 –– macrophages and dendritic cells 292 –– folate metabolism 315 –– chart review and preparation 1020 –– oral tolerance 295, 296 –– gastrointestinal dysbiosis 306 –– clinical background and explanation 1020 –– peripheral tolerance 298, 299 –– heart disease/cardiovascular association 316 –– dental assessment –– primary immune response 293 –– homocysteine catabolism 316 –– biochemical individuality 1022 –– secondary immune response 293, 294 –– immunonutrition assessment investigation –– energy dysfunction 1022 –– dietary intervention tools 310, 311 –– lifestyle 1022 –– AhR 299 –– inflammatory response 308 –– nutrient Insufficiencies 1022 –– probiotics 300 –– laboratory data 311, 314 –– sleep and stress 1022 –– tryptophan 299, 300 –– lipids 315 –– websites 1022 1088 Index

–– dental health impacts 1037 –– patient risk identification 519 Integrative Health and Wellbeing program 622 –– develop priorities, create nutrition action –– prediabetes 519 Integrative medicine 622 plan 1021 –– proinsulin 521 Integrative/naturopathic practitioner 103 –– documentation and follow-up 1022 –– sleep 523 Integrative therapy –– fats and oils survey 1041 –– staging the patient 520 –– AIP diet 426, 427 –– gastrointestinal assessment 1038–1040 –– stress and autonomic dysfunction 523 –– algae 423, 424 –– hypochlorhydria –– treatment protocol 522 –– anti-cancer potential 424 –– causes 1038 Insurance payer market 4 –– artemisia 425 –– disease association 1038 Integrated standing, movement and exercise –– bee products 423 –– low stomach acidity 1038 training (ISMET) 602, 605, 606 –– bio-individual protocol 428, 429 –– self-testing and treatment 1038–1040 Integrative and functional approaches to –– cancer 409 –– symptoms 1038 therapeutic diets (IFMNT) –– alkylating agents 412 –– I-D-U worksheet 1039 –– advantages 744 –– anti-angiogenesis drugs 413 –– in-office assessments and measurements 1020 –– assessment tools 744 –– antimetabolites 412 –– review forms with client 1021 –– cardiac diet 745 –– antitumor antibiotics 412 –– review other recommendations 1022 –– elimination/excludion diets –– apoptosis 413 –– summary form 1036 –– adverse food reactions 745 –– chemotherapy 411–413 Innate immune system 873, 1011 –– autoimmune diseases 745 –– emotional aspect of 415, 416 –– basophils 289, 290 –– carbohydrate diet 746 –– hallmark traits 411 –– dendritic cells 288 –– food intolerances 745 –– metastases 411 –– diagnostic features 292 –– food sensitivities 745 –– monoclonal antibodies 413 –– eosinophils 290 –– implementation 745 –– optimization and protection 414 –– first responders 288 –– low FODMAP diet 745 –– perspectives 410 –– food components 288 –– non-celiac gluten sensitivity 745 –– plant alkaloids 412 –– ILCs 289 –– Paleo diet 745 –– proton therapy 413, 414 –– macrophages 288, 289 –– risk factors 746 –– radiation therapy 413 –– mast cells 289 –– IF (See Intermittent fasting (IF)) –– statistics 409 –– monocytes 288 –– LCHF (See Low carbohydrate high fat diet –– surgical resection 414 –– neutrophils/neutrocytes 289, 290 (LCHF)) –– synergistic therapy 414, 415 –– NK cells 289 –– low histamine diet (See Low histamine diet) –– target pathways 413 –– paneth cells 290 –– nutrition care process (NCP) 744 –– vs. terrain 414 –– cellular component 291 Integrative and functional medical nutrition –– topoisomerase inhibitors 412 –– exogenous factors 291 therapy (IFMNT) 58, 101, 622, 634, 639, 716, –– treatment options 411 –– inflammasomes 291 772, 866, 871, 960 –– types 409 –– inflammatory and autoimmune dis- –– assessment tools and measures 623 –– carotenoids 425 eases 292 –– asthma 950 –– cruciferous vegetables 421, 422 –– neuroinflammation 292 –– biomarkers 629 –– dandelion 420 –– physiological and pathological condi- –– conventional tests 629–630 –– detoxification 416 tions 291 –– core imbalances 630 –– ALA 417 –– small intestine 290 –– description 622 –– amalgam fillings 416 –– tissue homeostasis 291 –– diet therapy 622 –– antigenic triggers 416 –– physiologic, anatomic, and cellular compo- –– dietitians and certified nutritionists 622 –– EDCs 416 nents 288 –– DIFM 625 –– EMF exposure 416 Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) 289, 299 –– education and training 622 –– high glycemic-load foods 416 Inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) 178 –– evidence-based approach 624 –– intravenous nutrition 416, 417 Insecticide resistance 192 –– functional medicine 624 –– LDN 417 Insoluble fiber 102 –– functional tests 630 –– microbiome 416 Insomnia 448, 451, 458–461 –– integrative and functional approaches 624 –– mold exposure 416 Institute for Functional Medicine (IFM) –– lifestyle 628 –– wellness 416 Matrix 624, 634–636 –– medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 622 –– dietary interventions 426 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 427 –– metabolic function 623 –– essential oils 425, 426 Insulin resistance 339 –– metabolic pathways 630 –– exercise 430 –– adiponectin 521 –– mind-body interventions 624 –– fear and empowerment 430, 431 –– assessment protocol 520 –– mind-body-spirit connection 623 –– fermented probiotic-rich foods 425 –– cardiovascular disease 518 –– nutrition-based therapies 622 –– fiber diet 424 –– children, in diabetes 518 –– nutrition care process 627 –– and functional nutrition 417, 418 –– detoxification 522 –– nutrition-focused physical exam 628, 629 –– ginger 419, 420 –– diabetes mellitus type 2 519 –– organizing bodies 622 –– honokiol 421 –– dietary management 522 –– patient-centered care 622 –– hyperthermia 429 –– exercise 522 –– precipitating factors 630 –– iodine sufficiency 423 –– HbA1c 521 –– radial 628, 630 –– ketogenic diet 427, 428 –– HOMA-IR 521 –– SOP 627, 628 –– limonene 421 –– impaired glucose tolerance 518, 519 –– SOPP 627, 628 –– liquid oral/enteral nutrition 418 –– insulin production 518 –– therapeutic relationship 622 –– massage therapy 430 –– laboratory evaluation 520 –– voluntary actions 623 –– MCP 424 –– laboratory testing 520 Integrative and functional medicine practitio- –– melatonin-rich foods 421 –– metabolic syndrome vs. 519 ners 920 –– methyl-rich foods 420, 421 –– micronutrient recommendations 523 Integrative and functional nutrition 101 –– mindfulness meditation 429 1089 I–L Index

–– movement 430 –– food allergy testing 384 –– L. salivarius 545 –– mushrooms 423 –– gluten elimination 384 –– L. sporogenes 398 –– polyphenols 425 –– histamine 385 Lactulose-hydrogen breath test (LHBT) 919 –– probiotics 425 –– holistic treatment 384 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 398 –– SCFAs 424 –– hydrochloric acid 385 Large intestine/colon 231 –– seasonally balanced eating 426 –– IBS-C/IBS-D 383 Laser interstitial thermal therapy –– seaweed 424 –– IBS-QOL questionnaire 917 (LITT) 429 –– seeds 422, 423 –– IBS-SSS 917 Law of Mass Action 94 –– sepsis 417 –– magnesium citrate 385 L-carnitine 180 –– tea therapy 418 –– natural antimicrobials 385 LD50 540 –– touch therapy 430 –– non-celiac gluten sensitivity 918 Leaky gut 371, 392, 393, 396, 397 –– turmeric 418, 419 –– pathogenesis 918 Leaky gut syndrome 371 –– vegetarian diet 427 –– pathogenicity 919 Leptin 130 Interconnected algorithm 1017 –– pathophysiology 918 Leukotrienes (LT) 142 Interdisciplinary medical team 79 –– patient stratification and categorization 917 Leydig cell tumor (LT) 536 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) 1007 –– prebiotics 385 Lifestyle Intermittent fasting (IF) –– prevalence 916 –– assimilation 737 –– advantages 750, 751 –– probiotics 385 –– and behavioral risks 11 –– anorexia nervosa 750 –– SIBO 384 –– biotransformation and elimination 737 –– breaking a fast 751 –– skin testing and IgE RAST testing 384 –– communication 737 –– compressed eating window (CEW) 751 –– symptom severity 917 –– and community 1037 –– electrolyte imbalances 751 –– symptomology 919 –– defense and repair 737 –– 5/2 fast 751 –– symptoms 384, 917 –– energy 737 –– fasting models 751, 752 –– visceral hypersensitivity 919 –– exercise and movement 736 –– in fasting patients 751 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life –– factors 736 –– heartburn 751 Questionnaire (IBS-QOL) 917 –– alcohol 128 –– managing feelings of hunger 751 Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System –– cigarette smoking 128 –– readiness and appropriate stage 751 (IBS-SSS) 917 –– folate deficiency 128 –– sugar-lowering medication 751 Isotretinoin 483 –– physical activity 128 International Agency for Research on Cancer –– sleep and stress 127 (IARC) 195, 197–198 –– substance abuse 128 International Association for the Study of Pain J –– interventions 716 (IASP) 448 –– relaxation response 738 Jatharagni 793 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) –– sleep 736 Joint pain 460, 461 criteria 809 –– squared breathing 738 Journal of the American Geriatric Society 608 Interprofessional collaborative practice 11 –– stress and resilience 737, 738 Interprofessional teams 11 –– structural integrity 737 Interstitial lung disease 957 –– transport 737 Interventions, monitoring and evaluation 739 K Light exposure 130 Intestinal barrier function 231 Kaolin 385 Limbic ADD 506 Intestinal firewall 231 Kapha 785, 792 Limonene 383 Intestinal permeability 209 Karolinska Institute study 599 Lindsay’s nails 653, 688 Intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) cells 299 Kayser-Fleischer ring 483 Linoleic acid (LA) 158, 729 Investigational New Drug (IND) application 402 KetoDietCalculator (KDC) 355 Lipid bilayer 174, 175 Iodine 103, 104, 528 Ketogenic diet 119, 509, 872, 873, 879, 882 Lipid metabolism dysregulation 939 Iron 933, 935 –– breakdown products 508 Lipid therapy Iron-deficiency anemia 933 –– challenge 509 –– cell membrane permeability and Iron dyshomeostasis 887 –– dietitian 508 integrity 163 Iron homeostasis 933 Ketones 509 –– defense and repair 163 Irregular sleep-wake pattern 581 Ketosis 1037 –– dental 163 Irritable bowel disease (IBD) Kidney’s filtering system 206 –– fatty acid/nutrition status 160 –– amino acid metabolism 258 Kinky hair syndrome 987 –– laboratory principles 163 –– celiac disease 244 Koilonychia 652, 687 –– structural integrity 163 –– Crohn’s disease 258, 259 Korsakoff's syndrome 479 –– structural-spinal alignment 163 –– FUT2 polymorphisms 258 Krebs citric acid cycle (CAC) 428 Lipidomics –– histamine degradation 258 Kryptopyrrole quantitative urine 501 –– after world war II 154 –– microbiota 244, 258 –– application 154 –– MUC2 258 –– body composition and function –– NCGS 244 L –– cell membrane structure 156 – Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 396, 402, 449 Laboratory profiles 118 – cellular hydration 157 – – – altered motility 919 Lack of sleep 1037 – cellular, organelle, and nuclear bilayer – – botanical agents 385 Lactic acid 440 membranes 156 – – – brain-gut interaction 919, 920 Lactobacillus sp. 402, 462 – eicosanoid cascade 158 – – – chamomile 385 –– L. acidophilus 545 – membrane barriers 157, 158 – – – diagnostic criteria 917, 918 –– L. helveticus 393, 397 – chronic diseases 154 – – – enteric-coated peppermint oil 385 –– L. plantarum 398 – clinical imbalances 155–156 – – – fiber 384 –– L. reuteri 545 – complex neurological condition 169 – – – FODMAP diet 384 –– L. rhamnosus 393, 398 – cooking oils 154 1090 Index

–– defense and repair assessment Long latency nutritional insufficiencies 1037 Medical education post-Flexner report 11 –– gut microbiome 163 Longitudinal melanonychia 655 Medical education system 8 –– vitamin A (Retinol) 163 Lou Gehrig’s disease, see Amyotrophic lateral Medical information 1056 –– vitamin D 25-hydroxy 163 sclerosis (ALS) Medical marijuana 461 –– dietary fat Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) 20 Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 622, 639, –– history 153–154 Low carbohydrate high fat diet (LCHF) 973–982 –– human history 153–154 –– avoidance 750 –– biochemical pathways 64 –– fat/oil-rich foods 154 –– definition 749 –– biomarkers 61 –– fatty acids 164 –– in cancer therapy 749 –– cardiovascular diseases 67 –– heart disease / cardiovascular association 166 –– macronutrient percentages 749 –– DNA strands 59 –– IFMNT 155 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 141 –– endocrine system 67 –– inflammation control 155 Low dose naltrexone (LDN) 417 –– fatty acid breakdown 64–66 –– inflammatory load assessment 163 Lower motor neuron disease 867 –– food 59 –– integrative and functional medicine 153 Low-fat vegan diet 119 –– food allergy 70 –– lifestyle factors Low FODMAP diet 745 –– food intolerance 70 –– movement 165 Low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) 508 –– gastrointestinal tract 67 –– sleep 165 Low histamine diet –– immune system-defense and repair 67 –– stress 165 –– definition 746 –– laboratory testing 61 –– lipid therapy –– histamine degradation 747 –– assessment 63 –– cell membrane permeability and integ- –– histamine load 747 –– detoxification 63, 64 rity 163 –– histamine overload 748 –– digestion and absorption 63 –– defense and repair 163 –– in human function 747 –– direct testing 61 –– dental 163 –– intolerance 747 –– energy metabolism 61 –– fatty acid/nutrition status 160 –– mast cell activation disorder (MCAD) 747 –– evaluation 61 –– laboratory principles 163 –– monoamines 747 –– IgE reactions 62 –– structural integrity 163 –– polyamines 747 –– IgG 62 –– structural-spinal alignment 163 Low magnesium status 111 –– immune system’s reaction 61 –– lipids 163 Low-molecular weight citrus pectin (LCP) 424 –– indirect testing 61 –– maintaining lipid balance and homeosta- L-tyrosine 505 –– inflammation 61 sis 154 Lumbrokinase 536 –– integrative and functional clinicians 61 –– membrane structure 155 Lung physiology 942 –– intestinal permeability 63 –– metabolic stressors 160 Lunula 653 –– IOM 62, 63 –– minerals Luteinizing hormone (LH) 537, 538 –– metabolomics 61 –– B12 165 Lymphatic system 599 –– nutrigenomics 62, 63 –– folate deficiency 165 –– specimen selection 61 –– magnesium 164 –– lifestyle and environmental factors 59, 60 –– methyl nutrients 165 M –– NPE 60 –– niacin 165 –– overview 58 Macrophage activation syndrome 292 –– vitamin A 165 –– pathogens 69, 70 Macrophage function 930 –– vitamin C 165 –– personalized nutrition care 58–60 Macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha –– vitamin D and A receptors 165 –– potential triggers 68, 69 (MIP2-alpha) 439 –– zinc 164, 165 –– radial core 59 Magnesium 164, 485, 947 –– neurological conditions –– respiratory system 67, 68 Magnesium citrate 510 –– Alzheimer’s disease 166–167 –– signs and symptoms 60, 61 Magnesium deficiency 241, 242, 458, 459 –– developmental plasticity 167 –– stress 69 Magnesium glycinate 276 –– mitochondrial dysfunction 166 –– systems biology 66, 67 Magnesium L-Threonate 510 –– oncology 166 –– toxins and toxicants 69 Magnolia officinalis 506 –– phospholipids 164 Medical symptoms questionnaire (MSQ) 60, 614 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) 475 –– phytonutrients 165 Medieval aspirin, see Feverfew Major depressive disorder (MMD) 243, 244, 475 –– respiratory 167 Mediterranean diet 119, 454, 455, 975–982, 988, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) –– simple– childhood asthma 168 989 proteins 244 –– sterols 164 Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) 137, 138, 164, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool Lipids 163 880, 882 (MUST) 686 Lipoic acid 179 Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet 508–510 Malondialdehyde (MDA) 400 Lipophilic xenobiotics 193 Medovaha strotas 792 Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) 426, 427 Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) 396 Mee’s lines 654, 689 Manganese toxicity 485 Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) 392, 399, Melancholia 380 MAO B + (an X-linked gene) 504 402, 403 Melatonin 383, 387, 476, 507, 510, 538 Marijuana 507 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) 381, 732 Membrane barriers 157, 158 Mast cell activation disorder (MCAD) 747 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) 1007 Membrane fluidity 175 Maternal nutrition status 34 Lipoxygenase 456 Membrane permeability 156, 158 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 440, 441 Lithium 483 Membrane rafts 153 Matzinger’s Danger model 368 Lithium salts 476 Membrane structure Mauve factor 421 Live blood cell analysis 443 –– carbohydrates 177 McGill Pain Questionnaire 462 Liver acinus 225 –– cholesterol 176 Meat-sweet diet 717 Liver cirrhosis 957 –– function 174 Medaroga 792 Liver dysfunction 892 –– lipid bilayer 174, 175 Medhya 787 L-methylfolate/folinic acid 459 –– membrane fluidity 175 1091 L–M Index

–– organelle 175 –– pantothenic acid 107 Methylation 497, 501, 502, 504, 512, 1038 –– phosphatidylcholine 175 –– riboflavin (vitamin B2) 107 –– catecholamines 275, 276 –– phosphatidylethanolamine 176 –– thiamine (vitamin B1) 107 –– CBS 271 –– phosphatidylserine 176 –– tocopherols 110 –– D-lactate 271 –– phospholipids 174 –– tocotrienols 110 –– epigenetics 270, 271 –– proteins 176 –– vitamin A 109 –– homocysteine 273 –– stability 175 –– vitamin B12 108, 109 –– BHMT 274 Mendelian genetics 240 –– vitamin B6 107, 108 –– CBS 274, 275 Menkes syndrome 987 –– vitamin D 109 –– cystathionine 275 Menopause 518, 528 –– vitamin K 109 –– MTR and MTRR 273, 274 Mental/behavioral/neurological health Metabolic cart resting energy expenditure –– transsulfuration pathway 273 –– amino acids 479–481 (mREE) 872 –– homozygous mutation 270 –– cholesterol 478, 479 Metabolic correction (MC) therapy –– iron 276–278 –– essential fatty acids 478 –– adverse side effects 92 –– Mendelian inheritance 270 –– glucose 479 –– biochemical mechanism –– NIH 273 –– minerals –– activation energy 93 –– nitric oxide 277, 278 –– copper 483 –– active site 93 –– nutritional genomics 270 –– lithium 483 –– B-complex and metabolic briefing 94, 95 –– one-carbon metabolism 271–274 –– magnesium 485 –– B-complex and metabolic correction 95 –– pharmaceuticals 273 –– manganese 485 –– cofactors 93 –– Punnett square 270 –– selenium 485 –– enzyme-catalyzed reactions 93 –– serotonin 276 –– zinc deficiency 485, 486 –– gene mutation 93 –– SNPs 270, 271, 279–282 –– psychotropic drugs –– Law of Mass Action 94 –– stress 273 –– antidepressants medications 486 –– physiological impairments 94 –– tetrahydrobiopterin 275 –– phenytoin 487 –– Principle of Le Chatelier 94 Methylcobalamin 259, 272 –– protein pump inhibitors 486 –– substrate 93 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase –– riboflavin 487 –– conceivable genetic defects 93 (MTHFR) 259, 271, 273, 476, 497, 499, 502, –– weight gain 486 –– disease states 90–91 504, 505 –– thiamin deficiency 479 –– functional biochemical/physiological Methylmalonic acid (MMA) 61, 64, 273 –– toxic minerals concept 90 Microbiome 101–102, 230, 888 –– cadmium 486 –– healthcare management model 96 Microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis 394, 399, 401 –– methyl mercury 486 –– hidden hunger (or occult hunger) 91 Micrococcus 544 –– vitamin A 483 –– iatrogenic death 92 Microdomains 153 –– vitamin B1 (thiamin) 479 –– medication-induced nutient depletion 92 Microencapsulation technology 174 –– vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 479 –– metabolic optimization therapy 91 Microenvironment of chronic diseases –– vitamin B3 (niacin) 479 –– minerals 91 –– arthritic conditions 441, 442 –– vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 479, 482 –– nutrient-dense foods 92 –– autoimmune disease 440, 441 –– vitamin D 483 –– nutrient dependency 90 –– cancer 441 –– vitamin K 483 –– nutrient imbalances 93 –– cellular components Mental-emotional stress 922 –– nutrient requirements 93 –– CAFs 438, 439 Mental stress 1008 –– nutritional demands 93 –– TAMs 439 Mercaptopurine 264 –– nutritional insufficiency 90 –– dark-field illumination 442 Mercury 486 –– nutritional triage 92 –– inflammatory influences 440 Metabolic and nutritional balance –– principles –– influence, phase-contrast illumination 442 –– B vitamins 104–107 –– biochemical individuality 96 –– live blood cell analysis 443 –– fat-soluble vitamins 109 –– detect nutrient deficiencies 96 –– in malignancies 438 –– fatty acids and phospholipids –– environmental pollution 96 –– molecular components –– conjugated linoleic acid 116, 117 –– inspire active role-taking responsibility 96 –– NFκβ 439 –– erythrocyte fatty acid profiles 118 –– metabolic correctors 95 –– p53 439 –– gamma-linolenic acid 116 –– monitor and update metabolic correction –– nutritional influence –– glycerophospholipids 117 over time 96 –– AIM 441 –– hydrogenated oils 119 –– nutrient-related disorders 96 –– angiogenesis 440 –– increasing omega-3 fatty acid 118 –– nutrigenomics 96 –– arthritic conditions 442 –– increasing omega-6 fatty acid 118 –– pharmacogenomics 96 –– extracellular matrix 439, 440 –– omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid 114–116 –– recommended daily allowances for diseased –– pH 443 –– short-chain fatty acids 117, 118 individuals 96 –– phase-contrast illumination 442 –– fiber 102, 103 –– vitamins 91 –– TME components 438 –– folate (vitamin B9) 108 Metabolic optimization therapy 91 –– white blood cell morphology 443 –– iodine 103, 104 Metabolic stressors 160 MicroRNA (miRNA) 971 –– microbiome 101–102 Metabolic syndrome (MetS) 160, 519 MicroRNA-155 molecule 399, 870 –– minerals Metabolomics 230, 891 Microscopic colitis 385 –– calcium and magnesium 110–112 Metformin 522 1-mile walk test 606 –– copper 112–114 Methionine metabolism 316 Mind-body techniques 241, 614 –– copper-to-zinc ratio 114 Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 259, 502 –– biofeedback 615 –– sodium-to-potassium (Na–K) ratio on 5-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase –– goal of 614 hypertension 112 (MTHFR) 547 –– neuro emotional technique (NET) 614, 615 –– zinc 112–114 Methyl mercury 486 –– Neuro Emotional Technique (NET) 615 –– niacin (vitamin B3) 107 Methyl nutrients 165, 315 –– neurofeedback 615 1092 Index

Mild cognitive impairment 347 –– GOTOIT 698 Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 139, 728, Mindfulness meditation 429 –– Healing Skills in Medical Practice 700 881 Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) 738 –– IFM Adult Questionnaire 711 Monroe Institute 707 Mineralocorticoids 524 –– physiological impacts 697 Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide 506 Minerals 938, 947 –– questionnaire-induced insights 699 Mood disorder spectrum 474 –– B12 165 –– relationships and beliefs Mood disorders 395–397 –– calcium and magnesium 110–112 –– back story 707 Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire 590 –– copper 112–114, 987 –– lifestyle changes 707, 708 Morphine 462 –– copper-to-zinc ratio 114 –– open-ended questions 710 Motility disorders 915, 916 –– folate deficiency 165 –– social networks and health outcomes 708, Motivational interviewing (MI) 727 –– iron deficiency 986 709 –– ambivalence 1052 –– magnesium 164 –– spirituality and religion 709, 710 –– change talk 1053 –– methyl nutrients 165 –– sleep and restoration habits 697 –– client observation 1053 –– niacin 165 –– sleep and restorative activities –– open questioning 1053 –– selenium 987 –– laughter 704 –– practitioner 1053 –– sodium-to-potassium (Na–K) ratio on –– leading-edge science 704 –– principles 1052 hypertension 112 –– meditation and mindfulness-based stress –– skills 1052 –– vitamin A 165 reduction techniques 704 –– spirit 1052 –– vitamin C 165 –– mortality 703 Motor Neuron Disease, see Amyotrophic lateral –– vitamin D and A receptors 165 –– questions for restorative activities 704 sclerosis (ALS) –– zinc 112–114, 164, 165, 986 –– screening 703 MSG Symptom Complex, see Chinese restaurant Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) 686 –– sleep deprivation 703 syndrome Minichromosome maintenance complex 6 –– sleep questionnaire 703, 704 Mu agonists 462 (MCM6) 502 –– smart goal-setting 711 Mucilaginous substances 383 Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) –– storytelling and healing 699 Mucin 2 (MUC2) 258 scores 400, 479, 483 –– stress and resilience Mucins 102 Minnesota Coronary Experiment (MCE) 728 –– abuse and neglect 705, 706 Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 370 3-minute step test 606 –– anxiety and depression 706 Mucosal immune system Mitochondria 537 –– emotional awareness 707 –– diagnostic features 287, 288 –– apoptosis 178 –– external coping strategies 705 –– IgA 286, 287 –– cardiolipin 178 –– external sources of stress 704 –– intestinal permeability-large macromol- –– evaluation/assessment 179 –– functional medicine evaluations 705 ecules 287 –– inner and outer mitochondrial mem- –– IFM Adult Intake Questionnaire 705 –– pathogens and antigens 286 branes 178 –– internal locus of control 707 –– role of 286 –– mitochondrial dysfunction 178 –– optimism 707 –– SIgA 286 –– oxidative phosphorylation 178 –– positive attitude 707 Muehrcke’s lines 654, 688 –– powerhouse of cell 178 –– QEEG neurofeedback harnesses 707 Multidisciplinary Pain Research 449 –– prevention/treatment 179 –– questions 705 Multifactorial behavior modification approach 24 Mitochondrial biogenesis 180 –– resources 707 Multiple chemical sensitivity 194 Mitochondrial dysfunction 166, 178 –– Self-Care Assessment Questionnaire 705 Multiple sclerosis (MS) 399, 441 Mitochondrial function 262, 263 –– sense of humor 707 Multisystems disorder 867 Mitochondrial health 340 –– social support 707 Multisystems metabolic pathways 867 Mitochondrial issues, autism 500 –– stress level assessment questions 706 Muscle imbalances 1005 Mitochondrial metabolic disease 347 –– toolkit 707 Muscle quality 330 Mitochondrial modulators (MM) 476 –– twelve-step programs 707 Muscular dystrophy 330 Modifiable lifestyle factors –– stress levels and perception 697 Musculoskeletal system –– ACE 699 –– therapeutic relationship 697, 698 –– glucosamine sulfate 187 –– assessment questionnaire tools Modified Atkins diet (MAD) 508–509 –– omega-3 fatty acids 187 –– benefits for clients 699 Modified citrus pectin (MCP) 424 –– osteoarthritis –– benefits for practitioners 698, 699 Modified elimination diet –– definition 186 –– change and transformation 710, 711 –– atopic dermatitis 990 –– evaluation/assessment 187 –– exercise and movement 697 –– contact dermatitis 991 –– prevention/treatment 187 –– exercise/movement assessment –– contact urticaria 991 –– osteoporosis and ostopenia –– Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire 701 –– dermatitis herpetiformis 990 –– definition 187 –– Adult Intake Questionnaire 700 –– food-associated triggers 990 –– evaluation/assessment 188 –– breath and mindfulness techniques 701 –– hypersensitivity reactions 990 –– pathophysiology 187 –– dance 701 –– IgE serum testing 990 –– treatment/prevention 188 –– FITT questions 700, 701 –– immune system 990 –– sarcopenia 186 –– health benefits 700 –– pemphigus 990 –– strontium 187 –– HIIT 703 –– photoallergic contact dermatitis 991, 992 –– vitamin C 187 –– at home 701, 702 –– protein contact dermatitis 991 Mycoplasma genitalium 535 –– IFM Exercise History and Activities of Daily –– removal of dietary components 989 Myokines 1007 Living questionnaires 700 Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) 243, 276, 512 –– metaphorical level 701 Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) 275 –– Pickleball 701 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) 486 N –– Silver Sneakers 701 Monoculture farming 206 N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) 476, 938 –– walk and talk therapy 701 Monoglycerides 137 N-acetyl glucosamine 387 –– at work 702, 703 Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 243, 497, 509 1093 M–N Index

N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 (NAT1 and NAT2) 262, Nociception 449, 456 Nutritional ketosis 343, 748 263 Nociceptive pain 449 Nutritional neuropathies 456 Nail pitting 687 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 207, Nutritional supplements 838 Nasya 792 208, 607, 609 Nutritional therapy 167, 1044 National Ayurvedic Medicine Association Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) 208 Nutritional triage theory 1038 (NAMA) 785 Non-allergic asthma 945, 946 Nutritional wellness 36 National Cholesterol Education Program Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) 244, 874, Nutrition care process (NCP) 58, 214, 474, 627, (NCEP) 519 918 638, 744, 1021 National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey Non-communicable disease (NCD) 317 –– Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition (NHANES) 519, 570, 792 Non-H. pylori related gastritis 260 Therapy (IFMNT) Radial 772 National Health Interview Survey 756 Non-24 Hour Sleep Pattern 581 –– monitoring and evaluation 772 National Institute of Health (NIH) 273, 398 Nonionizing radiation (NIER) 543, 544 –– cost-effectiveness 772 National Sleep Foundation 589 Non-opioids 462 –– critical thinking skills 774 Nattokinase 536 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) 143, –– developing and charting 776–778 Natural chelators 886 192, 309, 451, 453, 459, 462 –– education and behavior change instruc- Natural killer cells (NK cells) 289 Non-synthetic hormones 529 tion 778 Naturally occurring patient tribes 81, 82 Nuclear factor Kappa Beta (NF-κβ) expres- –– Electronic Nutrition Care Process Nature-deficit disorder 507 sion 439–442 Terminology (eNCPT) 772 Nature’s aspirin, see Willow bark Numerical Rating Scale 462 –– follow-up plan 773 Neural tube defects (NTDs) 548 Nutraceuticals 525 –– follow-up visit 778 Neuro emotional technique (NET) 614, 615 Nutrient deficiencies/insufficiencies –– functional assessment parameters 772 Neurodegenerative disease 184, 347 –– dietary intake 124 –– hypertension treatment 779–781 –– ALZ 240, 241 –– lab testing 125 –– in-depth investigation 774 –– anxiety 242 –– medical history/current condition/diagno- –– integrative and functional nutrition (IFN) –– COMT 241 sis 124 approach 772, 775, 776 –– depression 243, 244 Nutrient-dense diet survey 866 –– nutrient-based problem 778 –– DSM-V 240 Nutrient dependency 90 –– nutrition interventions 778 –– GAD 241 Nutrient therapy 130 –– nutrition knowledge 773 –– GAD enzyme 243 Nutrient-dense foods 92 –– in nutrition support example 779 –– glutamate 242, 243 Nutrients –– outcomes-based clinical care 772, 778 –– magnesium deficiency 241, 242 –– and diet 451 –– patient assessment 773 –– methylation 241 –– ATP production 600, 601 –– PES statement 778 –– panic disorder 242 –– energy and health 600 –– preplanned review and measurement 772 –– PNMT 241 –– oxygen transport 600 –– systematic comparison 772 –– s-adenosyl-homocysteine 241 Nutrient-specific appetites 42 –– weight loss and inflammation manage- Neurodegenerative pathways 867 Nutritional assessment 453, 454 ment 781, 782 Neurodevelopmental disorders in children Nutritional counseling 1044 –– nutrition care outcomes and indicators –– ASD (See Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)) Nutritional diagnosis (ND) resources 1044 –– client history data 775 –– C-section births 495 Nutritional ecology –– cost outcomes 775 –– electrolyte status 495 –– anthropology 41 –– health and disease status 775 –– family history and genetics 497 –– appetite interactions 47, 50–52 –– lab and test values 775 –– immune system 495 –– appetites interaction 42, 43 –– medical chart 775 –– lifestyle factors 497, 498 –– complementary feeding 45 –– patient outcomes 775 –– microbiome colonization 495, 496 –– compositions 45 –– selection of 775 –– skeleton system 495 –– dietary macronutrient balance 48, 49 Nutrition education –– toxins and toxicants 495, 496 –– energy balance 49, 50 –– barriers 10 Neurofeedback 615 –– energy intakes 49, 50 –– clinical problems 8 Neurogastroenterology 919 –– GFN (See Geometric framework for nutrition) –– complex biochemical mammalian environ- Neurological disorders 399 –– human health 41 ment 9 Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) 278 –– human nutrition 40 –– dietary research and interventions 8 Neurons, see Brain cells –– macronutrient regulation 46 –– diverse pathways 8 Neuropathic pain 449 –– mixture hierarchy 47, 48 –– economic burdens 8 Neuroprotective and antioxidant properties 873 –– multiple appetites 42 –– evidence-based approaches 10 Neurotransmitters 479–481 –– non-human animals 42 –– evidence-based medicine 9 Neutral posture 1005 –– NPE intake target –– gut microbiome 8 NHANES study 813 –– nutritional geometry 47 –– healthful food-based dietary recommenda- Niacin (vitamin B3) 107, 984 –– nutritional rails 45, 46 tions 10 Niacin deficiency 479 –– petite interactions 51 –– healthful food-based patterns 10 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) –– PLH 47 –– historical emphasis 9 supplements 962 –– prioritization pattern 46 –– homeostatics 9 Nidra (sleep) 786 –– protein intake 50, 51 –– poor diet quality 10 Nightshade vegetables 456 –– protein leverage 46, 47 –– poor nutrition 9 Nightshades 456 –– protein prioritization rule 47 –– radical reform 9 Nitric oxide (NO) 277 –– protocols 45 –– risk factor 8 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 277, 278 –– randomized control trials 46 Nutrition-focused physical exam (NFPE) Nitroprusside 360 –– RMT 47, 48 –– abdomen 672 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 243, Nutritional insufficiency 90 –– accessibility 691 396, 398, 400 Nutritional interventions 716, 1044 –– anthropometrics 680–691 1094 Index

–– blood pressure 646 –– fruity/ammoniacal odor 666 –– sinuses 662 –– body composition analysis 683 –– glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9) and vagus –– skin –– chest (CN10) examination 664 –– color 648 –– auscultation 671 –– gums 664 –– edema 650 –– cardiac exam 670 –– intraoral inflammation 666 –– hydration/turgor 650 –– peak expiratory flow 671 –– lips 663 –– lesions 648 –– pulmonary exam 670 –– lymph glands (neck) 667 –– moisture 648 –– pulmonary inspection 671 –– palate 663 –– pruritus 651 –– respiratory rate and rhythm 671 –– parotid gland 667 –– rashes 650 –– components 639 –– pharynx 664 –– temperature 648 –– comprehensive nutritional assessment 638 –– taste 665 –– texture 649 –– cost 692 –– teeth 665 –– vascularity 651 –– diagnostic accuracy 691 –– musculoskeletal 674 –– wounds and ulcers 649 –– ears 660 –– nails –– subjective global assessment (SGA) 645 –– examination tools and techniques 639 –– acrodynia 653 –– system-based examination 639 –– eyes –– anatomy 651 –– temperature 645 –– conjunctiva 658 –– Beau’s lines 652 –– thyroid 670 –– eyelids 658 –– blue nails 654 –– tongue –– iris 659 –– brown/gray nails 654 –– buds/papillae 667 –– lens and cornea 659 –– capillary refill test 655 –– coat 667 –– lesions 658 –– clubbing 651 –– color 667 –– optic (CN2) and oculomotor (CN3) –– examination 651 –– Lesions 668 examination 659 –– half-and-half nails 653 –– ridges/furrow 667 –– pupils 658 –– hangnails 655 –– swelling 667 –– vision changes 660 –– Hapalonychia 654 –– US medical schools reports 638 –– face –– Koilonychia 652 Nutrition, inflammation, biochemical individual- –– acne rosacea 657 –– longitudinal melanonychia 655 ity, lifestyle, energy and metabolism, toxic –– affect 657 –– lunula 653 load, and stress (NIBLETS) 776 –– asymmetry 657 –– Mees’ lines 654 Nutrition new patient intake form 1023 –– brown, patchy pigmentation of the skin 657 –– Muehrcke’s lines 654 Nutrition physical exam (NPE) 60 –– Chvostek’s sign 657 –– onycholysis 652 Nutrition policy 24 –– dilated capillaries on cheeks and nose 657 –– onychomadesis 653 Nutrition professional 58 –– facial nerve (CN7) examination 657 –– onychophagia 655 Nutrition screening questionnaires 686 –– flushing 657 –– onychorrhexis 653 Nutrition transition (NT) –– hair growth 657 –– onychotillomania 655 –– behavior change stage 24 –– loss of lateral 1/3 of eyebrow 657 –– pallor 654 –– definition 18 –– myxedema 657 –– paronychia 655 –– degenerative disease and behaviour –– seborrheic dermatitis 657 –– pitting 652 stage 19 –– tics/abnormal movements 657 –– punctate leukonychia 655 –– developmental programming and metabolic –– trigeminal nerve examination (CN5) –– ragged cuticles 655 adaptation 22, 23 examination 657 –– red nails 654 –– dietary and physical activity patterns 21 –– vertical creases 657 –– ridging of nails 653 –– dietary convergence 21 –– yellow skin 657 –– splinter hemorrhage 655 –– double burden of disease 21, 22 –– goal of 639 –– telangiectasia 655 –– famine and receding famine stage 18, 19 –– hair –– Terry’s nails 653 –– global epidemiological data 21 –– baldness 656 –– white nails 654 –– global phenomenon 19, 20 –– corkscrew hair 656 –– Yellow nail 654 –– Global Strategy on Diet 24 –– dandruff 656 –– NCP model 638 –– Health action plan 24, 25 –– dry/brittle 656 –– neck 669 –– healthy diet and physical activity –– flag sign 656 –– neurological 676 lifestyle 24 –– hair loss 656 –– nose –– healthy eating and physical activity 24 –– Menkes steely hair 656 –– external nose 660 –– hunter-gatherering stage 19 –– premature graying 656 –– nasal canal/Intranasal 661 –– inflammation 23, 24 –– sparse/thin hair 656 –– smell 662 –– intra- and inter-country heterogeneity 21 –– head-to-toe exam 639 –– nutrition screening questionnaires 686 –– multifactorial behavior modification –– hospital-based internships 638 –– nutritional assessment 639 approach 24 –– integrative nutrition 638 –– ongoing care and prognosis 691 –– nutrition transition spectrum 21 –– internet-based survey 638 –– oxygen saturation 647 –– obesity rates 21 –– jaw –– patient assessments 638 –– pathophysiological consequences 23 –– chewing and swallowing 669 –– patient contact 691 –– personalized lifestyle medicine 24 –– hypoglossal (CN12) examination 668 –– patient safety 692 –– physical activity 24 –– movement 668 –– patient-provider relationship 639, 641–679 –– populations’ lifestyles 20–21 –– medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 639 –– pedagogic value 691 –– principles 25 –– mouth –– proponents 638 –– specialized assessment techniques 24 –– bitter strips 666 –– pulse 645 –– strong governance 24 –– breath odor 666 –– pulse pressure 647 –– transition phenomenon 21 –– buccal mucosa 664 –– respiratory rate 646 –– undernutrition and overnutrition 22 –– dental materials 665 –– scalp 656 –– Westernized dietary pattern 21 1095 N–P Index

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders O P associated with Streptococcal infections Obesity 344, 992 Pain Project 456 (PANDAS) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) 716 Paleo Autoimmune Protocol (AIP) 455 –– birth and previous medical history 512 Omega 3 alpha linolenic acid (ALA) 164 Paleo diet 455, 745 –– CBS genes 512 Omega-3 essential fatty acids 456–458 Pallor 654 –– COMT genes 512 Omega-6 essential fatty acids (EFAs) 452 Palmitic acid 136 –– diagnosis 510 Omega-3 fatty acids 187, 440, 453, 461, 939 Palmitoleic acid 881 –– laboratory testing 511 Omega 6 fatty acids 458, 939 PALS advance nutrition research 866 –– MAO-A 512 Omega-3 index 145 Panax ginseng 525 –– MTHFD1 enzyme 512 Omega 6 linoleic Acid (LA) 164 Panchakarma 787, 792 –– NIMH guidelines 510 Omega 9 monounsaturated fatty acids Pancreatic elastase 1 (PE1) 63 –– SNP 512 (MUFAs) 164 Panic disorder 242 –– symptoms by NIMH 511 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 879 Panniculitis 956 –– treatment 511, 512 Omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids Pantothenic acid 107, 525, 984 Pellagra 479 (PUFAs) 728, 729 Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) 239 Pemphigus 990 Oncology 166 Parathyroid hormone test 111 Perimenopause 518, 528 ONE Research Foundation (ONE) 615 Parkinson’s disease (PD) 400 Periodontal disease 535 One-carbon metabolism 271–274 Paronychia 655, 689 Periportal hepatocytes 225 Onycholysis 652 Paternal nutrition status 34 Peristalsis 368 Onycholysis nail bed 687 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Onychomadesis 653 (PAMPs) 291 (PPAR) 716 Onychophagia 655 Pathophysiological consequences 23 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Onychorrhexis 653 Patient healing process 74 gamma (PPARγ) 116, 117 Onychotillomania 655, 690 Patient information 1056 Personalized medicine 12 Opioids 462, 463 Patient self-care record-keeping and instructions Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Optic (CN2) and oculomotor (CN3) examina- –– carbohydrate guide 1070–1071 Specified 474 tion 659 –– diet diary 1059–1060 Petasites hybridus 461 Oral cannabis 461 –– fat/oil guide 1071 Petrochemicals 1038 Oral facial pain (OFP) 453 –– food sensitivity resources 1067–1069 Peyer’s patches 231, 393 Oral health connection 932 –– gluten-free dairy-free guide Phagocytic macrophages 929 Oral/tube feeding supplements 876 –– balanced fats and oils 1062 Pharmacogenomics Organ structure and function –– breakfast ideas 1063–1065 –– acetylation 263 –– dry form 181 –– clean protein 1062 –– CETP 264 –– eye 180 –– cleansing beverages 1062 –– cytochrome enzymes 263 –– reactive oxygen species –– general guidelines 1061–1062 –– glucuronidation 263 –– lutein 181 –– healthy carbohydrates 1062 –– glutathione 263 –– omega-3 fatty acids 181 –– lunch/dinner ideas 1065 –– mercaptopurine 264 –– risk factors 181 –– preparation 1062–1064 –– warfarin genetics 264 –– taurine deficiency 181 –– symptoms 1061 Phase angle (PA) 129, 158, 328 –– zeaxanthin 181 –– protein guide 1069–1070 Phase I biotransformation (detoxification) 228 –– wet form 181 –– sample food diary entry 1061 Phase II biotransformation enzyme pathways 228 Organ system interventions 716 Patient service representative (PSR) 1020 Phellodendron amurense 506 Organic gastrointestinal disease 916 Patient story Phenol sulfotransferase (PST) 503 Orphan receptors 195 –– comprehensive patient story 634 Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) 275, 277 Osmotic laxative (lactulose) 381 –– evidence-based healthcare 635 Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase Osteoarthritis (OA) 449 –– food sensitivities 636 (PNMT) 241, 273 –– definition 186 –– IFM matrix 634–636 Phenylketonuria 988 –– evaluation/assessment 187 –– integrative and functional medicine 634 Phenytoin 487 –– prevention/treatment 187 –– nutritional lab testing 636 Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) 262 Ostopenia –– patient interview 634 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) 175, 387 –– definition 187 –– PEECE 635 Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 175, 176 –– evaluation/assessment 188 –– practitioner’s interviewing skill 634 Phosphatidylserine (PS) 117, 175, 176 –– pathophysiology 187 –– relationship-centered care 635 Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor 278 –– treatment/prevention 188 –– therapeutic approach 635 Phospholipids (PL) 117, 164, 174, 882 Oteoporosis Patient therapy 74 Phosphotidylethanolamine 180 –– definition 187 Patient-centered care 14 Photoallergic contact dermatitis 991, 992 –– evaluation/assessment 188 Patient-centered diet and lifestyle approach 12 Phthalates (PHT) 542, 543 –– pathophysiology 187 Pattern of malabsorption 111 Physical activity 128, 1007 –– treatment/prevention 188 Pattern-recognition skills 717 Physical exercise 1007 Overactive maternal immune Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) technique 690 Physical inactivity 596 system 544 Pectin 385 Phytonutrient status 165 Over-focused ADD 505 Pediatric autoimmune acute-onset neuropsychi- Phytonutrients 165, 884, 885, 937 Oxalates 456, 500, 503 atric syndrome (PANS) 510 Phytonutrition 410 Oxidative stress 125, 935, 948 –– factors contributing to exacerbations 511 Pitta 785 Oxytocin (OT) 537, 538 –– NIMH guideline for 511 Plant- and animal-derived essential fatty acids Ozone 943 –– treatment 511, 512 (EFA) 970 1096 Index

Plasma triene/tetraene ratio 144 –– anxiety 242 Pyridoxine-dependent seizures 508 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 438, 722 –– bipolar disorder 475, 476 Pyroluria 501 Platelets 443 –– brain-derived neurotropic factor 477 Pyrrole disorder 421, 501 Poikilocytosis 443 –– caffeine intoxication 477 Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) 180 Political power 8 –– Celiac disease 477 Polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons –– COMT 241, 242 (PAHs) 542 –– depression 243, 244, 475 Q Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 542 –– drugs Quadruple Aim 708 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 129 –– antidepressant medications 486 Quercetin 440, 442, 539, 937 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 240, 345, 537 –– nutrition 487 Quetelet index 325, 682 Polymorphisms, autism 501 –– phenytoin 487 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 177, 442, 456, –– protein pump inhibitors 486 475 –– riboflavin 487 –– biosynthesis 139–140 –– weight gain 486 R –– cholesterol 141 –– DSM-V 240 Raft-forming agent 383 –– deficiency 143, 144 –– food insecurity 477 Ragged cuticles 655 –– eicosanoids 141–143 –– GAD 241 Raktamokshana 792 –– food sources 146 –– GAD enzyme 243 RAND Corporation study 4 –– functions 140–143 –– glutamate 242, 243 Rapamycin 458 –– gene expression 141 –– hyponatremia / water intoxication 477 Rasa 786 –– immune response 141 –– metabolic syndrome 477 Rasayana 792 –– infection 141 –– methylation 241 RBC fatty acid profiles 118 –– requirements 144 –– panic disorder 242 Reactive medical approach 12 –– skin 141 –– PNMT 241 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 536 –– trans-fatty acids 146, 147 –– s-adenosyl-homocysteine 241 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 177, 536 –– alpha lipoic acid 181 –– W3 fatty acids 143–145 –– schizophrenia 476, 477 Portfolio diet 833 –– serious mental illness and genetics 474, 475 –– lutein 181 Positive prognosis, Empathy, Empowerment, –– spectrum of 474 –– omega-3 fatty acids 181 Connection, and Education (PEECE) 635 –– spectums of 474 –– risk factors 181 Postmortem dissection 7 Psychobiotics 397, 398 –– taurine deficiency 181 Postprandial hyperglycemia 479 Psychological pain 449 –– zeaxanthin 181 Postprandial insulin 521, 523 Psychological stress 922 Recombination activating gene (RAG) 289 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 448, 811 Psychometric assessment tools 79 Recommended daily allowance (RDA) 111, 306, Postural asymmetries 1005 Psychometric behavioral assessments 79, 80 735 Practitioner-patient relationship 77, 78 Psychoneuroimmunology 129, 614 Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) 338, Prameha 794 Psychosis spectrum syndrome, see Schizophrenia 456 Prediabetes 519 Psychosocial mediators 449, 450 Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid analysis 158 Pregnane X receptor (PXR) 193 Pteroharps 443 Red nails 654 Presenilin 1(PSEN1) 240 Pulmonary fibrosis Redesign professional health education 11 Presenilin 2 (PSEN2) 240 –– bone marrow or immune response abnormali- Reduced folate carrier (RFC) 502 Prevotella copri 442 ties 960 Referrals 739 Prilosec 383 –– causes 957 Registered dietitian 58 Principle of Le Chatelier 94 –– conventional treatment 959 Renal disorders 7 Proanthocyanidins 440–442 –– curcumin 960 Reproduction Probiotics 383, 393, 400, 889, 992, 993 –– genetic focus 958 –– acquired genetic issues 549 Procalcitonin (PCT) 310 –– integrative and functional medicine nutrition –– energy production 537 Progesterone 528, 529, 535 therapy 960 –– aerobic metabolism 537 Progestins 529 –– lengthening telomeres or reducing shorten- –– mitochondria 536, 537 Progressive bulbar palsy, see Bulbar ALS ing 960–962 –– oxygen 537 Pro-inflammatory adipokines 126 –– lung transplants 959 –– PCOS 537 Proinflammatory cytokines 452 –– medications 959 –– energy utilization 537 Proinsulin 520 –– molecular endotyping 958 –– exercise 546, 547 Prolactin 536–538 –– mortality 957 –– folate supplementation 548 Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 –– N-acetylcysteine 960 –– folic acid, risk factors 548, 549 (PCSK9) 264 –– quercetin 960 –– genetics 547 Prostacyclins (PGI) 142 –– symptoms 957 –– hormonal factors Prostaglandin 1 series (PG1) metabolites 116 Pulse oximetry 932 –– anti-inflammatory medication 538 Prostaglandins (PG) 142 Punctate leukonychia 655, 689 –– cortisol 539 Protein 176, 875, 940 Punnett square 270 –– fallopian tube 538 Protein contact dermatitis 991 Purusharthas 790 –– FSH 538 Protein deficiency 974 Purvakarma 792 –– LH 538 Protein kinase C (PKC) 440 Pushup test 606 –– melatonin 538 Protein leverage hypothesis (PLH) 47 Pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) 936 –– natural aromatase inhibitors 539 Protein pump inhibitors 486 Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) 107 –– oxytocin 538 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 462 Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P) 242 –– sex hormones 537 Pseudoaldosteronism 383 Pyridoxine 984 –– information layer 547 Psychiatric disorders 809 Pyridoxine deficiency 479, 482 –– microenvironment –– ALZ 240, 241 Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy 508 –– ART techniques 534 1097 P–R Index

–– CB1-R ligands 535 –– allergic asthma 945, 946 –– dysregulated collagen homeostasis 931 –– CYP1A1 gene 534 –– allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis 946, –– endogenous essential respiratory metabolites –– emotional factors 535 949 –– CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) 942 –– endometriosis 534, 535 –– anthropometrics 955 –– glutathione 940–942 –– etiological and pathophysiological –– aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease 949 –– micronutrient analysis and functional factors 535 –– biochemical 954 testing 938 –– fibroids 535 –– birth 953 –– environmental pollutants 942, 943 –– GSTM1 gene 534 –– body composition 954 –– excessive goblet cells/hypertrophy 931 –– infertility etiologies 535 –– childhood 953 –– fungal microbiome/mycobiome 932 –– MTHFR 547, 548 –– clinical 954 –– gas exchange 931 –– neural tube defects 548 –– college 953 –– human life expectancy 929 –– nutrient factors –– complaints at first visit 952 –– lung physiology 942 –– carbohydrates 539 –– cross country skiing-induced asthma 946 –– macronutrients –– folic acid 540 –– definition 944 –– carbohydrates 940 –– iron and copper 539 –– dietary patterns 947 –– fats and fatty acids 939 –– magnesium 540 –– digestion, assimilation and elimination 954 –– fats and fatty Acids 938–939 –– trans fatty acid 539 –– energy 954 –– protein 940 –– vitamin C (AA) 540 –– fats and oils questionnaire 953 –– mast cells 931 –– vitamin D 540 –– follow-up 955 –– nutritional approach –– Zinc 539 –– food allergy 947, 948 –– acid/alkaline balance 936 –– nutrients 534 –– genotypic characteristics 947 –– alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) 938 –– reproductive immunology –– genotypic risks 954 –– B vitamins 935, 936 –– abnormal vaginal microbiota 546 –– histamine intolerance 946 –– carotenoids 936 –– aversions 546 –– IFMNT assessment 950–952 –– iron 933, 935 –– chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection 545 –– IFMNT case study 950–955 –– minerals 938 –– COX-2 inhibitors 545 –– inflammation 954 –– N-acetyl cysteine 938 –– immune cells 544 –– lifestyle 954 –– phytonutrients 937 –– microbiota 545 –– lifestyle influences 949 –– vitamin A 936 –– mycoplasma species 546 –– nonallergic asthma 945, 946 –– vitamin C 937 –– prophylactic antibiotics 546 –– nutrient cofactors 947 –– vitamin D 936, 937 –– protozoa 546 –– nutrition 953 –– vitamin E 937 –– pTregs 544 –– nutrition Dx 955 –– oral health connection 932 –– Treg activity 545 –– nutrition physical exam 954 –– phagocytic macrophages 929 –– vaginal microbiota 546 –– outcome 955 –– pulmonary fibrosis –– reproductive toxicology –– oxidative stress 948 –– bone marrow or immune response –– administration route 540 –– past medical history 952–953 abnormalities 960 –– aluminum 541, 542 –– past surgical history 953 –– causes 957 –– arsenic 541 –– pathophysiology 944, 945 –– conventional treatment 959 –– cadmium 541 –– pharmaceutical use 953 –– curcumin 960 –– carbamates 542 –– plan 955 –– genetic focus 958 –– dioxins 542 –– primary conventional therapy 949 –– integrative and functional medicine –– EPA 540 –– severe late-onset hypereosinophilic nutrition therapy 960 –– in food 541 asthma 946 –– lengthening telomeres or reducing –– glyphosate 544 –– signs/symptoms/medical symptom shortening 960–962 –– lead 541 questionnaire (MSQ) 954 –– lung transplants 959 –– magnitude of toxic substance 540 –– sleep and stress 955 –– medications 959 –– mercury 541 –– social 953 –– molecular endotyping 958 –– NIER 543 –– structural 954 –– mortality 957 –– organophosphates 542 –– suspected triggers/risk factors 944, 945 –– N-acetylcysteine 960 –– phthalates 542, 543 –– symptoms 944, 952 –– quercetin 960 –– polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons 542 –– toxic exposure 948 –– symptoms 957 –– polychlorinated biphenyls 542 –– toxin Load 954–955 –– pulse oximeter tool 931 –– structural layer 536 –– traffic density and asthma exacerba- –– risk factors 929 Requesting practitioner information 1056 tions 949 –– secretory cells 931 Respiratory alkalosis 931 –– utilization, cellular & molecular 954 –– stress Respiratory disease –– young adulthood 953 –– acute stress 944 –– air pollutants 943 –– autophagy mechanism 933 –– chronic biological stress 944 –– alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency 933 –– categories 933–935 –– respiratory health and body’s ability 944 –– A1AT biochemical mechanisms 957 –– causes of death 929 –– surface enzymes and factors 931 –– liver 956 –– chemicals 944 –– toxic metal –– liver cirrhosis 957 –– chronic infection and respiratory health –– arsenic 943 –– lungs 956 –– fungal, viral, and bacterial infections 956 –– cadmium 943 –– skin 956 –– upper respiratory tract infection 955–956 –– type I cells 930 –– alveolar macrophages 930 –– ciliary function 931 –– type II and clara cells 930 –– anatomy 929 –– collagen 931 Restoration diet 1046 –– anti-nutrients 945 –– connective tissue 931 Restrictive respiratory diseases 68 –– asthma –– dendritic cells 931 Resveratrol 440 –– adolescence 953 –– dietary supplements 929 Retinoic acid (RA) 299 1098 Index

Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) 483 Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) 286, 287, 370 –– autoimmunity-triggered dietary antigens 993, Retinol 440 Seizures disorders 994 Retroconversion 140 –– biotinidase deficiency 508 –– biological structure 181 Rett syndrome 508 –– EEG 508 –– dermis 970, 971 Reynolds/aldrich lines 654, 689 –– ketogenic diet –– epidermis 970 Rheum rhaponticum (ERr 731) 529 –– breakdown products 508 –– excess mineral/element consumption, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 145, 441, 448, 449 –– calcium and vitamin D 510 absorption, or decreased excretion 988 Rhodiola rosea 507, 525 –– carnitine 510 –– folds 128 Riboflavin deficiency 479 –– check labs 509 –– food bioactives 994 Riboflavin (vitamin B2) 107, 459, 984 –– constipation 510 –– hypervitaminosis skin findings 989 Rich blood flow 206 –– contraindications 509 –– immune reactions 971 Ridging of nails 688 –– DHA and omega-3 oils 510 –– inborn and acquired conditions 988 Right-angled mixture triangle (RMT) 47, 48 –– dietitian 508 –– inflammation 182 Ring of Fire ADD 506 –– grape seed 510 –– inflammatory bowel disease 993–996 Ritucharya 790–792 –– guidelines 510 –– Lactobacillus johnsonii effects 992 Rosenberg European Academy of Ayurveda –– melatonin 510 –– macro- and micronutrient deficiencies (REAA) 785 –– multivitamins 509 –– essential fatty acid deficiency 974 Rouleaux 443 –– nutrient depletions 510 –– fat-soluble vitamins 983 –– oral citrates 510 –– minerals 986–987 –– selenium 510 –– protein deficiency 974 S –– low sodium 508 –– water soluble vitamins 983–986 –– MAD 508, 509 –– medical nutrition therapies 973–982 S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) 241, 271, 272, –– MCT diet 509 –– Mediterranean diet 975–982, 988, 989 316, 476, 547 –– pyridoxine-dependent seizures 508 –– microflora 992 s-adenosyl-methyltransferase (SAM) 241 –– vitamin B6 508 –– modified elimination diet Sadvritta 790, 792 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors –– atopic dermatitis 990 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 731 (SSRIs) 243, 475 –– contact dermatitis 991 Salicin 461 Selenium 485, 528, 947 –– contact urticaria 991 Salivary cortisol test 525 Selenium deficiency 987 –– dermatitis herpetiformis 990 Salutogenesis 37 Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase –– food-associated triggers 990 Salutogenic paradigm 37 (Se-GPX) 485 –– hypersensitivity reactions 990 Sama Prakruti 785 Self-Care Assessment Questionnaire 705 –– IgE serum testing 990 Sample food diary entry 1061 Self-management methods 10 –– immune system 990 Santarpanjanya vikaras 792 Sepsis 417 –– pemphigus 990 Sarcopenia 186, 812, 813 Serious mental illness and genetics 474 –– photoallergic contact dermatitis 991, 992 Sargassum fulvellum 536 Serotonin 397 –– protein contact dermatitis 991 Saturated fatty acids 164 Serotonin deficiency 243, 873 –– removal of dietary components 989 –– conjugated linoleic acid 147 Serotonin seeping 400 –– nutritional deficiencies 971 –– long-chain C13-C21 and very-long-chain fatty Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) 463 –– signs and symptoms 972–973 acids C22 138–139 Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions –– signs ansd symptoms 971 –– medium chain triglycerides 137, 138 (SCARs) 264 –– wheat and milk proteome association 971, 974 –– monounsaturated fatty acids 139 Severe late-onset hypereosinophilic asthma 946 –– obesity 992 –– polyunsaturated fatty acids Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) 529 –– pathophysiology 182 –– biosynthesis 139–140 Sex steroid hormones –– phytonutrient phenol foods 182 –– cholesterol 141 –– assessment 528 –– probiotics 992, 993 –– deficiency 143, 144 –– DHEA 529 –– skin health status 182 –– eicosanoids 141–143 –– estrogen-DNA adducts 529 –– treatment 182 –– food sources 146 –– Estrovera 529 Skinfold measurement 327 –– functions 140–143 –– hormone replacement therapy 528 Skulpt® device 330 –– gene expression 141 –– menstruating women 528 Sleep 130, 131, 165, 523 –– immune response 141 –– SHBG 529 Sleep apnea 581 –– infection 141 –– synthetic hormones 529 Sleep complaints 451 –– requirements 144 –– VMS 528 Sleep hygiene 589 –– skin 141 Shared medical appointments (SMAs) 708 Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) 381, –– trans-fatty acids 146, 147 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) 117, 118, 136, 164, 384, 452, 889–890 –– W fatty acids 143–145 3 386, 424 Small intestinal bowel overgrowth (SIBO) 921 –– short-chain saturated fatty acids (SCFA) 137, Short-chain saturated fatty acids (SCFA) 137, 138 SMART goal 776 138 Short physical performance battery (SPPB) 815 Smartphone apps 330 Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 164, 880 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Social media 82 Schamroth’s sign 686 (STAT3) 439 Social networks 1010 Schisandra chinensis 525 Silver Sneakers 701 Sodium-to-potassium (Na–K) ratio 112 Schistocytosis 443 Silymarin 440 Soft skills 74 Schizophrenia 396, 476–477 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 228 Solanaceae family 456 Scientific approaches 6 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) 63, 199, Soluble dietary fiber 102 Scientific medicine 6 200, 228, 270, 279–282, 463, 497, 502, 504, Soluble fiber 102 Scottish enlightenment 7 505, 508, 512 Soluble transferrin receptor (sTFR) 933 Scutellaria baicalensis 440 Situational communication 78 Soluble viscous fibers 102 Second brain 394, 395 Skin Soy 454, 876 1099 R–T Index

Specialized assessment techniques 24 Tea polyphenols 539 –– protein target 349 Specialized diets 1046–1050 Teaching behavioral competencies 74 –– proteins 352 Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators Telangiectasia 655 –– sugars 352 (SPMs) 23, 879 Temporal lobe ADD 506 –– vegetables 352 Specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) 386, 503, 717, 1046 Temporomandibular syndrome (TMJD) 449 –– mitochondria 342 Specific kinase response modulators (SKRMs) 522 Terminal ileum 231 –– mitochondrial health 340 Splinter hemorrhage 655, 689 Terry’s nails 653, 688 –– neurodegenerative diseases 347 Spontaneous generation theory 7 Testosterone 528, 529 –– obesity 344 Spoon nails 652 Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 275 –– pathologically high levels 343 Sprint intensity training (SIT) 605 Tetrahydrofolate (THF) 271 –– PCOS 345 Standard American diet (SAD) 568, 717 The Goddess of Neuroscience 614 –– physiologically normal levels 343 Standards of Process (SOP) 627, 628 The Healing Encounter 635 –– relative contraindications 349 Standards of Professional Performance The Mother of Psychoneuroimmunology 614 –– risk/benefit analysis 348 (SOPP) 627, 628 Therapeutic diets –– short-term vs. long-term maintenance 355, Starvation 750 –– conventional nutritional approaches 744 356 STAT3 signaling 444 –– definition 744 –– transition Steady behavior (S) 75 –– IFMNT (See Integrative and functional –– acidosis 357, 358 Steely hair syndrome 987 approaches to therapeutic diets (IFMNT)) –– breath analyzers 360 Steroids 512 –– traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 744 –– constipation 358 Sterols 164 –– traditional/historical perspective 744 –– dizzy, lightheaded/shaky 358 Sthaulya 792 Therapeutic ET for rehabilitation (TETR) 606, 607 –– exercise tolerance/physical perfor- Stomach cancer 423 Therapeutic ketogenic diet mance 358 Strain gauge scales 325 –– absolute contraindications 348, 349 –– fasting 356 Stratum corneum 970 –– acetoacetate 343 –– heart rate/rhythm changes, palpita- Strengthening exercises 1011 –– acetone 343 tions 358 Stress 129, 130, 165, 464 –– amino acids 342 –– hunger and cravings 357 –– and autonomic dysfunction 523 –– applications for 344 –– hypoglycemia 357 –– acute stress 944 –– Atkins diet 354 –– Keto Flu 357 –– chronic biological stress 944 –– baseline laboratory evaluation 348 –– Keto rash 358 –– respiratory health and body’s ability 944 –– βHB 343 –– make or break period 359 Strontium 187 –– cancer 345, 346 –– rigorous ketogenic diet 356 Strotas 792 –– carbohydrate restriction 341 –– risk of kidney stones and gout 358, 359 STW 5 (Iberogast) 383 –– D-βHB 343 –– slow transition 356, 357 Subcellular/gene expression interventions 717 –– diabetes 344, 345 –– testing blood glucose 359 Subcellular/mitochondrial interventions 716, 717 –– diet macros 355 –– testing blood ketones 360 Subclinical dietary magnesium deficiency 111 –– diet ratio 354, 355 –– testing glucose and ketones 359 Subjective global assessment (SGA) 645 –– diet supplementation –– urine testing 360 Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) 616 –– antioxidants 353 –– triglyceride ester 341–342 Submaximal isometric exercises 1011 –– digestive aids 353 –– troubleshooting Sugar –– gut health 353 –– boredom/dissatisfaction with food –– accumulation of 873 –– herbs and botanicals 353 choices 362 –– brain-derived neurotrophic factor 874 –– minerals 353 –– carbohydrate content of medications 361 –– dopamine 873 –– vitamins 353 –– dropping out of ketosis 361 –– hormonal imbalances (glucose and insu- –– DRIs 338 –– food craving 360 lin) 874 –– energy equivalent 338 –– glucose spikes 361 –– inflammation and autoimmunity 873 –– epigenetic influences 339 –– high blood glucose levels 362 –– neuroprotective and antioxidant properties 873 –– eucaloric ketogenic diet 344 –– hunger and craving 360 –– serotonin deficiency 873 –– fatty acids 342 –– nausea/vomiting 361 Sulfate oxidase (SUOX) 275 –– feast/famine cycling 354 –– ongoing flu-like symptoms 360 Sulfotransferase 2A1 (SULT2A1) 240, 263 –– genetic variants 339 –– steroid medications 361 Sun Salutation/Surya Namaskar (SN) 795 –– gluconeogenic activity 341 –– unsustainable/rapid weight loss 361 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 261, 502 –– glucose 340 –– weight loss 339 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 720, 736 –– history 343, 344 Thiamin deficiency 91, 479 Supra-physiological oxidative stress 194 –– hormones insulin and glucagon 338 Thiamine diphosphate 479 Sustainable health system 13 –– inflammatory response 339 Thiamine (vitamin B1) 107, 983 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) 1008, 1010 –– insulin 340 Thrombomodulin (TM) 310 Syndrome X 519 –– insulin resistance 339, 344 Thromboxanes (TX) 142 Synthetic fertilizers 19 –– macronutrient calculations 349 Thyroid function 892 Synthetic hormones 529 –– alcohols 352 –– TRH 526 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 809 –– calorie restriction 350 Thyroid hormone (TH) 483 Systems biology 153 –– carbohydrate 350 –– assessment 527 Systems biology resources 1016 –– dairy 352 –– consequences of low thyroid hormone 526 –– fats 350, 351 –– inhibit conversion of T4 to T3 526, 527 –– fats and oils 353 –– synthesis 103 T –– food trackers and meal planners 351, 352 –– treatment 527, 528 –– fruits 352 –– TRH disruptors 526 Targeted supplementation 410 –– grains 352 –– TSH 526 Taurine deficiency 181 –– nuts and seeds 352 Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) 526 1100 Index

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 526 Urine for organic acid testing 500 –– folate deficiency 985 Time-restricted feeding (TRF) 119 Urine peptide testing 500 –– niacin 984 Tissue healing –– pantothenic acid 984 –– chronic pain 1004 –– pyridoxine 984 –– functional limitations 1004 V –– riboflavin 984 –– inflammation 1004 –– thiamin 983 Vaccination –– neuropathic pain 1004 –– vitamin C deficiency 986 –– antibiotics and antimicrobials 317 –– remodeling 1004 Weight gain 486 –– FMT 317 –– repair 1004 Wellness Vagus nerve 393, 397, 1008 Titanium dioxide 386 –– biomarkers 32, 33 Vamana 792 Tocopherols (vitamin E) 110, 719 –– CDC research statistics 32 Vanilmandelate (VMA) 241 Tocotrienols 110, 719 –– centenarians/supercentenarians 100+ years 36 Vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP1) 442 Top selling herbal supplements 756 –– community 36, 37 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 438– Total body water 329 –– definition 32 441, 444 Toxic heavy metals 1038 –– health and vitality 32 Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) 528 Toxic load –– infant (birth -6 to 24 months) Vata 785 –– endogenous toxins 129 –– childhood (3–12 years) 34 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 932 –– environmental/exogenous toxins 129 –– teenage (13–19 years) 34–35 Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) 462 Toxic metal –– toddler (12–36 months) 34 Vibration therapy 1010, 1011 –– arsenic 943 –– integrative and functional medicine 33 Vipaka 786 –– cadmium 943 –– markers 36 Virechana 792 Toxoplasma gondii 396, 546 –– middle-age adult (35–54 years) 35 Virta Health system 12 Trachyonychia 654 –– nutrients 36 Virya 786 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 415 –– nutritional status assessment 33 Visceral hypersensitivity 919 Traditional fermented whole foods 402 –– obesity 33 Vishwa Bhaishajya 789 Traditional healthcare model 5 –– old-old seniors 75–99 year 35–36 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 462 Transactive response DNA binding Protein 43 –– seniors 54–74 years 35 Vitamin A 109, 314, 483, 936 (TDP-43) protein inclusions 874 –– in utero 34 Vitamin A deficiency 983 Transcobalamin I (TCN1) 259, 260 –– young adult 20–34 years 35–36 Vitamin B1 (thiamin) 479 Transcobalamin II gene 502 Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy (WKE) 479 Vitamin B12 108, 109 Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) locus 239 Wernicke-Korsakoff’s syndrome 128 Vitamin B12 deficiency 259 Transcriptional analysis 1010 Western diet 844–845, 873, 880 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 479 Trans-fatty acids 146, 147 Western lifestyle behaviors 126 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 107, 108, 479, 482, 486 Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) 439 Westernized dietary pattern 21 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency 508 Transglutaminase-6 antibodies (TG6) 874 Western-style diet 717 Vitamin B6 deficiency 299 Transition phenomenon 21 W fatty acid deficiency 144 Vitamin Bill 756 3 Transsulfuration pathway genes 502 W fatty acids 143–145 Vitamin C 187, 937 3 Treg cells 441 While opiates stem 462 Vitamin C deficiency 261, 986 Triage hypothesis 92 White blood cell morphology 443 Vitamin D 109, 440, 441, 483, 936, 937, 983 Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) 428 White fish 387 Vitamin D 25-hydroxy 314 Trigeminal nerve examination (CN5) examina- White nails 654 Vitamin D receptors (VDR) 260, 261 tion 657 Whole-body interventions 716 Vitamin D-resistant rickets 111 Triglycerides 137 Whole-person medical evaluation 1016 Vitamin E 937 Triiodothyronine (T3) 95 Willow bark 461 Vitamin K 109, 483 Triphala 103 Wilson’s disease 113, 483 Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) 109 Triple Aim 708 Withania somnifera 525 Vitamin K1 deficiency 109 Tryptophan 299, 300 W numbering system 136 Vitamin K2 458 Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) 243, 483 Women’s Health Initiative study 529 Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) 538 Tsunami effect 825 Women’s Healthy Eating and Lifestyle Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 207 Tuberculosis (TB) infection 308 (WHEL) 749 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) 496 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) 262, 452, Women’s Interventional Nutrition Study Vyayama 795 1007 (WINS) 749 Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) 439, 440 World Cancer Research Fund International’s Turmeric (Curcuma longa) 460 ongoing NOURISHING framework 24 Type 2 diabetes (DM2) 239 W World Health Organization (WHO) 486, 723 Tyrosine 275 Waist circumference (WC) 326, 682 Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR) 326 Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) 683 X Waist-to-hip ratio 683 U Xanthurenate 242 Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) 326 Ulcerative colitis (UC) 385 Xenobiotic exposures 227 Wall-mounted measuring devices 325 United States Department of Agriculture Xenobiotic nuclear receptors 194 Warburg effect 345 (USDA) 569 Xenobiotics 721 Warburg Effect 428, 749 Unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) 549 –– adverse effects 192 Warfarin 483 Unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid 457 –– biotransformation 226–228 Water intoxication 477 Unsaturated fatty acids 137, 177 –– dietary composition and bioactive Water-soluble vitamins 91 Urinary excretion 206 constituents 194 –– B12 deficiency 986 Urinary organic acid analysis (OAA) 891 –– factors 194 –– biotin (vitamin H) 984 1101 T–Z Index

–– mechanisms 193 –– harmful xenobiotic exposures 227 –– supra-physiological oxidative stress 194 –– multiple chemical sensitivity 194 –– health hazard 192 –– xenobiotic nuclear receptors 194 –– phases 193 –– insecticide resistance 192 Xenobiotic-sensing receptors 193 –– CDC report and scan 227 –– organs and body systems 192 –– chronic toxicity 192 –– pathophysiology –– classes 228 –– antibiotics and oral pharmaceuticals 198 Y –– clinical considerations –– chronic diseases 195 Yellow nail 654 –– diet and lifestyle 200 –– excitotoxins and neurotoxins 198 Yield-enhancing methods 92 –– endocrine disrupting chemicals 198 –– implications 198 Yoga recommendations 795 –– genetic susceptibility 200 –– inflammation 195 –– potential exposure 198 –– interference with critical biotransforma- –– risks determination 198 tion 194 Z –– clinical strategies –– long-term prescriptions and polyphar- Zantac 383 –– body’s detoxification capacity 201 macy 198 Zearalenone 541 –– reducing or avoiding exposure 200–201 –– organs, tissues and organelles 198 Zeaxanthin 181 –– definition 192, 226 –– orphan receptors 195 Zellweger syndrome 144 –– environmental chemical exposures with fetal –– proven/inferred associations 195 Zinc 164, 496, 528 development 227 –– soft-touch decisions 195 Zinc deficiency 440, 485, 486 –– exposure 192, 193 –– steroid receptors 195 Zonulin 385