European Union Risk Assessment Report

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

European Union Risk Assessment Report European Chemicals Bureau Institute for Health and Consumer Protection European Union Risk Assessment Report European Chemicals Bureau CAS No: 79-11-8 EINECS No: 201-178-4 Existing Substances monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) European monochloroacetic acid Union Risk Assessment Report Report Assessment Risk Union H O Cl C C ( MCAA OH ) H CAS: EC: 201-178-4 79-11-8 3rd Priority List Volume: 52 PL-3 EUR 21403 EN 52 European Union Risk Assessment Report MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID (MCAA) CAS-No.: 79-11-8 EINECS-No.: 201-178-4 RISK ASSESSMENT LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa Server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005 © European Communities, 2005 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID (MCAA) CAS No: 79-11-8 EINECS No: 201-178-4 RISK ASSESSMENT Final Report, 2005 The Netherlands Rapporteur for the risk evaluation of monochloroacetic acid is the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) in consultation with the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (SZW) and the Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS). Responsible for the risk evaluation and subsequently for the contents of this report is the rapporteur. The scientific work on this report has been prepared by the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and the National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), by order of the rapporteur. Contact point: Chemical Substances Bureau P.O. Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands Date of Last Literature Search: 2000 Review of report by MS Technical Experts finalised: 2002 Final report: 2005 Foreword We are pleased to present this Risk Assessment Report which is the result of in-depth work carried out by experts in one Member State, working in co-operation with their counterparts in the other Member States, the Commission Services, Industry and public interest groups. The Risk Assessment was carried out in accordance with Council Regulation (EEC) 793/931 on the evaluation and control of the risks of “existing” substances. “Existing” substances are chemical substances in use within the European Community before September 1981 and listed in the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances. Regulation 793/93 provides a systematic framework for the evaluation of the risks to human health and the environment of these substances if they are produced or imported into the Community in volumes above 10 tonnes per year. There are four overall stages in the Regulation for reducing the risks: data collection, priority setting, risk assessment and risk reduction. Data provided by Industry are used by Member States and the Commission services to determine the priority of the substances which need to be assessed. For each substance on a priority list, a Member State volunteers to act as “Rapporteur”, undertaking the in-depth Risk Assessment and recommending a strategy to limit the risks of exposure to the substance, if necessary. The methods for carrying out an in-depth Risk Assessment at Community level are laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/942, which is supported by a technical guidance document3. Normally, the “Rapporteur” and individual companies producing, importing and/or using the chemicals work closely together to develop a draft Risk Assessment Report, which is then presented at a Meeting of Member State technical experts for endorsement. The Risk Assessment Report is then peer-reviewed by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) which gives its opinion to the European Commission on the quality of the risk assessment. If a Risk Assessment Report concludes that measures to reduce the risks of exposure to the substances are needed, beyond any measures which may already be in place, the next step in the process is for the “Rapporteur” to develop a proposal for a strategy to limit those risks. The Risk Assessment Report is also presented to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as a contribution to the Chapter 19, Agenda 21 goals for evaluating chemicals, agreed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This Risk Assessment improves our knowledge about the risks to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals. We hope you will agree that the results of this in-depth study and intensive co-operation will make a worthwhile contribution to the Community objective of reducing the overall risks from exposure to chemicals. 1 O.J. No L 084, 05/04/1993 p.0001 – 0075 2 O.J. No L 161, 29/06/1994 p. 0003 – 0011 3 Technical Guidance Document, Part I – V, ISBN 92-827-801 [1234] V 0 OVERALL RESULTS OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT CAS No: 79-11-8 EINECS No: 201-178-4 IUPAC Name: Monochloroacetic acid Environment Conclusion (i) There is need for further information and/or testing. This conclusion (unintentional sources) is reached because substantial MCAA levels are measured in various environmental compartments, wet deposition, surface water and soil. These regional/continental background concentrations exceed the corresponding PNEC in some cases, especially in soil. Further research is needed to investigate, quantitatively, the origin of these MCAA levels (natural versus anthropogenic). Conclusion (iii) There is a need for limiting the risks; risk reduction measures which are already being applied shall be taken into account. This conclusion is reached because the local PECs in surface water exceed the PNEC for MCAA production/processing site I-B1 and site I-C. In case of site I-B1 the conclusion is based on monitoring data. For site I-C the PEC/PNEC is >1 for the STP as well. For both sites industry has indicated that the efficiency of the local WWTP will be improved, but up to now no data are available to verify this statement. Human Health Human health (toxicity) Workers Warning: It is noted that molten/liquid MCAA is very dangerous for dermal exposure. Following accidental dermal exposure to molten/liquid MCAA, fatal and non-fatal cases of severe acute systemic intoxication have been reported. Conclusion (i) There is need for further information and/or testing. This conclusion is ‘on hold’ (waiting for the Risk Reduction Strategy) is reached because a developmental toxicity study should be performed. Conclusion (iii) There is a need for limiting the risks: risk reduction measures which are already being applied shall be taken into account. This conclusion is reached because: • acute toxic effects after short-term dermal exposure cannot be excluded for Scenario 4 ‘Use of paint removers’; • acute toxic effects after short-term inhalation exposure cannot be excluded for all scenarios except the sub-scenarios 'Production of MCAA: production and cleaning and maintenance’ and the scenario ‘Use of MCAA: use of solids’; • the occurrence of dermal and eye irritation cannot be excluded in Scenario 4 ‘Use of paint removers’(without the use of PPE); VII • the occurrence of respiratory (sensory) irritation cannot be excluded in the sub-scenarios ‘Production of MCAA: transfer of molten MCAA and transfer of 80% MCAA’ and the scenario ‘Use of paint removers’; • systemic effects after repeated dermal exposure cannot be excluded for Scenario 4 ‘Use of paint removers’; • systemic effects after repeated inhalation exposure cannot be excluded for the sub-scenarios ‘Production of MCAA: transfer of molten MCAA and transfer of 80% MCAA’ and for the scenario ‘Use of paint removers’. It might be possible that in some industrial premises these worker protection measures are already applied. However, it should be realised that PPE has already been taken into account for the estimation of the exposure levels. In relation to all other potential adverse effects and the worker population, it is concluded that based on the available information at present no further information/testing on the substance is needed. Consumers Conclusion (i) There is need for further information and/or testing. This conclusion ‘on hold’ (waiting for the Risk Reduction Strategy) is reached because a developmental toxicity study should be performed. Humans exposed via the environment Conclusion (i) There is need for further information and/or testing. This conclusion ‘on hold’ (waiting for the Risk Reduction Strategy) is reached because a developmental toxicity study should be performed. Conclusion (iii) There is a need for limiting the risks: risk reduction measures which are already being applied shall be taken into account. This conclusion is reached because: • for local production scenario I-C a possible risk for repeated dose toxicity after oral exposure may be observed. The main exposure for man at this site is via drinking water (see also conclusion environment). • for one of the processing sites (off-site) II with a high emission to air a possible risk for repeated dose toxicity after oral exposure may be observed. The main exposure for man at this site is via eating leaf crops. The concentration in the leaf crops is caused by deposition of MCAA from air. VIII CONTENTS 1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION.........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Chlorine Substituted Acetic Acids and Salts. Effect of Salification on Chlorine-35 NQR*
    Chlorine Substituted Acetic Acids and Salts. Effect of Salification on Chlorine-35 NQR* Serge David3, Michel Gourdjib, Lucien Guibéb, and Alain Péneaub a Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Multifonctionnelle, Bätiment 420. b Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Bätiment 220, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 ORSAY Cedex, France. Z. Naturforsch. 51a, 611-619 (1996); received October 10, 1995 The NQR of a quadrupolar probe nucleus is often used to investigate the effect of substituent in molecules. The inductive effect, based on a partial charge migration along the molecular skeleton is the only one present in saturated aliphatics, the conjugative effect appearing in conjugated molecules, especially aromatics. As the stepwise charge migration mechanism, formerly used to explain the inductive effect, is now believed obsolete, we have wanted to reexamined the case of chlorine substituted acetic acids and salts. The data in literature was extended by observing reso- nances and determining NQR frequencies in several acids and salts. The present analysis of the salification of mono-, di- and tri-chloroacetic acids, which is equivalent to a deprotonation or the substitution of the acid hydrogen by a negative unit charge, shows that a model based on the polarization of the chlorine atom(s) by the carboxyle group is consistent with experimental results: the polarization energy appears to be proportional to the NQR frequency shifts; experimental data show a correlation between the NQR frequency shifts accompanying salification and the variations of the intrinsic acidity measured in the gas phase; this, in turn shows that there is a proportionality between the polarization energy and the variations in the acid free enthalpy of dissociation.
    [Show full text]
  • Monochloroacetic Acid, Sodium Monochloroacetate
    Monochloroacetic acid, sodium monochloroacetate MAK Value Documentation, supplement – Translation of the German version from 2019 A. Hartwig1,* MAK Commission2,* 1 Chair of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds Keywords: in the Work Area, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, monochloroacetic acid, sodium 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany monochloroacetate, irritation, 2 Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work oxidative stress, peak limitation, Area, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Kennedyallee 40, 53175 Bonn, Germany skin absorption, maximum workplace concentration, MAK * E-Mail: A. Hartwig ([email protected]), MAK Commission ([email protected]) value, prenatal toxicity, hazardous substance Abstract The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Com- pounds in the Work Area has re-evaluated monochloroacetic acid [79-11-8] together with sodium monochloroacetate [3926-62-3] considering all toxicological endpoints. Monochloroacetic acid is a strong acid and dissociates in biological media. Therefore, also data for sodium monochloroacetate are used to evaluate the systemic toxicity. Monochloroacetic acid is corrosive to the eyes but there are no inhalation studies from which a NOAEC for local effects can be derived. Therefore, a maximum con- centration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2 mg/m3 (0.5 ml/m3), which has been set for the better investigated phosphoric acid, is also established for monochloroacetic acid.Asirritationisthecriticaleffect,monochloroaceticacidisclassifiedinPeakLim- Citation Note: itation Category I. By analogy with phosphoric acid, an excursion factor of 2 is set. Hartwig A, MAK Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants
    harxxxxx_App-G.qxd 3/8/10 1:34 PM Page AP11 APPENDIX G Acid Dissociation Constants §␮ ϭ 0.1 M 0 ؍ (Ionic strength (␮ † ‡ † Name Structure* pKa Ka pKa ϫ Ϫ5 Acetic acid CH3CO2H 4.756 1.75 10 4.56 (ethanoic acid) N ϩ H3 ϫ Ϫ3 Alanine CHCH3 2.344 (CO2H) 4.53 10 2.33 ϫ Ϫ10 9.868 (NH3) 1.36 10 9.71 CO2H ϩ Ϫ5 Aminobenzene NH3 4.601 2.51 ϫ 10 4.64 (aniline) ϪO SNϩ Ϫ4 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid 3 H3 3.232 5.86 ϫ 10 3.01 (sulfanilic acid) ϩ NH3 ϫ Ϫ3 2-Aminobenzoic acid 2.08 (CO2H) 8.3 10 2.01 ϫ Ϫ5 (anthranilic acid) 4.96 (NH3) 1.10 10 4.78 CO2H ϩ 2-Aminoethanethiol HSCH2CH2NH3 —— 8.21 (SH) (2-mercaptoethylamine) —— 10.73 (NH3) ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 2-Aminoethanol HOCH2CH2NH3 9.498 3.18 10 9.52 (ethanolamine) O H ϫ Ϫ5 4.70 (NH3) (20°) 2.0 10 4.74 2-Aminophenol Ϫ 9.97 (OH) (20°) 1.05 ϫ 10 10 9.87 ϩ NH3 ϩ ϫ Ϫ10 Ammonia NH4 9.245 5.69 10 9.26 N ϩ H3 N ϩ H2 ϫ Ϫ2 1.823 (CO2H) 1.50 10 2.03 CHCH CH CH NHC ϫ Ϫ9 Arginine 2 2 2 8.991 (NH3) 1.02 10 9.00 NH —— (NH2) —— (12.1) CO2H 2 O Ϫ 2.24 5.8 ϫ 10 3 2.15 Ϫ Arsenic acid HO As OH 6.96 1.10 ϫ 10 7 6.65 Ϫ (hydrogen arsenate) (11.50) 3.2 ϫ 10 12 (11.18) OH ϫ Ϫ10 Arsenious acid As(OH)3 9.29 5.1 10 9.14 (hydrogen arsenite) N ϩ O H3 Asparagine CHCH2CNH2 —— —— 2.16 (CO2H) —— —— 8.73 (NH3) CO2H *Each acid is written in its protonated form.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water
    PROJECT NO. 4992 Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water Evaluating Analytical Methods for Detecting Unknown Chemicals in Recycled Water Prepared by: Keith A. Maruya Charles S. Wong Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority 2020 The Water Research Foundation (WRF) is a nonprofit (501c3) organization which provides a unified source for One Water research and a strong presence in relationships with partner organizations, government and regulatory agencies, and Congress. The foundation conducts research in all areas of drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, and water reuse. The Water Research Foundation’s research portfolio is valued at over $700 million. The Foundation plays an important role in the translation and dissemination of applied research, technology demonstration, and education, through creation of research‐based educational tools and technology exchange opportunities. WRF serves as a leader and model for collaboration across the water industry and its materials are used to inform policymakers and the public on the science, economic value, and environmental benefits of using and recovering resources found in water, as well as the feasibility of implementing new technologies. For more information, contact: The Water Research Foundation Alexandria, VA Office Denver, CO Office 1199 North Fairfax Street, Suite 900 6666 West Quincy Avenue Alexandria, VA 22314‐1445 Denver, Colorado 80235‐3098 Tel: 571.384.2100 Tel: 303.347.6100 www.waterrf.org [email protected] ©Copyright 2020 by The Water Research Foundation. All rights reserved. Permission to copy must be obtained from The Water Research Foundation. WRF ISBN: 978‐1‐60573‐503‐0 WRF Project Number: 4992 This report was prepared by the organization(s) named below as an account of work sponsored by The Water Research Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Chloroacetic Acid (Casrn 79-11-8)
    EPA/690/R-04/004F l Final 11-24-2004 Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Chloroacetic Acid (CASRN 79-11-8) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 Acronyms bw - body weight cc - cubic centimeters CD - Caesarean Delivered CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 CNS - central nervous system cu.m - cubic meter DWEL - Drinking Water Equivalent Level FEL - frank-effect level FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act g - grams GI - gastrointestinal HEC - human equivalent concentration Hgb - hemoglobin i.m. - intramuscular i.p. - intraperitoneal i.v. - intravenous IRIS - Integrated Risk Information System IUR - Inhalation Unit Risk kg - kilogram L - liter LEL - lowest-effect level LOAEL - lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAEL(ADJ) - LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration LOAEL(HEC) - LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human m - meter MCL - maximum contaminant level MCLG - maximum contaminant level goal MF - modifying factor mg - milligram mg/kg - milligrams per kilogram mg/L - milligrams per liter MRL - minimal risk level MTD - maximum tolerated dose i MTL - median threshold limit NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards NOAEL - no-observed-adverse-effect level NOAEL(ADJ) - NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration NOAEL(HEC) - NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Gas-Phase Mechanism of Chloroacetic Acid Synthesis by Catalysis and Chlorination of Acetic Acid
    Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 2 (2014), 475-480 http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.15484 Study on Gas-Phase Mechanism of Chloroacetic Acid Synthesis by Catalysis and Chlorination of Acetic Acid * JIAN-WEI XUE , JIAN-PENG ZHANG, BO WU, FU-XIANG LI and ZHI-PING LV Research Institute of Special Chemicals, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, P.R. China *Corresponding author: Fax: +86 351 6111178; Tel: +86 351 60105503; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 14 March 2013; Accepted: 17 May 2013; Published online: 15 January 2014; AJC-14570 The process of acetic acid catalysis and chlorination for synthesizing chloroacetic acid can exist in not only gas phase but also liquid phase. In this paper, the gas-phase reaction mechanism of the synthesis of chloroacetic acid was studied. Due to the high concentration of acetic acid and the better reaction mass transfer in the liquid-phase reaction, the generation amount of the dichloroacetic acid was higher than that in the gas-phase reaction. Under the solution distillation, the concentration of acetyl chloride, whose boiling point is very low, was very high in the gas phase, sometimes even up to 99 %, which would cause the acetyl chloride to escape rapidly with the hydrogen chloride exhaust, so that the reaction slowed down. Therefore, series reactions occured easily in the gas-phase reaction causing the amount of the dichloroacetic acid to increase. Keywords: Gas phase, Catalysis, Chlorination, Chloroacetic acid, Acetic acid. INTRODUCTION Martikainen et al.3 summed up the reaction mechanism that was consistent with a mechanism found by Sioli according Chloroacetic acid is not only a fine chemical product but to the system condition experiment and systematic theoretical also an important intermediate in organic synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Justin Pals.Pdf
    MECHANISMS OF MONOHALOGENATED ACETIC ACID INDUCED GENOMIC DNA DAMAGE BY JUSTIN A. PALS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael J. Plewa, Chair Professor Benito J. Mariñas Professor A. Layne Rayburn Brian K. Miller, Director of Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant ABSTRACT Disinfection of drinking water stands among the greatest public health achievements in human history. Killing or inactivation of pathogenic microbes by chemical oxidants such as chlorine, chloramine, or ozone have greatly reduced incidence of waterborne diseases. However, the disinfectant also reacts with organic and inorganic matter in the source water and generates a mixture of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) as an unintended consequence. Since they were first discovered in 1974, over 600 individual DBPs have been detected in disinfected water. Exposure to DBPs is associated with increased risks for developing cancers of the colon, rectum, and bladder, and also for adverse pregnancy outcomes including small for gestational age and congenital malformations. While individual DBPs are teratogenic or carcinogenic, because they are formed at low concentrations during disinfection, it is unlikely that any one DBP can account for these increased risks. While genotoxicity and oxidative stress have been suggested, the mechanisms connecting DBP exposures to adverse health and pregnancy outcomes remain unknown. Investigating mechanisms of toxicity for individual, or classes of DBPs will provide a better understanding of how multiple DBPs interact to generate adverse health and pregnancy outcomes. Monohalogenated acetic acids (monoHAAs) iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA), and chloroacetic acid (CAA) are genotoxic and mutagenic with the consistent rank order of toxicity of IAA > BAA > CAA.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation and Isolation of the S-Carboxymethy L Derivative Chains of Human Fibrinogen
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Volume 14, number 1 FEBSLETTERS April 1971 PREPARATION AND ISOLATION OF THE S-CARBOXYMETHY L DERIVATIVE CHAINS OF HUMAN FIBRINOGEN Genesio MURANO, Bjorn WIMAN, Margareta BLOMBACK and Birger BLOMBACK Dept. of Blood Coagulation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Received 1 March 1971 1. Introduction Amersham, England) Lot No. B 10, specific activity: 50-l 50 mCi/mmole, was diluted appropriately with Fibrinogen is composed of three pairs of polypeptide carrier iodoacetic acid before use. chains: o(A), /3(B), and y [ 1,2] . Fibrinopeptides A 3H-Iodoacetic acid-carrier mixture was prepared and B are cleaved off the a(A) and P(B) chains respecti- fresh by mixing 4 ml of 1 M iodoacetic acid carrier vely by thrombin. The resulting product is fibrin [3,4]. (186 mg/mI of 0.1 N NaOH) with 6 ml of 2-j H-iodo- Sulfitolysis of fibrinogen results in the cleavage of the acetic acid (1 mCi/ml of 0.1 N NaOH). disulfide bridges [5] , and the resulting S-sulfo chain Carboxymethyl cellulose (CM-52) was precycled derivatives have been separated by paper [ 51, starch as recommended by the manufacturer (H. Reeve gel electrophoresis [6] and column chromatography Angel and Co., London, England). [S, 71. More recently, the S-sulfo chain derivatives Radioactivity measurements were performed with from bovine [8] and human [9] fibrinogen have been a Beckman liquid scintillation system (CPM 200). isolated on carboxymethyl cellulose using a stepwise N-Terminal sequence amino acid analysis: The [8] and gradient [9] sodium acetate buffer system.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases
    DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order. pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equi- librium constant K for the reaction a References HA H+ + A- 1. Perrin, D. D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous i.e., Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E. P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids + - Ka = [H ][A ]/[HA] in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective Katritzky, A. R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, - species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] – log[A ], so Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D. D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E. P., pK Prediction for Data for bases are presented as pK values for the conjugate acid, a a Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. i.e., for the reaction 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization + + Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. BH H + B 7. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • Haloacetic Acids Found As Water Disinfection By-Products
    Revised Draft: Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products October 30, 2017 Office of the Report on Carcinogens Division of the National Toxicology Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences U.S. Department of Health and Human Services This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre-dissemination peer review under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally distributed by the National Toxicology Program. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any NTP determination or policy. This Page Intentionally Left Blank Revised Draft RoC Monograph on Haloacetic Acids 10/30/17 Foreword The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is an interagency program within the Public Health Service (PHS) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is headquartered at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIEHS/NIH). Three agencies contribute resources to the program: NIEHS/NIH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH/CDC), and the National Center for Toxicological Research of the Food and Drug Administration (NCTR/FDA). Established in 1978, the NTP is charged with coordinating toxicological testing activities, strengthening the science base in toxicology, developing and validating improved testing methods, and providing information about potentially toxic substances to health regulatory and research agencies, scientific and medical communities, and the public. The Report on Carcinogens (RoC) is prepared in response to Section 301 of the Public Health Service Act as amended. The RoC contains a list of identified substances (i) that either are known to be human carcinogens or are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens and (ii) to which a significant number of persons residing in the United States are exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • To Daphnia Magna
    H OH metabolites OH Article Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of the Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Halogenated Acetic Acids (HAAs) to Daphnia magna Lisa M. Labine 1,2 and Myrna J. Simpson 1,2,* 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; [email protected] 2 Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-416-287-7234 Abstract: Halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) are amongst the most frequently detected disinfection by-products in aquatic environments. Despite this, little is known about their toxicity, especially at the molecular level. The model organism Daphnia magna, which is an indicator species for freshwater ecosystems, was exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) for 48 h. Polar metabolites extracted from Daphnia were analyzed using liquid chromatography hyphened to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Multivariate analyses identified shifts in the metabolic profile with exposure and pathway analysis was used to identify which metabolites and associated pathways were disrupted. Exposure to all three HAAs led to significant downregulation in the nucleosides: adenosine, guanosine and inosine. Pathway analyses identified perturbations in the citric acid cycle and the purine metabolism pathways. Interestingly, chlorinated and brominated acetic acids demonstrated similar modes of action after sub-lethal acute exposure, suggesting that HAAs cause a Citation: Labine, L.M.; Simpson, M.J. contaminant class-based response which is independent of the type or number of halogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Monohalogenated Acetic Acid Induced Genomic Dna Damage
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository MECHANISMS OF MONOHALOGENATED ACETIC ACID INDUCED GENOMIC DNA DAMAGE BY JUSTIN A. PALS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael J. Plewa, Chair Professor Benito J. Mariñas Professor A. Layne Rayburn Brian K. Miller, Director of Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant ABSTRACT Disinfection of drinking water stands among the greatest public health achievements in human history. Killing or inactivation of pathogenic microbes by chemical oxidants such as chlorine, chloramine, or ozone have greatly reduced incidence of waterborne diseases. However, the disinfectant also reacts with organic and inorganic matter in the source water and generates a mixture of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) as an unintended consequence. Since they were first discovered in 1974, over 600 individual DBPs have been detected in disinfected water. Exposure to DBPs is associated with increased risks for developing cancers of the colon, rectum, and bladder, and also for adverse pregnancy outcomes including small for gestational age and congenital malformations. While individual DBPs are teratogenic or carcinogenic, because they are formed at low concentrations during disinfection, it is unlikely that any one DBP can account for these increased risks. While genotoxicity and oxidative stress have been suggested, the mechanisms connecting DBP exposures to adverse health and pregnancy outcomes remain unknown. Investigating mechanisms of toxicity for individual, or classes of DBPs will provide a better understanding of how multiple DBPs interact to generate adverse health and pregnancy outcomes.
    [Show full text]