DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Gpus.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of Gpus.Pdf Evolution of GPUs Chris Seitz PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Overview Concepts: Real-time rendering Hardware graphics pipeline Evolution of the PC hardware graphics pipeline: 1995-1998: Texture mapping and z-buffer 1998: Multitexturing 1999-2000: Transform and lighting 2001: Programmable vertex shader 2002-2003: Programmable pixel shader 2004: Shader model 3.0 and 64-bit color support ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Real-Time Rendering Graphics hardware enables real-time rendering Real-time means display rate at more than 10 images per second 3D Scene = Image = Collection of Array of pixels 3D primitives (triangles, lines, points) ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com PC Architecture Motherboard CPU System Memory Bus Port (PCI, AGP, PCIe) Graphics Board Video Memory GPU ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Hardware Graphics Pipeline Application 3D Geometry 2D Rasterization Pixels Stage Triangles Stage Triangles Stage For each For each triangle vertex: triangle: Transform Rasterize position: triangle 3D -> screen Interpolate Compute vertex attributes attributes Shade pixels Resolve visibility ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Real-time Graphics 1997: RIVA 128 –3M Transistors ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Real-time Graphics 2004: ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. UnRealEngine 3.0 Images Courtesy of Epic Games PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ‘95-‘98: Texture Mapping & Z-Buffer CPU GPU Application / Rasterization Stage Geometry Stage Raster Texture Rasterizer Operations Unit Unit 2D Triangles Bus (PCI) Frame 2D Triangles Textures Buffer Textures System Memory Video Memory ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Raster Operations Unit (ROP) Raster Texture Rasterizer Fragments Operations Unit Unit Scissor Test Fragment tested against scissor rectangle Screen Position Alpha Test (x, y) Frame Buffer tested against reference value Alpha Value Stencil Test Stencil Buffer a stencil buffer value at (x, y) tested against reference value Z-Buffer Depth Z Test z Color Buffer tested against z-buffer value at (x, y) Alpha Blending Color (Visibility test) Pixels (r, g, b) blended with color buffer value at (x, y) Ksrc * Colorsrc + Kdst * Colorsrc (src = fragment, dst = color buffer) ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Texture Mapping Triangle Mesh Base Texture (with UV coordinates) + = Sampling Magnification, Minification Filtering Bilinear, Trilinear, Anisotropic Mipmapping Perspective Correct Interpolation ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Texture Mapping: Mipmapping& Filtering or Bilinear Filtering TrilinearFiltering ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Filtering Examples Point Bilinear Trilinear Anisotropic (4X) & Trilinear ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Incoming ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Riva TNT –7M Transistors -1998 Multitexture ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 1998: Multitexturing CPU GPU Application / Rasterization Stage Geometry Stage Multi Raster Rasterizer Texture Operations Unit Unit 2 2D Triangles Bus (AGP) Frame 2D Triangles Textures Buffer Textures System Memory Video Memory ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Multitexturing Base Texture modulated by Light Map X from UT2004 (c) Epic Games Inc. = Used with permission ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com GeForce 256 –23M Transistors -1999 Hardware Transform & Lighting ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 1999-2000: Transform and Lighting CPU GPU “Fixed Function Pipeline” Application Geometry Stage Rasterization Stage Stage Transform Raster Register & Lighting Rasterizer Operations Texture Combiner Unit Unit Unit 3D Bus Triangles (AGP) Frame 3D Triangles Textures Buffer Textures System Memory Video Memory ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Transform and Lighting Unit (TnL) Transform and Lighting Unit Transform Lighting World Matrix Model or Object Space Material Properties World Space Light Properties Model-View Matrix View Matrix Vertex Color Camera or Eye Space Projection Matrix Projection or Clip Space Perspective Division & Viewport Matrix Vertex Diffuse & Screen or Window Space Specular Color ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Wanda and Bubble ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com GeForce 2 Pixel Shading Multitexture ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com GeForce 3 Programmable Vertex Shading ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com 2001: Programmable Vertex Shader CPU GPU Application Geometry Stage Rasterization Stage Stage Vertex Raster Rasterizer Register Shader Texture Operations (no flow w/ Z-Cull Combiner control) Unit Unit (4 Textures) 3D Bus Triangles (AGP) Frame 3D Triangles Textures Buffer Textures System Memory Video Memory ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Vertex Shader A programmable processor for any per-vertex computation void VertexShader( // Input per vertex in float4 positionInModelSpace, in float2 textureCoordinates, in float3 normal, // Input per batch of triangles uniform float4x4 modelToProjection, uniform float3 lightDirection, // Output per vertex out float4 positionInProjectionSpace, out float2 textureCoordinatesOutput, out float3 color ) { // Vertex transformation positionInProjectionSpace= mul(modelToProjection, positionInModelSpace); // Texture coordinates copy textureCoordinatesOutput= textureCoordinates; // Vertex color computation color = dot(lightDirection, normal); } ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Bump Mapping Bump mapping involves fetching the per-pixel normal from a normal map texture (instead of using the interpolated vertex normal) in order to compute lighting at a given pixel + = Diffuse light Normal Map Diffuse light with bumps ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Cubic Texture Mapping Cubemap z Environment Mapping Reflection vector (x, y,z) y is used to lookup x into the cubemap Cubemaplookup in direction (x, y, z) ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Projective Texture Mapping Projected Texture (x, y, z, w) Texture Projection (x/w, y/w) Projective Texture lookup ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Volume Texture Mapping z (x,y,z) y Volume Texture x Solid Textures 3D Noise Noise Perturbation Volume Texture lookup with position (x, y, z) ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Hardware Shadow Mapping Shadow Map Computation z/w The shadow map contains the depth (z/w) of the 3D points visible from (x, y, z, w) Spot the light’s point of view: (x/w, y/w) light Shadow Rendering shadow map A 3D point (x, y, z, w) is in shadow if: value z/w< value of shadow map at (x/w, y/w) (x, y, z, w) Spot (x/w, y/w) A hardware shadow map lookup light returns the value of this comparison between 0 and 1 ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Antialiasing: Examples ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Antialiasing: Supersampling & Multisampling Supersampling: Compute color and Z at higher resolution and display averaged color to smooth out the visual artifacts Multisampling: Same thing except only Z is computed at higher resolution Multisampling performs antialiasing on primitive edges only ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com X-Isle: Dinosaur Isle ©2004 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. Image courtesy of Crytek PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nvidia Geforce 6 Series Specifications
    NVIDIA GEFORCE 6 SERIES PRODUCT OVERVIEW DECEMBER 2004v06 NVIDIA GEFORCE 6 SERIES SPECIFICATIONS CINEFX 3.0 SHADING ARCHITECTURE ULTRASHADOW II TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED ENGINEERING • Vertex Shaders • Designed to enhance the performance of • Designed for PCI Express x16 ° Support for Microsoft DirectX 9.0 shadow-intensive games, like id Software’s • Support for AGP 8X including Fast Writes and Vertex Shader 3.0 Doom 3 sideband addressing Displacement mapping 3 • Designed for high-speed GDDR3 memory ° TURBOCACHE TECHNOLOGY Geometry instancing • Advanced thermal management and thermal ° • Shares the capacity and bandwidth of Infinite length vertex programs monitoring ° dedicated video memory and dynamically • Pixel Shaders available system memory for optimal system NVIDIA® DIGITAL VIBRANCE CONTROL™ Support for DirectX 9.0 Pixel Shader 3.0 ° performance (DVC) 3.0 Full pixel branching support ° • DVC color controls PC graphics such as photos, videos, and games require a Support for Multiple Render Targets (MRTs) PUREVIDEO TECHNOLOGY4 ° • DVC image sharpening controls ° Infinite length pixel programs • Adaptable programmable video processor lot of processing power. Without any help, the CPU • Next-Generation Texture Engine • High-definition MPEG-2 hardware acceleration OPERATING SYSTEMS ° Up to 16 textures per rendering pass • High-quality video scaling and filtering • Windows XP must handle all of the system and graphics ° Support for 16-bit floating point format • DVD and HDTV-ready MPEG-2 decoding up to • Windows ME and 32-bit floating point format 1920x1080i resolution • Windows 2000 processing which can result in decreased system ° Support for non-power of two textures • Display gamma correction • Windows 9X ° Support for sRGB texture format for • Microsoft® Video Mixing Renderer (VMR) • Linux performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next- Generation Software-Defined and Cognitive Radios A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering by Fang-Li Yuan 2014 c Copyright by Fang-Li Yuan 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Energy-Efficient VLSI Architectures for Next- Generation Software-Defined and Cognitive Radios by Fang-Li Yuan Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Dejan Markovic,´ Chair Dedicated radio hardware is no longer promising as it was in the past. Today, the support of diverse standards dictates more flexible solutions. Software-defined radio (SDR) provides the flexibility by replacing dedicated blocks (i.e. ASICs) with more general processors to adapt to various functions, standards and even allow mutable de- sign changes. However, such replacement generally incurs significant efficiency loss in circuits, hindering its feasibility for energy-constrained devices. The capability of dy- namic and blind spectrum analysis, as featured in the cognitive radio (CR) technology, makes chip implementation even more challenging. This work discusses several design techniques to achieve near-ASIC energy effi- ciency while providing the flexibility required by software-defined and cognitive radios. The algorithm-architecture co-design is used to determine domain-specific dataflow ii structures to achieve the right balance between energy efficiency and flexibility. The flexible instruction-set-architecture (ISA), the multi-scale interconnects, and the multi- core dynamic scheduling are also proposed to reduce the energy overhead. We demon- strate these concepts on two real-time blind classification chips for CR spectrum anal- ysis, as well as a 16-core processor for baseband SDR signal processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Drivers for Windows Compressed Modes User’S Guide
    Drivers for Windows Compressed Modes User’s Guide Version 2.1 NVIDIA Corporation October 24, 2002 NVIDIA Drivers Compressed Modes User’s Guide Version 2.1 Published by NVIDIA Corporation 2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 Copyright © 2002 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. This software may not, in whole or in part, be copied through any means, mechanical, electromechanical, or otherwise, without the express permission of NVIDIA Corporation. Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NVIDIA assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information nor for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties, which may result from its use. No License is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of NVIDIA Corporation. Specifications mentioned in the software are subject to change without notice. NVIDIA Corporation products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of NVIDIA Corporation. NVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, GeForce, GeForce2 Ultra, GeForce2 MX, GeForce2 GTS, GeForce 256, GeForce3, Quadro2, NVIDIA Quadro2, Quadro2 Pro, Quadro2 MXR, Quadro, NVIDIA Quadro, Vanta, NVIDIA Vanta, TNT2, NVIDIA TNT2, TNT, NVIDIA TNT, RIVA, NVIDIA RIVA, NVIDIA RIVA 128ZX, and NVIDIA RIVA 128 are registered trademarks or trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Intel and Pentium are registered trademarks of Intel. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, Direct3D, DirectDraw, and DirectX are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. CDRS is a trademark and Pro/ENGINEER is a registered trademark of Parametric Technology Corporation. OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
    Case M:07-cv-01826-WHA Document 249 Filed 11/08/2007 Page 1 of 34 1 BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP WILLIAM A. ISAACSON (pro hac vice) 2 5301 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20015 3 Telephone: (202) 237-2727 Facsimile: (202) 237-6131 4 Email: [email protected] 5 6 BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP JOHN F. COVE, JR. (CA Bar No. 212213) PHILIP J. IOVIENO (pro hac vice) 7 DAVID W. SHAPIRO (CA Bar No. 219265) ANNE M. NARDACCI (pro hac vice) KEVIN J. BARRY (CA Bar No. 229748) 10 North Pearl Street 8 1999 Harrison St., Suite 900 4th Floor Oakland, CA 94612 Albany, NY 12207 9 Telephone: (510) 874-1000 Telephone: (518) 434-0600 Facsimile: (510) 874-1460 Facsimile: (518) 434-0665 10 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 11 [email protected] 12 Attorneys for Plaintiff Jordan Walker Interim Class Counsel for Direct Purchaser 13 Plaintiffs 14 15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 16 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 17 18 IN RE GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNITS ) Case No.: M:07-CV-01826-WHA ANTITRUST LITIGATION ) 19 ) MDL No. 1826 ) 20 This Document Relates to: ) THIRD CONSOLIDATED AND ALL DIRECT PURCHASER ACTIONS ) AMENDED CLASS ACTION 21 ) COMPLAINT FOR VIOLATION OF ) SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT, 15 22 ) U.S.C. § 1 23 ) ) 24 ) ) JURY TRIAL DEMANDED 25 ) ) 26 ) ) 27 ) 28 THIRD CONSOLIDATED AND AMENDED CLASS ACTION COMPLAINT BY DIRECT PURCHASERS M:07-CV-01826-WHA Case M:07-cv-01826-WHA Document 249 Filed 11/08/2007 Page 2 of 34 1 Plaintiffs Jordan Walker, Michael Bensignor, d/b/a Mike’s Computer Services, Fred 2 Williams, and Karol Juskiewicz, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated in the 3 United States, bring this action for damages and injunctive relief under the federal antitrust laws 4 against Defendants named herein, demanding trial by jury, and complaining and alleging as 5 follows: 6 NATURE OF THE CASE 7 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Driver Riva Tnt2 64
    Driver riva tnt2 64 click here to download The following products are supported by the drivers: TNT2 TNT2 Pro TNT2 Ultra TNT2 Model 64 (M64) TNT2 Model 64 (M64) Pro Vanta Vanta LT GeForce. The NVIDIA TNT2™ was the first chipset to offer a bit frame buffer for better quality visuals at higher resolutions, bit color for TNT2 M64 Memory Speed. NVIDIA no longer provides hardware or software support for the NVIDIA Riva TNT GPU. The last Forceware unified display driver which. version now. NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 Model 64/Model 64 Pro is the first family of high performance. Drivers > Video & Graphic Cards. Feedback. NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 Model 64/Model 64 Pro: The first chipset to offer a bit frame buffer for better quality visuals Subcategory, Video Drivers. Update your computer's drivers using DriverMax, the free driver update tool - Display Adapters - NVIDIA - NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 Model 64/Model 64 Pro Computer. (In Windows 7 RC1 there was the build in TNT2 drivers). http://kemovitra. www.doorway.ru Use the links on this page to download the latest version of NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 Model 64/Model 64 Pro (Microsoft Corporation) drivers. All drivers available for. NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 Model 64/Model 64 Pro - Driver Download. Updating your drivers with Driver Alert can help your computer in a number of ways. From adding. Nvidia RIVA TNT2 M64 specs and specifications. Price comparisons for the Nvidia RIVA TNT2 M64 and also where to download RIVA TNT2 M64 drivers. Windows 7 and Windows Vista both fail to recognize the Nvidia Riva TNT2 ( Model64/Model 64 Pro) which means you are restricted to a low.
    [Show full text]
  • In5050 – Gpu & Cuda
    IN5050 – GPU & CUDA Håkon Kvale Stensland Simula Research Laboratory / Department for Informatics PC Graphics Timeline § Challenges: − Render infinitely complex scenes − And extremely high resolution − In 1/60th of one second (60 frames per second) § Graphics hardware has evolved from a simple hardwired pipeline to a highly programmable multiword processor DirectX 6 DirectX 7 DirectX 8 DirectX 9 DirectX 9.0c DirectX 9.0c DirectX 10 DirectX 5 Multitexturing T&L TextureStageState SM 1.x SM 2.0 SM 3.0 SM 3.0 SM 4.0 Riva 128 Riva TNT GeForce 256 GeForce 3 Cg GeForceFX GeForce 6 GeForce 7 GeForce 8 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 University of Oslo IN5050, Pål Halvorsen, Carsten Griwodz, Håkon Stensland GPU – Graphics Processing Units University of Oslo IN5050, Pål Halvorsen, Carsten Griwodz, Håkon Stensland Basic 3D Graphics Pipeline Application Host Scene Management Geometry Rasterization GPU Frame Pixel Processing Buffer Memory ROP/FBI/Display University of Oslo IN5050, Pål Halvorsen, Carsten Griwodz, Håkon Stensland Graphics in the PC Architecture § PCIe (PCI Express) Between processor and chipset − Memory Control now integrated in CPU § The old “NorthBridge” integrated onto CPU − PCI Express 4.0 x16 bandwidth at 64 GB/s (32 GB in each direction) § “SouthBridge” (X570) handles all other peripherals § Most mainstream CPUs now come with integrated GPU − Same capabilities as discrete GPU’s − Less performance (limited by die space and power) AMD «Raven Ridge» Zen+ APU University of Oslo IN5050, Pål Halvorsen, Carsten Griwodz, Håkon Stensland High-end «Graphics» Hardware § nVIDIA Ampere Architecture § The latest generation GPU, codenamed A100 § 54,2 billion transistors § 6912 Processing cores (SP) − Mixed precision − Dedicated Tensor cores − PCI Express 4.0 − NVLink interconnect Tesla V100 − Hardware support for preemption.
    [Show full text]
  • Programming Graphics Hardware Overview of the Tutorial: Afternoon
    Tutorial 5 ProgrammingProgramming GraphicsGraphics HardwareHardware Randy Fernando, Mark Harris, Matthias Wloka, Cyril Zeller Overview of the Tutorial: Morning 8:30 Introduction to the Hardware Graphics Pipeline Cyril Zeller 9:30 Controlling the GPU from the CPU: the 3D API Cyril Zeller 10:15 Break 10:45 Programming the GPU: High-level Shading Languages Randy Fernando 12:00 Lunch Tutorial 5: Programming Graphics Hardware Overview of the Tutorial: Afternoon 12:00 Lunch 14:00 Optimizing the Graphics Pipeline Matthias Wloka 14:45 Advanced Rendering Techniques Matthias Wloka 15:45 Break 16:15 General-Purpose Computation Using Graphics Hardware Mark Harris 17:30 End Tutorial 5: Programming Graphics Hardware Tutorial 5: Programming Graphics Hardware IntroductionIntroduction toto thethe HardwareHardware GraphicsGraphics PipelinePipeline Cyril Zeller Overview Concepts: Real-time rendering Hardware graphics pipeline Evolution of the PC hardware graphics pipeline: 1995-1998: Texture mapping and z-buffer 1998: Multitexturing 1999-2000: Transform and lighting 2001: Programmable vertex shader 2002-2003: Programmable pixel shader 2004: Shader model 3.0 and 64-bit color support PC graphics software architecture Performance numbers Tutorial 5: Programming Graphics Hardware Real-Time Rendering Graphics hardware enables real-time rendering Real-time means display rate at more than 10 images per second 3D Scene = Image = Collection of Array of pixels 3D primitives (triangles, lines, points) Tutorial 5: Programming Graphics Hardware Hardware Graphics Pipeline
    [Show full text]
  • 4010, 237 8514, 226 80486, 280 82786, 227, 280 a AA. See Anti-Aliasing (AA) Abacus, 16 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 219 Acce
    Index 4010, 237 AIB. See Add-in board (AIB) 8514, 226 Air traffic control system, 303 80486, 280 Akeley, Kurt, 242 82786, 227, 280 Akkadian, 16 Algebra, 26 Alias Research, 169 Alienware, 186 A Alioscopy, 389 AA. See Anti-aliasing (AA) All-In-One computer, 352 Abacus, 16 All-points addressable (APA), 221 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 219 Alpha channel, 328 AccelGraphics, 166, 273 Alpha Processor, 164 Accel-KKR, 170 ALT-256, 223 ACM. See Association for Computing Altair 680b, 181 Machinery (ACM) Alto, 158 Acorn, 156 AMD, 232, 257, 277, 410, 411 ACRTC. See Advanced CRT Controller AMD 2901 bit-slice, 318 (ACRTC) American national Standards Institute (ANSI), ACS, 158 239 Action Graphics, 164, 273 Anaglyph, 376 Acumos, 253 Anaglyph glasses, 385 A.D., 15 Analog computer, 140 Adage, 315 Anamorphic distortion, 377 Adage AGT-30, 317 Anatomic and Symbolic Mapper Engine Adams Associates, 102 (ASME), 110 Adams, Charles W., 81, 148 Anderson, Bob, 321 Add-in board (AIB), 217, 363 AN/FSQ-7, 302 Additive color, 328 Anisotropic filtering (AF), 65 Adobe, 280 ANSI. See American national Standards Adobe RGB, 328 Institute (ANSI) Advanced CRT Controller (ACRTC), 226 Anti-aliasing (AA), 63 Advanced Remote Display Station (ARDS), ANTIC graphics co-processor, 279 322 Antikythera device, 127 Advanced Visual Systems (AVS), 164 APA. See All-points addressable (APA) AED 512, 333 Apalatequi, 42 AF. See Anisotropic filtering (AF) Aperture grille, 326 AGP. See Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) API. See Application program interface Ahiska, Yavuz, 260 standard (API) AI.
    [Show full text]
  • Troubleshooting Guide Table of Contents -1- General Information
    Troubleshooting Guide This troubleshooting guide will provide you with information about Star Wars®: Episode I Battle for Naboo™. You will find solutions to problems that were encountered while running this program in the Windows 95, 98, 2000 and Millennium Edition (ME) Operating Systems. Table of Contents 1. General Information 2. General Troubleshooting 3. Installation 4. Performance 5. Video Issues 6. Sound Issues 7. CD-ROM Drive Issues 8. Controller Device Issues 9. DirectX Setup 10. How to Contact LucasArts 11. Web Sites -1- General Information DISCLAIMER This troubleshooting guide reflects LucasArts’ best efforts to account for and attempt to solve 6 problems that you may encounter while playing the Battle for Naboo computer video game. LucasArts makes no representation or warranty about the accuracy of the information provided in this troubleshooting guide, what may result or not result from following the suggestions contained in this troubleshooting guide or your success in solving the problems that are causing you to consult this troubleshooting guide. Your decision to follow the suggestions contained in this troubleshooting guide is entirely at your own risk and subject to the specific terms and legal disclaimers stated below and set forth in the Software License and Limited Warranty to which you previously agreed to be bound. This troubleshooting guide also contains reference to third parties and/or third party web sites. The third party web sites are not under the control of LucasArts and LucasArts is not responsible for the contents of any third party web site referenced in this troubleshooting guide or in any other materials provided by LucasArts with the Battle for Naboo computer video game, including without limitation any link contained in a third party web site, or any changes or updates to a third party web site.
    [Show full text]
  • Release 65 Notes
    ForceWare Graphics Drivers Release 65 Notes Version 66.81 Windows XP / 2000 Windows 98 / ME NVIDIA Corporation October 4, 2004 Published by NVIDIA Corporation 2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 Notice ALL NVIDIA DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, REFERENCE BOARDS, FILES, DRAWINGS, DIAGNOSTICS, LISTS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS (TOGETHER AND SEPARATELY, “MATERIALS”) ARE BEING PROVIDED “AS IS.” NVIDIA MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE MATERIALS, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NVIDIA Corporation assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of NVIDIA Corporation. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. NVIDIA Corporation products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of NVIDIA Corporation. Trademarks NVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, 3DFX, 3DFX INTERACTIVE, the 3dfx Logo, STB, STB Systems and Design, the STB Logo, the StarBox Logo, NVIDIA nForce, GeForce, NVIDIA Quadro, NVDVD, NVIDIA Personal Cinema, NVIDIA Soundstorm, Vanta, TNT2, TNT, RIVA,
    [Show full text]
  • Release 85 Notes
    ForceWare Graphics Drivers Release 85 Notes Version 88.61 For Windows Vista x86 and Windows Vista x64 NVIDIA Corporation May 2006 Published by NVIDIA Corporation 2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 Notice ALL NVIDIA DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS, REFERENCE BOARDS, FILES, DRAWINGS, DIAGNOSTICS, LISTS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS (TOGETHER AND SEPARATELY, “MATERIALS”) ARE BEING PROVIDED “AS IS.” NVIDIA MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE MATERIALS, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Information furnished is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NVIDIA Corporation assumes no responsibility for the consequences of use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of NVIDIA Corporation. Specifications mentioned in this publication are subject to change without notice. This publication supersedes and replaces all information previously supplied. NVIDIA Corporation products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without express written approval of NVIDIA Corporation. Trademarks NVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, 3DFX, 3DFX INTERACTIVE, the 3dfx Logo, STB, STB Systems and Design, the STB Logo, the StarBox Logo, NVIDIA nForce, GeForce, NVIDIA Quadro, NVDVD, NVIDIA Personal Cinema, NVIDIA Soundstorm, Vanta, TNT2, TNT,
    [Show full text]
  • Shippensburg University Investment Management Program
    Shippensburg University Investment Management Program Hold NVIDIA Corp. (NASDAQ: NVDA) 11.03.2020 Current Price Fair Value 52 Week Range $501.36 $300 $180.68 - 589.07 Analyst: Valentina Alonso Key Stock Statistics Email: [email protected] Sector: Information Technology Revenue (TTM) $13.06B Stock Type: Large Growth Operating Margin (TTM) 28.56% Industry: Semiconductors and Semiconductors Equipment Market Cap: $309.697B Net Income (TTM) $3.39B EPS (TTM) $5.44 Operating Cash Flow (TTM) $5.58B Free Cash Flow (TTM) $3.67B Return on Assets (TTM) 11.67% Return on Equity (TTM) 27.94% P/E $92.59 Company overview P/B $22.32 Nvidia is the leading designer of graphics processing units that P/S $23.29 enhance the experience on computing platforms. The firm's chips are used in a variety of end markets, including high-end PCs for gaming, P/FCF 44.22 data centers, and automotive infotainment systems. In recent years, the firm has broadened its focus from traditional PC graphics Beta (5-Year) 1.54 applications such as gaming to more complex and favorable Dividend Yield 0.13% opportunities, including artificial intelligence and autonomous driving, which leverage the high-performance capabilities of the Projected 5 Year Growth 17.44% firm's graphics processing units. (per annum) Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................3 Company Overview ....................................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]