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Iraq's Yazidi Minority Brief Profile: Iraq’s Yazidi May 2020 th th Yazidis count seventy-two genocides against their community in the 18 ​ and 19 ​ centuries, prior to the ​ ​ ​ ​ seventy-third attempt in 2014 by ISIS. ​ The United Nations determined in June 2016 that Yazidis were victims of genocide, crimes against ​ humanity, and war crimes committed by ISIS. ​ Men and women who survived these crimes are plagued with symptoms of severe trauma and face ​ ​ unemployment, poverty, and homelessness. ​ IRAQ’S YAZIDIS: A BACKGROUND The Yazidi of Iraq is one of the oldest ethno-religious minorities in the Middle East. Predominantly located in Northern Iraq, Yazidis are ethnically Kurdish and speak Kurmanji (northern Iraqi Kurdish). Before the 2014 Islamic State’s (ISIS) incursion in the Nineveh province, the Yazidi community of Iraq numbered around 1 600,000. Yazidi leaders estimate that there are now about 400,000 – 500,000 Yazidi still residing in Iraq, 2 primarily in the north and approximately 360,000 remain displaced. The origins of the Yazidi religion is believed to date back to the 11th century, though some trace their origins 3 ​ to the ancient Sumerian period. Their religious beliefs are syncretic and share many elements with Zoroastrianism while observing many Abrahamic customs, such as baptism, circumcision, and not eating 4 pork. Yazidis are endogamous, rarely intermarry with other Kurds, and conversion to the Yazidi religion is 5 prohibited. 6 Under Article 2 of the Iraqi Constitution, Yazidis are guaranteed freedom of religious belief and practice. This gives the religion legal recognition in Iraq allowing it to appoint legal representatives and perform legal 7 transactions as well as give adherents of the faith access to their own personal status courts. Despite constitutional guarantees, the Yazidis have been subjected to severe persecution, stemming from decades of conflict between the Yazidi community and various Muslim entities. The Abbasid Caliphate launched a series of armed campaigns to suppress and eliminate the Yazidis in Kurdistan and around Mount 1 Shak Hanish, Christians, Yazidis, and Mandaeans in Iraq: A Survival Issue, Digest of Middle East Studies, Spring 2009. ​ ​ 2Iraq 2018 International Religious Freedom Report, State Department,4 (2018), https:// ​ https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IRAQ-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-R EPORT.pdf [hereinafter IRF 2018]. ​ 3 YezidiTruth, The Yezidis, YezidiTruth: The Truth About the Yezidis, http://www.yeziditruth.org/. ​ ​ ​ ​ 4 BBC News, Who, What, Why: Who are the Yazidis? BBC News, August 8, 2014, ​ ​ http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28686607. ​ 5 Yasmine Hafiz, Yazidi Religious Beliefs: History, Facts and Traditions of Iraq’s Persecuted Minority, Huffington Post, August 13, ​ ​ 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/13/yazidi-religious-beliefs_n_5671903.html. ​ ​ 6 Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (Dustur Juinhuriyat Iraq) of September 11, 2005, art. 2 (hereinafter Iraqi Constitution). 7 IRF 2018, 5. Eshhad: Center for the Protection of Minorities 1 eshhad.org 8 Sinjar. These operations continued under the Ottoman Empire, who along with Kurdish authorities 9 committed brutally violent campaigns against the Yazidi. Yazidis themselves count seventy-two genocidal 10 massacres against their community in the 18th and 19th centuries. This extensive history of suffering is a key ​ ​ 11 component of Yazidi identity and is memorialized and recounted through oral traditions. ARABIZATION AND THE FALL OF THE BA’ATH REGIME 1932, after the termination of British mandatory rule in Iraq, ethnicity became a central part of Iraqi national and international politics as the Iraqi government attempted to unify Iraq’s groups under the banner of 12 national solidarity. In 1934, Yazidi Kurds resisted universal conscription to the military, particularly in the 13 Sinjar area. Their resistance was a symbol of reconstructing ethnic political and cultural solidarity vis-a-vis an 14 oppressive state and played a major role in developing ethnic politics in Northern Iraq. During Saddam’s mid-1970s Arabization policies, as well as being caught in the middle of the Iran-Iraq war, Yazidi villages were razed and Yazidis being forced to migrate to urban centers, the practice of Yazidi faith was restricted, Yazidi history was prohibited from school education, and Yazidi people were physically 15 separated from their holy sites. The US invasion of Iraq and the toppling of Saddam’s government worsened Yazidi conditions, exposing them to attacks by armed insurgents. Al-Qaeda in Iraq was responsible for the most deadly suicide bomb attack during the Iraq war, which devastated two Yazidi villages, killing approximately 500 and wounding 16 17 1,500. Attacks against the Yazidi have continued since, leading to contemporary targeted violence by ISIS. 8 M. Th. Houtsma, E. J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Vol. 4, 1136, (1993), ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.brill.com/encyclopaedia-islam-1913-1936-ej-brills-first-9-vols. ​ 9 Avi Asher-Shapiro, Who Are the Yazidis, the Ancient, Persecuted Religious Minority Struggling to Survive in Iraq? National ​ ​ Geographic News, August 11, 2014, ​ ​ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140809-iraq-yazidis-minority-isil-religion-history/. ​ 10 Raya Jalabi, Who are the Yazidis and why is Isis hunting them? The Guardian, August 11, 2014, ​ ​ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/who-yazidi-isis-iraq-religion-ethnicity-mountains. ​ 11 Asher-Shapiro, supra note 9. ​ ​ 12 Nelida Fuccaro, Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi ​ Kurds of Jabal Sinjar, 29(4) Int’l. J. Middle East Stud., 559, (1997) ​ https://www.jstor.org/stable/164402?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. ​ 13 Id. ​ 14 Id. ​ ​ 15 Joshua Castellino and Kathleen A. Cavanaugh, Minority Rights in the Middle East, ​ ​ http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679492.001.0001/acprof-9780199679492. ​ 16 Al-Jazeera, How suicide bombings shattered Iraq, Al-Jazeera, October 24, 2010, ​ ​ ​ ​ http://www.aljazeera.com/secretiraqfiles/2010/10/20101022161025428625.html. ​ 17 Peter Henne and Conrad Hackett, Iraqi Yazidis: Hazy population numbers and a history of persecution, Pew Research Center, ​ ​ August 12, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/12/iraqi-yazidis-hazy-population-numbers-and-a-history-of-persecutio n/. ​ Eshhad: Center for the Protection of Minorities 2 eshhad.org RD THE 73 ​ ATTEMPT ​ On August 3, 2014, the Islamic State seized Sinjar City and neighboring villages in northwestern Iraq, whose 18 population was about 308,315, predominantly Yazidis. The Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga withdrew their forces without warning, and in a few hours, ISIS kidnapped and killed thousands of Yazidis. Yazidi men were executed in droves, women and young girls were raped and taken to slave markets for ISIS fighters, and young boys were recruited into ISIS training camps. Anyone captured was forced to convert to Islam or face death. Quickly, the town of Sinjar was deserted as over 200,000 civilians fled to Mount Sinjar and the neighboring Dohuk Province of Iraqi Kurdistan. Those who fled to Mount Sinjar were stranded for a few days, facing horrific conditions with high temperatures, no water, food, or medical care. Many displaced 19 Yazidis died of starvation, dehydration, and other health conditions. Shortly after the offensive, Iraqi, Australian, U.K. and U.S. planes dropped food, water, and humanitarian aid 20 to those stranded on Mount Sinjar. On August 7, 2014, the U.S. declared that it would begin targeted airstrikes against ISIS in order to prevent the escalation of genocide against the Iraqi people trapped in Mount 21 Sinjar. Additionally, the Turkish Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), with the help of the YPG (a Syrian 22 branch of the PKK) set up a safe corridor to evacuate people from the mountain to Syria. After a few days 23 of fighting, the Peshmerga were finally able to liberate Sinjar in November 2015. 24 In August 2016, the United Nations estimated that 5,000 Yazidi were killed. As of May 2017, a study published in PLOS Medicine put that number at 9,900 killed in a matter of days when violence broke out in 2​ 5 ​ August 2014. 18 Human Rights Office, A Call for Accountability and Protection: Yezidi Survivors of Atrocities Committed by ISIL, Human Rights ​ Office, August 2016, ​ http://www.uniraq.org/images/humanrights/UNAMI%20OHCHR_Report%20Yezidi%20Survivors%20A%20Call%2 0for%20Justice_FINAL_12Aug2016.pdf (hereinafter UNAMI Report). ​ 19 Valeria Cetorelli, Isaac Sasson, Nazar Shabila, and Gilbert Burnham, ISIS’ Yazidi Genocide, Foreign Affairs, June 8, ​ ​ 2017, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/syria/2017-06-08/isis-yazidi-genocide. ​ ​ 20 BBC, 10 days in Iraq: Aid drops, airstrikes and 200,000 new refugees, BBC, August 19, 2014, ​ ​ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28761383. ​ 21 Barack Obama, Statement by the President, Office of the Press Secretary, August 7, 2014, ​ ​ https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/07/statement-president. ​ 22 Tracey Shelton, ‘If it wasn’t for the Kurdish fighters, we would have died up there’, Public International Radio, August 29, 2014, ​ ​ https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-08-29/if-it-wasn-t-kurdish-fighters-we-would-have-died-there. ​ 23 Jason Hanna and Ed Payne, Kurds say they’ve liberated Sinjar from ISIS, CNN, November 13, 2015, ​ ​ https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-08-29/if-it-wasn-t-kurdish-fighters-we-would-have-died-there. ​ 24Id. 25 Lizzie Dearden, Almost 10,000 Yazidis ‘killed or kidnapped in Isis genocide but true scale of horror may never be known,’ ​ Independent, May 9, 2017, ​ ​ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-islamic-state-yazidi-sex-slaves-genocide-sinjar-death-toll-n umber-kidnapped-study-un-lse-a7726991.html. ​ Eshhad: Center for the Protection of Minorities 3 eshhad.org Of that figure 3,100 were murdered, with almost half executed by gunshot, beheading or being burned alive, while the rest died from starvation, dehydration or injuries during the I[SIS] siege on Mount Sinjar.
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