Introduction

Notes

Introduction

1. While I appreciate that the terms ‘British’ and ‘English’ are not synonymous and not necessarily interchangeable, similarly to the use of these terms by Williams in The Country and the City, I also refer more broadly to the British empire, but focus on particular English forms of cultural imagination linked to rural England. My focus on England is partially determined by the formation of English Heritage which was established under the National Heritage Act of 1983, and partially in response to perceptions of ‘English’ being a distinct racial category. However, I have chosen to consistently engage with the term ‘contemporary Britain’ throughout this study as the more general observations about immigration and race relations as legacies of the British empire are broadly applied to Britain as a nation, even while this study implicitly acknowledges that England continues to play the dominant role within national politics. I also wish to privilege the term ‘Britain’ as a more inclusive one than ‘England’. By raising these concerns in the first half of this study, I also aim to foreground the ongoing definitional tensions and discussions around the relationship between ‘British’ and ‘English’. 2. John Major made his well-documented speech to the Conservative Group for Europe on 22 April 1993. See (Butler and Butler, 2000, 296). 3. Throughout this book, I consider Britain as a ‘postimperial’ nation, while the nation-states that formed following the demise of empire are consid- ered ‘postcolonial.’ However, there are clearly many citizens and inhabitants within Britain who continue to engage with postcolonial concerns through connections with the ex-colonies and lingering forms of racism and marginalisation that stem from imperial ideologies. I use the terms ‘postimperial melancholia’ and ‘colonial nostalgia’ as fairly interchangeable: both relate to a sentimental, retrospective response to the waning of imperial power and influence within Britain and in the colonies. 4. A recent article in The Economist, argues that ‘much of [Britain’s] recent history – military, political and economic – can be seen as a kind of post-imperial malaise’. This spirit of thwarted endeavours is reflected in entangled efforts in Iraq, politicians’ yen to conjure a sense of Britishness to replace the defunct imperial version and the legacy of imperial trade and investment in the wake of the 2008/2009 financial crisis (The Economist, 2009, 39). 5. See Su’s Ethics and Nostalgia in the Contemporary Novel (Su, 2005, 63–79). See also Baucom’s chapter, ‘Among the Ruins: Topographies of Postimperial Melancholy’, in Out of Place: Englishness, Empire, and the Locations of Identity (Baucom, 1999, 164–9). 6. For the use of the phrase ‘nostalgic essentialism’ as part of Thatcher’s political strategies, see Su (2005, 129).

215 216 Notes

7. See John Higgins on Raymond Williams’s theory of cultural materialism. Higgins argues that ‘[t]he task of cultural materialism was to attend to that constitutive role of signification within cultural process, and so to seek to integrate the three usually separated dimensions of textual, theoretical and historical analysis’ (Higgins, 1999, 135). Writing on Williams, Anthony Giddens argues that cultural materialism, ‘regards culture as a “signifying system”, but not in the abstract way that is characteristic of structuralist thought; for Williams emphasises strongly the need to analyze the ways in which signifying practices are constituted institutionally and reproduced over time’ (Giddens, 1981, 215–16). 8. There is now a fairly well-established body of work in postcolonial studies around the relationship between postcolonial literature and ecocriticism. For the Indian context, see for example, Pablo Mukherjee’s Postcolonial Environments: Nature, Culture and the Contemporary Indian Novel in English (2010) as well as Graham Huggan’s and Helen Tiffin’s Postcolonial Ecocriticism (2009). 9. Here, I am thinking of NgǊgƭ’s Petals of Blood (1977), Soyinka’s novel Season of Anomy (1973) and his play From Zia with Love (1992) as well as Saro-Wiwa’s Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English (1985). 10. See the focus on South Asian writers in Sarah Brouillette’s Postcolonial Writers and the Global Literary Marketplace (Brouillette, 2007). 11. In non-literary practices of cosmopolitanism, the theory encompasses a way of living and being, and includes the more conventional understanding of a cosmopolitan as a citizen of the world. It has tended, in its popular conception, to exclude those who do not have access to the benefits of class privileges afforded by capital. Theorists of cosmopolitanism in the last decade have, however, been increasingly keen to expand this category of cosmopolitanism to include precisely the people who lack such access, and to furthermore reflect both the specific geographical locations and transnational histories that construct their lives. In this sense, it has been used as a mode of describing a limited form of agency for the subaltern, the refugee, the asylum seeker, and to a lesser extent, the disenfranchised immigrant. As a theory, cosmopolitanism continues to hold considerable appeal in postcolonial criticism as avenues for agency against the neocolonial state or neocolonial globalisation. For non-literary uses of the term, see for example, Paul Gilroy’s concept of ‘cosmopolitan democracy’ in After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture (Gilroy, 2004, 19); or in political theory, see the use of ‘cosmopolitan justice’ in Kok-Chor Tan’s Justice Without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Patriotism (Tan, 2004); for a wide-ranging study of sociological and anthropological uses of the term, see Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, and Practice (Vertovec and Cohen, 2002); in relation to cultural geography, see Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom (Harvey, 2009). For more recent philosophical discussions of the terms, see Stan Van Hooft, Cosmopolitanism: A Philosophy for Global Ethics (Hooft, 2009). One of the earliest proponents of this form of cosmopolitanism was James Clifford. In his influential essay ‘Traveling Cultures’, he attempts to dissociate cosmopolitanism from the mobility of the privileged. These cosmopolitan movements, he argued, are presented as exemplary instances of active resistance to localism and cultural homogeni- sation under global capitalism. See Clifford’s argument for a ‘cosmopolitan, Notes 217

radical, political culture’ in Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Clifford, 1997, 34). 12. See Sheldon Pollock, Homi K. Bhabha, Carol A. Breckenridge and Dipesh Chakrabartys’ ‘Introduction’ to a special issue in Public Culture on ‘Cosmopolitanisms’. In this article, the authors also go as far as to suggest that cosmopolitans today are ‘victims of modernity, failed by capitalism’s upward mobility, and bereft of those comforts and customs of national belonging’ (Pollock et al., 2000, 577). See also Homi Bhabha’s essay ‘Unsatisfied Notes on Vernacular Cosmopolitanism’ (Bhabha, 1996, 191–207) and Pnina Werbner’s article ‘Vernacular Cosmopolitanism’ (Werbner, 2006, 496–8). 13. See also recent special issue of ARIEL co-edited by Emily Johansen and Soo Yeon Kim on ‘The Cosmopolitan Novel’ (Johansen and Kim, 2011).

Chapter 1

1. W.G. Sebald, The Rings of Saturn, (New York: New Directions Books, 1998). All future references are to this edition. Sebald published four books in English before his death: The Emigrants (1996), The Rings of Saturn (1998), Vertigo (1999) and Austerlitz (2001). 2. On the relationship between melancholy and history in Sebald’s work, see Scurry (2010) and Barzilai (2007); See also Mark McCulloh’s chapter ‘Blending Fact, Fiction, Allusion, and Recall: Sebald’s “Literary Monism” ’ in McCulloh (2003, 1–26). 3. The issue of quite how to categorise Sebald has become one of critical atten- tion. Simon Cooke calls the book ‘contemporary travel writing’ (Cooke, 2009). Richard T. Gray believes that the book bears a ‘superficial adherence to the generic category of the travelogue’ (Gray, 2009, 27). The dual category of ‘fiction-literature’ is used by Sebald’s publisher, James Atlas (Atlas, 1999, 278). Susan Sontag, for example, argues that the work’s use of a variety of literary devices produce ‘the effect of the real’, while underscoring the text’s non- fiction elements (Sontag, 2002, 42). Rob Nixon calls Sebald a ‘laureate of the real’ in his article on the rise of non-fiction (Nixon, 2010, np). Gareth Howell- Jones calls the book ‘non-fiction’ in his review of The Rings of Saturn and clearly identifies the narrator as Sebald himself (Howell-Jones, 1998, 34). 4. In a 1993 interview with Sigrid Löffler, Sebald says: ‘I work according to the system of bricolage – as it was understood by Levi Struass. It’s a form of savage work, of pre-rationalist thinking, where one mucks around long enough among random findings until it all comes together somehow’ (Löffler, 1997). 5. Raymond Williams points out in The Country and the City that manor homes were based on a ‘network of income from property and speculation [that] was not only industrial but imperial’ (Williams, 1973, 282). 6. Sir Morton developed his railway firm through sheer perseverance and hard work, and very soon he became a leading building contractor, the largest employer of labour in the world and the constructor of large sections of the railways, not only in Britain, but in Denmark, Canada, Argentina and Russia. He won many notable contracts, including those for the Houses of Parliament in London and Nelson’s Column. Peto bought Somerleyton in 1843, but sold it in 1863 when he went bankrupt. 218 Notes

7. On the importance of the number 5 in the book, see (Theisen, 2006). 8. For an excellent account of the horrors of King Leopold’s regime in the Congo, see Adam Hochschild’s international best seller, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa (1998) in which the valiant but ultimately ill-fated life of Roger Casement is documented in greater detail than in The Rings of Saturn. 9. In The Emigrants, Sebald says: ‘I felt increasingly that the mental impover- ishment and lack of memory that marked the Germans, and the efficiency with which they had cleaned everything up, were beginning to affect my head and nerves’ (Sebald, 1996, 225).

Chapter 2

1. For ‘XXXIX’, see (Walcott, 1984, 52). In his essay, ‘The Muse of History’ (1974), Walcott traces his ancestry to the slave ship and the slave owner: ‘[y]ou were when you acted your roles, your given, historical roles of slave seller and slave buyer, men acting as men, and also you, father in the filth-ridden gut of the slave ship, to you they were also men, your fellowman and tribesman not moved or hovering with hesitation about your common race any longer than my other bastard ancestor hovered with his whip, but to you, inwardly forgiven grandfathers, I, like the more honest of my race, give a strange thanks’ (Walcott, 1998, 64, my emphasis). 2. All references are taken from the 1998 Vintage edition of V. S. Naipaul’s The Enigma of Arrival rather than from the original 1987 edition. All future references are to the 1998 edition and shortened to Enigma. 3. Naipaul’s move to Wiltshire did not inspire any immediate sense of home or belonging, and continued instead his sense of dislocation. In Paul Theroux’s account of his long term friendship with Naipaul, Theroux mentions that ‘[i]n the middle of May 1971 [ ... ] he [Naipaul] had retreated to Wiltshire, to a bungalow on a large estate. The bungalow was another borrowed address that made him feel like an exile’ (Theroux, 1998, 170). 4. V.S. Naipaul makes this point in his own introduction to a collection of his father’s short stories. See (Seepersad Naipaul, 1976, 8–9). 5. Notably, none of Naipaul’s other novels had created any significant impact with the British reading public, but The Enigma of Arrival made it to the top of the English best-seller list in 1987. See (Mann, 1989, 870). 6. Patrick Wright offers an excellent overview of the particular English sensi- bilities associated with a constructed vision of the past under Thatcher. See especially his Introduction in ‘Chapter 1: Everyday Life, Nostalgia and the National Past’ (Wright, 2009b, 1–28). 7. See also Michelle Cliff’s No Telephone to Heaven (1987). 8. See Jeremy Paxman’s The English: A Portrait of a People (1998), Roger Scruton’s England: An Elegy (2000) and Peter Ackroyd’s Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination (2002). 9. For a discussion of heritage film, see Andrew Higson, ‘Re-presenting the National Past: Nostalgia and Pastiche in the Heritage Film’ (Higson, 1993, 109–29). 10. For details of Margaret Thatcher’s television interview broadcasted in 1977, see Kavanagh (1987, 201). Notes 219

11. See ‘Nobel Prize for Literature 2001 – Press Release.’ Nobelprize.org. 4 May 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/ press.html (accessed 8 July 2013).

Chapter 3

1. Dennis Walder is writing about the South African context, but draws paral- lels to the Caribbean. See (Walder, 2000, 150). 2. David Dabydeen, Disappearance (1993). All future references are to this edition. 3. See Dave Gunning’s chapter ‘Africa and Black British Identity’ on black British writers’ anti-racist efforts and their turn to Afrocentrism (Gunning, 2010, 19–24). 4. See ‘A Conversation with Caryl Phillips.’ Chicken Bones: A Journal for Literary & Artistic African – American Themes. http://www.nathanielturner.com/ distantshore2.htm (accessed 13 October 2012). 5. Caryl Phillips, A Distant Shore (2004a). All future references are to this edition. The first edition was published by Secker and Warburg, 2003. 6. For a brief history of canal restoration as part of ongoing heritage efforts to resurrect the past, see Samuel (1994, 247–8).

Chapter 4

1. Amitava Kumar, Bombay, London, New York (2002). All future references are to this edition. 2. The tragic account of Ayaz is detailed in the chapter ‘Flight’ (Kumar, 2002, 227–34). 3. For examples of this celebratory form of cosmopolitanism within postcolonial studies, see Kwame Anthony Appiah’s essay ‘Cosmopolitan Patriotism’ for a typical example on African cosmopolitanism. He argues that the ‘cosmopolitan celebrates the fact that there are different local human ways of being, whereas humanism is consistent with the desire for global homoge- neity’ (Appiah, 1998, 94). See also an early definition, in 1991, of postcolonial cosmopolitanism by Benita Parry, who argued ‘that the interminable process of new cultural formations and new identities brought into being through the cross-fertilisation of languages, music, images, customs, styles, ontolo- gies so distinct in postcolonial work registers the incompatible perceptions of radical humanism and post-colonial cosmopolitanism’ (Parry, 1991, 41). See also Ranka Primorac’s recent half special issue on ‘Debating local cosmopolitanisms’ in Journal of Commonwealth Literature (2011). For an enduring theory of these utopian visions of cosmopolitanism, see Mitchell Cohen’s discussion of ‘Rooted Cosmopolitanism’ (Cohen, 1992, 478–83) and Jacques Derrida, ‘Globalization, Peace and Cosmopolitanism’ (Derrida, 2011, 121–31). For cosmopolitanism as an alternative to neoliberal globalisation, see David Harvey, Cosmopolitanism and the Geographies of Freedom (Harvey, 2009). For a summary of ‘new’ and ‘old’ cosmopolitanism’ see Bruce Robbins, Perpetual War: Cosmopolitanism from the Viewpoint of Violence (Robbins, 2012, 14–15). 4. See also Bhabha’s use of ‘vernacular cosmopolitanism’ in The Location of Culture (Bhabha, 1994, ix). 220 Notes

5. Walkowitz quotes from Amitava Kumar’s other significant book of non- fiction Passport Photos (Kumar, 2000, ix). 6. Spencer is drawing on Epifanio San Juan’s Beyond Postcolonial Theory (San Juan, 1998, 196–222). See Spencer (2011, 27). 7. Kumar quotes here from Pankaj Mishra’s Butter Chicken (2006), in which Mishra labels India’s efforts at modernisation, a ‘shabby borrowed modernity’. 8. For further details of this interview, see (Roy, 2001, 33–9). 9. See also Kumar’s edited collection of essays, World Bank Literature (2003).

Chapter 5

1. Terri Tomsky, for example, calls for the need for a reconstructed cosmopolitanism capable of addressing social injustices through affect as the agent of change and critical transformation. See Tomsky (2009, 53–64). 2. Parts of Amitav Ghosh’s essay ‘Imperial Temptations’ were published in The Nation on 9 May 2002 and The New Yorker on 7 April 2003 as ‘The Anglophone Empire’. 3. The idea of a ‘third space’ linked to religious and spiritual practices comes from Kim Knott, who draws on work by Christine Chivallon to argue for ‘[t] he potential of religion as a contemporary space of representation or third space [ ... ]’ (Knott, 2005, 38). 4. See Chapter 4 of this book on Amitava Kumar’s Bombay London New York. 5. Interview with Rahul Sagar for The Hindu 16 December 2001, quoted in Hawley (2005, 125). 6. Amitav Ghosh, The Hungry Tide (HarperCollins, 2004): All future references refer to this edition. 7. Adorno writes of the negative dialectic: ‘[i]ts logic is one of disintegration: of a disintegration of the prepared and objectified form of the concepts which the cognitive subject faces, primarily and directly. Their identity with the subject is untruth. With this untruth, the subjective pre-formation of the phenomenon moves in front of the nonidentical in the phenomenon, in front of the individuum ineffabile’ (Adorno, 1973, 145). 8. The Morichjhapi massacre that Ghosh details in the novel was a real event that took place in May 1979, although it is now much neglected and largely forgotten. Amitav Ghosh writes about his desire to resurrect its history at the end of the novel The Hungry Tide (401–3). 9. Johansen uses the term ‘territorialized’ to emphasise a privileging of ‘ques- tions of material place’ rather than the kind of ‘rooted cosmopolitanism’ coined by Mitchell Cohen, but furthered by other critics such as K. Anthony Appiah, Bonnie Honig and Domna Stanton. Johansen suggests that all of these critics think of ‘rooted cosmopolitanism’ in more ephemeral and ideo- logical terms than she. For example, Appiah thinks of it as patriotism while Honig formulates it as democracy (Johansen, 2008, 1–18). 10. See K. Padma’s recent sociological study, Globalisation: Tribals and Gender (Padma, 2011, 9). 11. Devi, ‘Report from Palamau’ first published in Economic and Political Weekly 5 May 1984, reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 26). Notes 221

12. Devi, ‘The Slaves of Palamau’ first published in Sunday 3–6 July 1983; reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 10). 13. Mahasweta Devi, Imaginary Maps (1995a). All future references are to the 1995 Routledge edition. 14. Devi, ‘Back to Bondage’ first published in Business Standard 27 May 1981, reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 5). 15. Devi details the horrific circumstances faced by girls such as Douloti, who are exploited for prostitution by both tribal women and men who serve as local pimps. See ‘Contract Labour or Bonded Labour’ first published in Economic and Political Weekly 6 June 1981, 32–3; reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 31–3). 16. See also Shiva (1988, 46–7). 17. See Spivak’s reading of Puran Sahay (Spivak, 1999, 141–6). 18. See also Lazarus’s section on the story (Lazarus, 2011b, 152–60). 19. Devi, ‘Palamau, A Vast Crematorium’ first published in Business Standard 20 May 1981, reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 87). 20. For a further discussion of this term, see Spivak’s now well established essay, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ (Spivak, 1988). 21. See ‘The Slaves of Palamau’ in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 10–14). See also ‘Palamau in Bondage: Forever’ first published in Economic and Political Weekly 21 April 1984; reprinted in Devi and Ghatak, (1997, 15–23). See also ‘The Jharkland Movement and Separatism’ from Anik December 1980, translated from the original Bengali by Maitreya Ghatak, reprinted in Devi and Ghatak (1997, 96–106).

Chapter 6

1. Neo-Marxists, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, argue that the United States does indeed occupy a privileged position within their concept of Empire ‘as a decentred and deterritorialised apparatus of rule that progres- sively incorporates the entire global realm with its open, expanding fron- tiers’ (Hardt and Negri, 2000, xii). 2. In her study, Scott draws on a range of Caribbean women writers who represent the complex impact of neoliberal globalisation on women in the Caribbean. She explores a range of texts by Edwidge Danticat, Pauline Melville’s Ventriloquist’s Tale (1997), Jan Shinebourne’s Timepiece (1986) and Last English Plantation (1988), Oonya Kempadoo’s Buxton Spice (1999), Grace Nichols’ Whole of a Morning Sky (1986), Beryl Gilory’s Frangipani House (1986) and Merle Collins’s Angel (1987). 3. Edward Kamau Brathwaite argues that ‘[t]o confine our definitions of literature to written texts in a culture that remains ital in most of its people proceedings, is as limiting as its opposite: trying to define Caribbean literature as essentially orature’ (Brathwaite, 1984, 49). 4. See Michael Zeuske’s entry on Caribbean historiography in A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures in English (Poddar and Johnson, 2005, 184). 5. See Eric Williams’s Capitalism and Slavery, and especially chapter 7: ‘The Development of British Capitalism 1783–1833’ (Williams, 1964, 126–34; 154). 222 Notes

6. Walter Rodney claims that while he was studying at the university in Jamaica, C.L.R. James’s Black Jacobins (1938) and Eric Williams’s Capitalism and Slavery (1964) ‘were really two of the foremost texts that informed a nationalist consciousness [ ... ]’ (Rodney, 1990, 14–15). 7. See especially the chapter ‘Rabelais in the History of Laughter’ in Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World (1984, 62–3; 90). 8. See Cabral’s lecture, ‘The Weapon of Theory’, delivered to the first Tricontinental Conference of the Peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America held in Havana in January 1966 (Cabral, 1966). See also Kwame Nkrumah, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare. Nkrumah maintains that the people’s armed struggle as ‘the highest form’ of political action is a revolutionary catalyst in a ‘neo-colonialist situation.’ See (Nkrumah, 1968, 52). For Fanon, see The Wretched of the Earth (1963). 9. This group included the Harlem Renaissance writer Claude Mackay, H.S. Williams (the founder of the Pan-African Association in London in 1897), George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, Richard B. Moore, W.A. Domingo and Marcus Garvey (who founded the United Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica in 1914 and also in Harlem in 1916). Williams and Padmore came from Trinidad while MacKay, Garvey and Domingo from Jamaica. Moore hailed from Barbados. Bibliography

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1980s, 1, 9–13, 23–24, 31, 40, 47, 58, neocolonialism, 199–200, 213 71 post-independence, 180, 182–3, see also Thatcher; Thatcherism 200, 203–6 9/11 attacks, 18, 178 United States, 179, 189 Anwar, Waseem, 167 Ackerman, Bruce, 22 Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 13, 22–3, Ackroyd, Peter, 79, 218 131, 219–20 adivasi, 148, 176 on cosmopolitan patriotism, 219 Adorno, Theodor W., 151 on Richard Rorty’s ‘ironism’, 13 Africa, 41, 44, 52, 54–5, 86–7, Arnot, Chris, 90 89, 101–2, 105, 113, Ash High House, 40 184, 211 Ashcroft, Bill, 15, 18 civil war, 112–3, 211 Aslet, Clive, 33–4, 81 cosmopolitanism, 219 asylum seekers, 85 heritage v British heritage, 101–3, Athill, Diana, 62 211 Atlas, James, 217 stereotypes, 93, 101–2, 113, 211 Attenborough, Sir David, 97 wilderness, 101, 112–3, 211 Auerbach, Erich, 36 Afro-Caribbean, 86, 214 Austen, Jane, 68 afrocentrism, 102, 105, 219 Agathocleous, Tanya, 23 Bacon, Michael, 13 Agyeman, Julian, 7, 75–6, 107, 109 on Rorty, Richard, 13 Ahmad, Aijaz, 124 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 192, 222 Ahmad, Eqbal, 204 Baldwin, Stanley, 1 on pathologies of power, 204 Ball, John Clement, 8 Ahmed, Sara, 177 Bangladesh, 142, 154 Ali, Monica, 8, 142 rural, 142 Amazon Company, 46 Barbuda, 186 Amin, Samir, 50 Barclays Bank, 195–6 Anand, Mulk Raj, 140 Baucom, Ian, 11, 80, 215 Anderson, Amanda, 22 on manor homes, 67–8, 80 Anglophone empire, 147–8 Naipaul, V.S., 60 anti-colonial resistance, 16, 149, 178, Baudrillard, Jean, 48 196, 201, 213–4 Bawdsey Manor, 40, 48 Antigua, 14, 16, 28, 178, 213–4 Quilter family, 48 development, 203 Beecroft, Simon, 58 government, 182, 199–202, 204 Belgium, 45 history, 183, 186 imperialism, 45–6, 95, 210 independence, 182 railway, 45 modernisation, 194 Bengal, 149–50, 154

241 242 Index

Benjamin, Walter, 13 Cabral, Amilcar, 195, 197, 222 on historical materialism, 13 Calcutta, 138, 154–6 Berman, Jessica, 126 colonial Calcutta, 155–6 Bhabha, Homi, 22, 122, 136, 217, 220 Calhoun, Craig, 146 Bhopal Union Carbide disaster, 171 Calke Abbey, 41 Bihar, 132, 143, 146–7, 165 government intervention (1983), 41 Binney, Marcus, 33 Canada, 121 Bird, Vere Cornwall, 200 Cannadine, David, 33–4, 82 black Africans, 87, 99, 100, 102, 108–9 Canning (West Bengal), 149 black Britain, 58, 86, 100, 102, 104 Lord (Governor General of India), creativity, 104 150 historiography, 85, 102 capital literature, 7, 84, 102, 105–6, 219 land ownership, 147 Blair, Tony, 18, 104 transnational organisation of, 15 Blyth, Edward, 155–6 capitalism, 17, 122–5, 137, 139, 146–8, British colonialism, 156 152–5, 162, 164, 180–3, rural Indians, 156 189–91, 197–8 Boer War, 44 colonial modernity, 134–7, 144–6, Bolland, Nigel, 180 152–3, 155, 160, 162 Bollywood, 133–4, 141 colonialism, 26, 113, 124–5, 134–5, Hollywood, 134 137, 146, 148, 152–3, 162, 164, Western culture, 134 183, 189–91, 197 Bombay, 138, 141 cosmopolitanism, 124–5, 134–5, bonded labour, 163, 165–6, 169, 221 137, 146–7, 153, 158, 162, 180, British colonialism, 166 212–3 Boniface, Priscilla, 89 globalisation, 137, 143, 146, 148, Borrow, George, 74 152, 180, 182, 193, 212 Boulge Hall, 40, 52–3 historical development of, 15, 19, Bouson, J. Brooks, 194, 199 124–5, 134–5, 146–7, 153–5, Bowen, Emanuel, 186 162, 164, 182–3, 185, 189–90, Boym, Svetlana, 141 193 on nostalgia, 141 imperialism, 198 Bradley, Christopher, 80 industrialisation, 16, 125, 135, 189, Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, 181–2, 191 192, 205–6, 221 neocolonialism, 197, 212 Braun, Bruce, 73 postcolonial cultures, 127, 134, 146, Breckenridge, Carol A., 122, 217 190 Brennan, Timothy, 19–20, 22, 124, slavery, 191, 193, 196 135 world system, 124, 193 ‘Brideshead Revisited’ movement, Caribbean, the, 62, 66, 86, 88, 118, 11, 80 183, 219 British Wildlife Appeal, 97 colonisation of, 72, 183 Brooks, Cleanth, 13 English language, 206 on irony, 13 historiography, 188 Brouillette, Sarah, 216 Caribbean Development Bank, 202 Brown, Garrett Wallace, 227 Carlyle, Thomas, 8 Brussels, 29 carnivalesque, 191–2 Bruzelius, Margaret, 34 see also Bakhtin, Mikhail Bryant, Arthur, 31, 33, 53, 55 Casas, Bartolomé de las, 190 Index 243

Casement, Roger, 45–6, 48 Columbus, Christopher, 65, 72, caste, 165, 169 183–4 Castillo, Bernal Díaz del, 190 Communist Manifesto, 125 Central Intelligence Agency (C.I.A.), Communist Party of India, 148 181 Congo, 45, 52 centre-periphery, 131 colonisation, 45–6 Certeau, Michel de, 129, 209 Connell, Liam, 17 Césaire, Aimé, 181–2, 205 Conolly, Oliver, 5 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 122, 217 Conrad, Joseph, 45, 95, 113, 156 Chaudhuri, Amit, 138 Heart of Darkness, 46, 48, 55, 95, Chauhan, Abha, 165 113, 156 Cheah, Pheng, 133, 137–8, 180 Conservative party, 6, 10, 74, 78, 209 Chew, Shirley, 72 government, 39–40, 70, 74, 98, 209 China, 54–6 politics, 32, 74, 90, 98, 209 citizenship, 121 Constable, John, 59, 66, 74 non-, 121, 170 Cooke, Simon, 217 city v. country, 2, 8, 214 Cormack, Patrick, 33 civilisation, 32, 210 Corner, John, 43, 107 imperialism, 32–3, 94 Coronil, Fernando, 16 postcolonial context, 16–7, 214 Cortés, Hernán, 190 class, 149, 151, 213 cosmopolitan literature, 126 colonialism, 149 globalisation, 127 conflict, 149, 158–9, 174, 183 ‘literary cosmopolitics’, 127 consciousness, 152 literary criticism, 21, 126, 128, 179, cosmopolitanism, 143, 147, 149, 161 212 differences, 151–3, 158–61 non-fiction, 179 mobility, 153 postcolonial, 126–7 struggle, 149, 174, 212–3 reading, 131 Cliff, Michelle, 218 social activism, 127 Clifford, James, 122, 216–7 style, 22, 28, 126–7, 163 Cobbett, William, 8, 59 cosmopolitanism, 17, 21–3, 26, 118, Cohen, Mitchell, 22, 219–20 120–1, 216 Cohen, Robin, 120, 216 abject, 121 collective anamnesis, 92 actually existing, 22, 122 Colley, Linda, 44 alternative, 17, 119 Colón, Hernando, 190 celebratory forms of, 119, 219, colonial modernity, 118–9, 121, colonial, 27, 118, 123–4, 126–7, 159, 125–6, 128–31, 136–7, 139 , 176, 212 144–5, 152–3, 155, 160, 162, condemnation of, 124 176, 178 critical, 22, 124, 126, 147 capitalism, 134–7, 144–6, 152–3, as reading strategy, 22, 28, 133, 155, 160, 162 147, 213 cosmopolitanism, 118–9, 121, discrepant, 122 123–6, 129–31, 135–7, 144–5, England, 124 147, 153, 155, 159–60, 162 Europe, 136 colonial nostalgia, 9–11, 14, 24, 58, from below, 120–1, 143 72, 74, 79–81, 83, 90, 96, 199, Humanities, 135 211, 215, 218 hybridity, 136 coloniser v. colonised, 100 imperialism, 124, 128, 147 244 Index cosmopolitanism – Continued Derrida, Jacques, 87, 219 as justice, 121, 216 developmentalism, 20, 136, 147, 149, liberal, 137, 145 153, 157, 162, 174, 183 local, 119, 122, 130, 219 cosmopolitanism, 136, 147–8, minoritarian, 122 153–4, 157, 162, 179 ‘new’ v. ‘older’ forms, 119, 219 Devi, Mahasweta, 6, 15, 17–8, 20–1, new liberal, 134 27, 146, 148, 178, 213 peace, 219 Dharwadker, Vinay, 143 privileged, 26, 135, 138, 141–2, 146, diaspora, 122, 138, 141–2, 211–4, 150, 150–3, 158–60, 172, 180, Indian, 142–3 212–3, 216 Trinidad, 143 provincial, see provincial Indian countryside, 141–2, 212 cosmopolitanism nostalgia, 141–3, 211–2 radical, 180 Dirlik, Arif, 50, 125 as resistance, 21–3, 26, 119, 121, 145 Disraeli, Benjamin, 74 rooted, 22, 219–20 Ditchingham Hall, 40, 47 rural, 119, 123, 130, 133, 143, Domingo, W.A., 222 145–6, 160 Domini, John, 34 solidarity, 121 Döring, Tobias, 95 utopian, 219 Drake, Francis, 195 vernacular, 22, 122, 130, 220 Du Bois, W.E.B., 21 working class, 121 double consciousness, 21 country Dubai, 117 definition of, 1, 4, 14 Dunwich, 36, 50 country house, 2, 31, 34, 38, 40, 54, Dutch, 55 63, 79–82, 210–1 empire, 55 see also manor home v. British empire, 55 Crosby, Alfred W., 68 Dyde, Brian, 186, 194 on ecological imperialism, 68 Cudjoe, Selwyn, R., 60 East Anglia, 24, 31 cultural materialism, 13, 216 Ecocritism capitalism, 20 Dabydeen, David, 6, 12, 25, 58, 84–5, postcolonial literature, 20, 216 90, 209, 211 ecology, 161, 212 Africa, 86 education, 199–202, 204–6 British Guyana, 25, 90, colonial, 66–7 India, 90 Edwards, Justin D., 199 Naipaul, V.S., 90–1, 93 Eliot, T.S., 87 Powell, Enoch, 90 elites West Indians, 86, 90 global, 27, 212–3 dalits, 146, 164, 169 postcolonial, 18, 27, 136, 153 women, 164 ‘Empire’, 208, 214, 221 Dampier, William, 188, 190 see Hardt, Michael; Negri, Antonio Darby, Phillip, 19 Empire Windrush, 8 Darwin, Charles, 155 Engels, Friedrich, 125 Davis, Mike, 15 England v. Britain, 215 Dawson, Ashley, 8 English Heritage, 33, 35, 37, 44, 48, decolonisation, 162 51, 74–5, 80, 106 Depestre, René, 205 National Heritage Act (1983), 33 Index 245

Englishness, 3, 6–10, 81–2, 85, 99, fundamentalism, 142–3 105–6, 110, 112, 215 Furet, François, 129 environmental destruction, 161, 208 environmentalism, 161 Gangoli, Geetanjali, 164 rural dispossession, 161 Gaonkar, Dilip, 17, 125 epistemic violence, 176 Garvey, Marcus, 181, 222 ethics, 212 Gates, Henry Louis, 181 cosmopolitanism, 212 Gauch, Suzanne, 194 gender, 166 Germany, 48 in postcolonial studies, 5, 177, 210 v. Britain, 49 Eurocentric, 119, 131, 144, 183–4, empire, 49 195, 208 relationship to history, 49 modernity, 119, 125–6, 129–32, Ghai, Subhash, 141 135–6, 144 Ghatak, Maitreya, 221 as urban, 130, 136 Ghosh, Amitav, 6, 15, 17–8, 20–2, 27, counter-modernity, 130 127–8, 134–5, 146, 178, 213, progress, 183 220 Europe, 27 The Glass Palace (2000), 149 Enlightenment, 27, 129, 164 Ghosh, Bishnupriya, 127 European Union, 107 Ghosh-Schellhorn, Martina, 100 Evans, Eric, 74 Giddens, Anthony, 216 everyday, 121, 129–30, 170, 189, on cultural materialism, 216 191–3, 200, 204,–7, 208–9 on Raymond Williams, 216 exile, 122 Gidwani, Vinay, 123 Gikandi, Simon, 122 Falklands war, 87 Gilroy, Paul, 9, 38, 79, 100–2, 105, feminism, 148 124, 216 India, 164 on ‘new racism’, 100 postcolonial, 148 Girouard, Mark, 33 Fanon, Frantz, 21, 101, 159, 181, 195, Glissant, Édouard, 205 197, 222 globalisation, 17–18, 20, 22, 118, double consciousness, 21 121–2, 127, 135, 137, 148, Farrier, David, 106 193, 209, 212–4 Ferguson, Moira, 194, 199 colonialism, 17, 19, 127, 193, 148, Ferguson, Niall, 18 193 Fitzgerald, Edward, 40, 51, 53–4 cosmopolitanism, 22, 121–2, 124, Fitzgerald family, 52–3 127, 135, 137, 143, 212, 219 The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 51 government planning, 135 Ford Foundation, 137 India, 127, 137, 141, 143, 148, 150, India, 137 212 formalism, 4 literature, 17 as postcolonial criticism, 4 resistance against, 121, 127, 180, Forster, E.M., 9 213 Foucault, Michel, 20 United States, 19–20, 134, 137–8 Fountains Abbey, 89 violence, 118, 121 Fowler, Peter J., 89 Goodlad, Lauren M.E., 212 France Gowan, Peter, 134 colonialism, 186 Goyal, Yogita, 105 Fulcher, James, 183, 190 Gray, Richard T., 34–5, 217 246 Index

Great Indian Mutiny (1857), 147 racism, 12, 71–2, 74–5, 90, 94, 98, Greer, Germaine, 98 102, 106 Griffiths, Gareth, 15, 18 United States, 32 Griffiths, M., 71 Wildlife trusts, 97, 98 Gunning, Dave, 85, 102, 106 heroes, in English history, 55, 92 Guyana (British), 89, 91, 96, 99, 103 Herzinger, Kim, 6 colonial, 103 Hewison, Robert, 32–3, 74, 79 post-independence, 93, 99, 103 Heyne, Eric, 5 rural, 103 Higgins, John, 216 on Raymond Williams, 216 Hadfield, Andrew, 184 Higson, Andrew, 218 Haggard, Rider, 108 Hindu fundamentalism, 164 Hall, Stuart, 3, 10, 12, 70–1, 74, 97, History of Science, 156 105 imperialism, 156 Hamilton, Sir Daniel Mackinnon, Hollinger, David, 22 154–5 Honig, Bonnie, 220 Hardt, Michael, 19, 221 Hood, Samuel, 195 Hardy, Thomas, 59 Hooft, Stan van, 216 Harlem Renaissance, 181, 222 Horstkotte, Silke, 34–5 Harleston, 50 Howell-Jones, Gareth, 217 Harris, Wilson, 87, 205 Howkins, Alun, 7, 81, 110 Hartog, François, 92 Hsien-feng, Emperor of China, 55 Harvey, David, 123, 216, 219 Huggan, Graham, 4, 22, 216 Harvey, Sylvia, 70, 107 Hughes, Peter, 58 Hastings, 89 Hulme, Peter, 38, 181 Battle of, 89 Hulse, Michael, 31 Hawkins, John, 195 Humanism, 119, 161 Hawley, John C., 161, 220 v. cosmopolitanism, 219 Haydar, Bashar, 5 hybridity, 85 Head, Dominic, 85 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 183 Ilketshall St Margaret, 36, 51 master-slave dialectic, 183 immigrant communities Held, David, 121 in Britain, 7–8, 24, 58, 70, 72–3, 78, Henstead Hall, 40 81–5, 87, 88–9, 104–6, 108, heritage industry 111–3, 118, 142, 208–11 in Britain, 3, 5–6, 10, 12–5, 23, Afro-Caribbean, 86 71–2, 79–81, 84, 86, 88, 118, black, 84, 86–7, 100, 110–1 209–10, 214 fiction of, 8, 70 debate, 89–90 immigration see also English Heritage in Britain, 59, 72–3, 79, 82, 84, France, 32 88–9, 100, 104–6, 108, 111–2, immigration, 89, 118, 210 211 imperialism, 74–5, 90, 94, 107, 118, developing world, 113 210 empire, 89, 104–6, 211 legacy of, 25, 104, 118, 210 race, 87–9, 91, 100–1, 104–13, 211 Margaret Thatcher, under, 9–10, rural England, 59, 72–3, 77, 79, 25, 31, 44, 56, 58, 71–2, 104, 106–9, 111–2, 118, 74, 79–80, 88–90, 107, 211 209 in United States, 141 Index 247

India, 5, 16, 20, 27, 61, 118, 145 International Monetary Fund (IMF), civil service, 175 18, 138, 181 Congress Party, 154 ironism, 13–4 conservation, 158 irony, 13–4, 24–5, 32, 36, 71–2, cosmopolitanism, 123, 130, 133, 79–80, 83, 210 135 –7, 147, 213 structural, 45–7, 52–3, 56 elite, 136, 138, 140–1, 149, 153, 158, see also ironism 172, 213 Isandhlwana, battle of, 95 environmental destruction, 135–6, Ishiguro, Kazuo, 6 148 Forest Department, 146, 151–2, 154 James, C.L.R., 181–2, 191, 193, 222 government, 135–6, 157, 162, James, David, 164 169–70, 172, 175, 213 Jameson, Fredric, 212 modernity, 135–7 see also political unconscious Green Revolution, 137 Jefferies, Richard, 8 hydroelectricity, 135–6 Jharkhand state, 146 imperialism, 151 Johansen, Emily, 160, 217, 220 independence, 128, 162, 169–70 Johnson, David, 163, 221 indigenous communities, 5, 17, Jurney, Florence Ramond, 195 157–8 liberalisation, 128, 135–6, 149–50 Kafka, Franz, 37 middle class, 140, 159 The Metamorphosis, 37 migrant, 123, 139 Kapoor, Rishi, 141 ‘circular’, 123 Karanth, Sivarama, 148 rural-urban, 123 Karran, Kampta, 231 modern, 143, 154, 162 Kavanagh, Dennis, 219 modernisation, 154, 162, 165, 169, Kent, county of, 89 178–7, 212, 220 Kerala, 127 nation, 169 Kim, Soo Yeon, 217 National Park and Wildlife Kincaid, Jamaica, 6, 15, 17–8, 20–1, Sanctuaries, 146, 151 28, 66, 98, 177–8 nationalism, 135–7, 142–3, 149, 169 Annie John (1985), 67 nuclear weapons, 135–6, 140 My Garden (Book), (2000), 98 sex trade, 163 King, Sarah, 75, 81 small towns, 132 Knight, Franklin, 179, 200–1, 207 social justice, 127 Knott, Kim, 220 state, 17, 26, 119, 125–8, 134–8, Kolodziejczyk, Dorota, 125 147–8, 151, 154, 162, 164, 169, Krieger, Joel, 74 174–5, 212, 214 Kumar, Amitava, 6, 16–8, 20–1, 26–7, modernising agenda, 125–6, 117, 149, 178, 212, 220 134–7, 147, 154, 162, 164, 212 on Naipaul, V.S., 130–2, 134, 142 violence, 119, 126, 128, 134–7, Kumar, Malreddy Pavan, 128, 140 146–7, 157, 164, 169 Kurasawa, Fuyuki, 121 tourism, 158 Kureishi, Hanif, 8, 11, 70–1 United States, 137–8, 141, 147 West, 129, 141 Lamming, George, 77 women, 163–6, 169–70 Lancashire, 191 writers, 20, 127, 139–40, 144, 148 Lawrence, Stephen, 107 interdiscursivity, 180 Lazarus, Neil, 19, 125, 172, 174, 130 248 Index

Ledent, Bénédicte, 105–6 Melas, Natalie, 4 Lees-Milne, James, 33 Memmi, Albert, 100, 159, 195 Lehman, David, 5 Mercer, Kobena, 102, 104 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 34 middle passage, 193 Levy, Andrea, 8 Mignolo, Watler D., 124 Lewycka, Marina, 8 migrants, 117, 122 Li, Victor, 160 indentured workers, 117 Littler, Jo, 7, 101 Mishra, Pankaj, 119–20, 127–8, 140–1, Löffler, Sigrid, 217 143, 220 London, 7, 54, 70, 142 Butter Chicken in Ludhiana (1995), Loomba, Ania, 121 140, 220 Lowenthal, David, 9, 32–3, 35, The Romantics (1999), 119 37–8, 106 missionaries, 169 Lowestoft, 36, 39 Mitchell, Michael, 90 modernity, 17, 125, 135, 140 146, 153, Macedo, Lynne, 90 176 Mackay, Claude, 222 alternatives, 17, 119, 125 MacPhee, Graham, 3 colonial, 118–9, 136, 160–1, Madhya Pradesh, 146, 171, 175–6 cosmopolitanism, 118–9, 122, magic realism, 177, 213 124–5, 130, 136, 146–7, Major, John, 6, 107 153–4, 158, 173–4 Majumdar, Nivedita, 169 v. counter–modernity, 130, 174 Malcomson, Scott, 122 European, 26, 119, 125–6, 136 Malkani, Gautam, 8 India, 117–9, 122, 125, 127, Manhattan, 141 135–7, 140 –1, 143, 146, Indian immigrants, 141 152, 157, 160–1, 172–3, Mann, Harveen Sachdeva, 218 176, 220 Manor home, 33, 39–40, 45, 48, 67, nation state 125, 135–6 79–80, 209–11 peripheral, 130 see also country house ‘scriptural economy’, 129 imperialism, 67, 80, 113, 209–10 as telos, 125, 136, 148, 191 Markandaya, Kamala, 140 ‘third world’, 161 Marsh, Jan, 33 victims, 122, 136 Marsh, Nicky, 17 writing, 129 Marx, Karl, 125, 174, 212 Mohan, Anupama, 161 Marxist, Mohanty, Gopinath, 148 critics 124, 159, 182, 191, 195 Mondal, Anshuman, 149, 157–8 revolution, 159, 195 Moore, Richard Benjamin, 202, 222 materialist critique, 24 Morant Bay rebellion (1865), 92 see also cultural materialism Moretti, Franco, 4 of literature, 4 Morichjhapi massacre (1979), 157, McCall, Sophie, 163 160–1, 220 McClintock, Anne, 164 Morton, H.V., 9 McCrum, Robert, 31, 35 Mother India, 169–70 McCulloh, Mark, 34–5, 44 Mukherjee, Pablo, 159, 216 McLeod, John, 8, 10 multiculturalism McWatt, Mark, 88 in Britain, 3, 7, 25, 57, 105 media, 133 as problem, 122 Western forms of, 133 Murthy, U.R. Anantha, 138 Index 249

Naipaul, Seepersad, 63–5, 218 native informant, 152, 172 Naipaul, V.S., 6, 11–2, 24–5, 56–8, 84, globalisation, 152 88, 182, 209, 218 Neal, Sarah, 7, 105 A House for Mr. Biswas (1961), 63, Negri, Antonio, 19, 221 131 Nelson, Horatio, 195 A Turn in the South (1989), 69 neocolonialism, 118–9, 121, 124, 126, A Writer’s People (2007), 64–5, 68, 133, 136 –8, 142–4, 146 –7, 149, 70 153–5, 161, 163, 170, 175–6, Chaguanas, 65 181–3, 195, 197, 199–202, as immigrant, 211 208, 212–4 India, 61, 62–5, 67, 69, 82, 131, capitalism, 197 168–9, 211 cosmopolitanism, 118–119, 124, India: A Wounded Civilization (1977), 126, 133, 136–7, 144, 146–7, 168–9 212 Nobel Prize for Literature, 83 development, 172, 175, 197 The Loss of El Dorado: A History environmentalism, 161 (1969), 72 India, 126, 133, 136–7, 141–2, 144, The Middle Passage (1962), 65 146–7, 154, 170–1, 175–6, 212 Trinidad, 24–5, 59–65, 68–9, 72–3, resistance to, 195, 197, 201 76–7, 82, 131, 211 neocolonial globalisation, 4, 6, 15, Wiltshire, 24–5, 59, 67, 69–70, 17–22, 26–8, 118–9, 121, 124, 73–4, 77–8, 82, 87, 91, 209, 126, 128, 133, 136–8, 140–7, 211, 218 158, 164, 171, 178, 180–2, 208, Nandy, Ashis, 17, 126 212–3, 216 Narayan, R.K., 128, 140 colonial modernity, 119, 121, nation state, 119, 122, 135 126–7, 133, 136–7, 144–5, cosmopolitanism, 119, 134–6, 174 147, 160–1, 178 v. statelessness, 122 cosmopolitanism, 21–3, 27, 118–9, National Defense Education Act 121, 124, 127, 136–7, 146, 212 (1958), 137 postcolonial state, 26, 136–7, national heritage, 208 154–5, 175 as disinheritance, 100 resistance to, 20, 119, 121, 125, 199, genetics, 99–101, 103 140–6, 163–4, 171, 175, 178–9, racial genealogy, 99–101, 103 181–2, 211–4 National Heritage Act (1980), 40, 80 tourism, 5, 15 see also English Heritage victims, 121 National Trust, 10, 37, 75, 80–1, 95, violence, 179 106 women, 163–4, 171, 212 nationalism, 180, 197 neoliberalism, 19, 136, 146, 208, 214 capitalist cosmopolitanism, 137, India, 134,136, 146 146 as neoliberal globalisation, 15, 27, colonial modernity, 124, 135–7, 146, 181, 214 144–5, 160 as state practice, 6, 136 cosmopolitanism, 136–7, 180 New Labour, 19, 104, 106–7, 109 English, 10–12, 31, 107, 110, 112, American Empire, 19 124 New York, 201 see also Englishness Newland, Courttia, 8 imperialism, 124, 197, 210 Ngu~gu~ wa Thiong’o, 20, 66, 124, 159 Indian diaspora, 142–3 Nigeria, 44 250 Index

Nixon, Rob, 10, 60, 99–100, 171, 217 plantocracy, 183 on Naipaul, V.S., 60, 66 Plumb, J.H., 33 Nkrumah, Kwame, 181, 197, 222 Poddar, Prem, 163, 221 non–fiction, 4, 34, 179 political unconscious, 212–3 non–governmental organization Pollock, Sheldon, 122, 217 (NGO), 17–8, 152–4, 175 Poon, Angelia, 199 Non Resident Indian, (N.R.I.), 141 Popeau, Jean, 99 Normandy, battle of, 95 Port of Spain, 64,–5, 142 Norwich, 37 postcolonial cosmopolitanism, nostalgia, 141–3, 175, 210, 212 127–8 nostalgic essentialism, 11, 26, 76, global capital, 127, 146, 212 215 South Asian literature, 127–8, Nyers, Peter, 121 145–6 postcolonial country, 177–8 Oliver, Vere Langford, 184–5 definition of, 1, 14–15 orality, 191 postcolonial literary criticism, 139 Orford, 36, 50 and culture, 208 Orient, the, 51 postcolonial rural, 118–9, 130–2, 139, Orwell, George, 6 141, 144, 146, 149, 208 Orwell Park, 40 capitalism, 125–6 137, 139, 146–8, ‘Other’, 99–100, 102, 106, 151, 153, 152–3, 208 157 colonial modernity, 119, 121, Oxford University, 59 129–31, 135–7, 139, 141, 144–5, 147–8, 152–3, Padma, K., 164–5 155, 157, 160 Padmore, George, 222 cosmopolitanism, 119, 125, Pakistan, 117 136 –7, 144, 146 Pan–African Association, 222 India, 15–7, 26–7, 118–20, 123, Paravisini–Gebert, Lizabeth, 194 125–6, 129–49, 135, 148, Parry, Benita, 124, 219, 153–7, 162, 164, 168–70, Partition (India), 164 174–5, 178, 212–4 pastoral tradition, 34, 59, 74 v. the industrial, 125–6 in literature, 3, 8–9, 59, 73, 74 nation state, 125–6, 135, 209 as national morals, 8–9 neocolonialism, 209 nationalism, 9 v. scientific rationality, 125–6 Patna, 132 v. urban, 125–6, 128, 139 patriarchy, 165, 167 postimperial melancholia, 9–10, capitalism, 167–8 14, 24, 31, 58, 72, 78, 82, colonial, 165 84–5, 87, 90, 93, 101, 103, women, 169 105, 210–1, 215 Paxman, Jeremy, 79, 218 see also colonial nostalgia Peto, Sir Morton, 41, 43, 45, 52 heritage, 10, 71–2, 78, 80, 93, railways, 42, 45–6 103, 210 Phillips, Caryl, 6, 12, 25, 84, 209, Powell, Enoch, 90, 101 211 racism, 90, 100 A New World Order, 39, 104, 107–8, Powers, Alan, 81 on Africa, 86 Pratt, Mary Louise, 184–5, 188 on post consensus Britain, 38 Priestley, J.B., 9 Phillips, Mike, 84–5, Primorac, Ranka, 219 Index 251

Procter, James, 86, 113 ‘third–world’ modernity, 161 prostitution, 166–9, 221 transnational rural, 130–2, 143 provincial cosmopolitanism, 26, 118, United States, 123, 128, 132–3, 128, 130, 132, 135, 138, 143–7, 137–8, 160 149, 152–3, 158–60, 162, 167, vernacular culture, 119, 125–6, 130 172, 178, 212, 213 West, 133–4 British empire, 130–1 Punjab, 147 colonial modernity, 119, 121, 123–6, 128–33, 135–7, 139, 141, Quayson, Ato, 4, 180–1 144–5, 147, 149, 153, 155, Quilter, Cuthbert, 48 157, 160, 178 Quilter, Sir Raymond, 48 cosmopolitan provincialism, 125, 132 race, see also racism cosmopolitanism from below, Anglo–Saxon, 10 120–1 in Britain, 1, 72, 88, 90, 99, 100–1, economic exploitation, 125 103–8, 110–1, 211 Europe, 132–3, 136, 144 relations in Britain, 85–6, 101, imperialism, 128, 147 103–4, 106, 110–1, 113, 211 liberal cosmopolitanism, 137, whiteness, 10, 72–6, 80–2, 99, 145–6, 160 103–05, 107–9, 209, 211 migrant, 139 see also white Britons mobility, 167–8 racism, 3, 5, 13–4, 75–6, 78, 83–6, 88, modern India, 128, 135–6, 141, 90–1, 93, 100–8, 110–3, 196, 143, 147, 153, 155, 162 208, 211, 214 nationalism, 135–7, 141, 162, 169 anti–racism, 85, 106–7, 110–3, neocolonial globalisation, 119, 219 121, 123, 126, 128, 137, 141–4 , ethics, 84, 100, 106, 110, 112 146–158, 178–9, 213 imperial discourses, 10, 74–6, 84, neocolonialism, 27, 118–9, 121, 90, 93–5, 101–8, 193, 211 126, 136 –7, 142, 144, 146 –7, institutional, 106 153, 164, 176, 178 nationalism, 105–7, 111–2 as oppression v. agency, 122, 125, slave plantations, 194 128, 212 transnational networks, 113 postcolonial government, 135–6, violence, 105–6, 108–9, 111–13 162, 169, 170 railways, 41, 45–6 v. privileged cosmopolitan, 138–42, Raj revival, 11 147, 149, 153, 172, 213 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 65, 188, 190 reading, 130, 133 Ram, Kalpana, 146 rural India, 121, 126, 128–33, Rampersad, Arnold, 69 135–6, 139, 141–6, 152–3, Rancière, Jacques, 129 157, 159–65, 167, 171–2, Rao, Rahul, 129, 137, 145–6 176, 178–9, 209, 212–3 Rao, Raja, 140 nostalgia, 139–43, 168, 212 Reagan, Ronald, 19, 32 rural postcolonial, 119, 126, refugees, 85–6, 105, 122 130–3, 136, 141–2, 144, in Britain, 85–6, 105–6, 109, 211 146–7, 153, 159–60, 162, Rege, Sharmila, 164, 169 164–5, 167, 212–3 religion, 176, 213, 220 state violence, 119, 125–6, 128, fundamentalism, 164 134–6, 147, 162, 165 Rendlesham Hall, 40 252 Index revolution, 178, 183, 194, 196, 205, Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne–Cecil, 74 207, 214 Samuel, Raphael, 9, 97, 219 riots, in Britain, 70 San Juan, Epifanio, 220 Robbins, Bruce, 22, 122, 219 Sandhu, Sukhdev, 8, 85 Robinson, Cedric J., 198 Sandwich, Earl of, 55 Rodney, George, 195 Santiago–Valles, W.F., 200, 205 Rodney, Walter, 181–2, 191, 195, 200, on the maroon intellectual, 200 222 Saro–Wiwa, Ken, 20 Rorty, Richard, 13 SAVE Britain’s Heritage, 33 on ‘final vocabulary’, 13 Schoene, Berthold, 126 on ironism, 13 Schwarz, Bill, 3 Roxburgh, William, 155–6 Scott, Helen, 181, 199 empire, 156 Scruton, Roger, 79, 218 Roy, Arundhati, 19, 22, 127–8, 134–5, Scurry, Amelia, 36 137–8, 220 Sebald, W.G., 6, 11–12, 23, 31, 57–8, Royal, Robert, 69 84, 209–11 Royal Society of Nature Conservation, East Anglian countryside, 24 97 as German émigré, 48 rural English heritage, 3, 4, 9–10, Germany, 5, 218 12, 31, 70, 72, 74–6, 78, 80–1, secular v. non–secular, 119 83–4, 88, 90–3, 96–7, 103, 118, Selvon, Sam, 76, 86 208–9, 210–1, 214 Sen, Malcolm, 20, 149 biology, 99, 103, 108 sex trade, 163 canals, 110 Sharpe, Jenny, 113 conservation, 97–8, 110 Sheffield, 191 empire, 3, 5–14, 33, 68, 78, 93, Shepard, E.H., 59 94–6, 103, 111, 113, 118, 211 Shiva, Vandana, 221 nationalism, 95–7, 106–7, 111 Silku, Rezzan, 106 nature, 97–8, 111 Silman, Roberta, 34 postcolonial perspective of, 3, 59, Singapore, 44 72, 78, 83, 88, 90–2, 94, 96, Singh, Jyotsna, 184 103, 110, 113, 118, 208, 211 Sivanandan, Ambalvaner, 18 race, 99, 101, 103, 106–13, 211 Sivaramakrishnan, K., 123 wildlife conservation, 97–8, 106 Skurski, Julie, 16 rural networks of empire, 3–4, 6, 12, Slave Emancipation Act (1834), 183, 15–17, 24, 58, 67, 84, 118, 210 194, 204 Rushdie, Salman, 11, 22, 59–60, 70–1, slavery, 12, 28, 57, 63, 65, 68, 101, 127 183, 191, 193, 196, 202, 205 on Thatcher, Margaret, 11 banking, 195 Ruskin, John, 8 capitalism 196, 198, 199 colonialism, 191, 193 Sabin, Margery, 127 manor homes, links to 12, 25, 61, sacred practices, 130 67, 97, 209 as resistance, 176 neocolonialism, 194 Said, Edward, 12, 51, 68 Smith, Neil, 19, 198 orientalist writing, 51 Smith, Zadie, 8 on pleasures of imperialism, 49 Society for the Promotion of Nature Salgado, Minoli, 163 Conservation, 97 Salisbury cathedral, 66 Soja, Edward, 164 Index 253

Sole Bay, battle of, (1672), 55 capitalism, 210 Somerleyton Hall, 40–2, 44–6, 52 Falklands, 87, 96, 104 Sontag, Susan, 31, 217 neoimperialism, 104 South America, 46 Thatcherism, 39, 72, 74–5, 78–9, South Asia, 118 82–3, 100–1, 210, 214 South Asian studies, 163 and Victorian values, 39, 56, 74 Southwold, 36, 55 Theroux, Paul Soyinka, Wole, 20 Naipaul, V.S., 62, 218 Spencer, Robert, 22–3, 124, 126, 128, ‘third world’, 122, 137 135, 220 women, 122 spirituality, 27, 148–9, 172, 174–6, Thomas, Edward, 8 179, 220 Thompson, Andrew, 2 cosmopolitanism, 27, 179 Tickell, Alex, 127 as resistance, 27, 148–9, 172, 174–6, Tiffin, Helen, 15, 18, 83, 216 179 time, 201 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 15, 147, Tomsky, Terri, 220 152, 155, 162–3, 166, 172, 221 Tonkin, Boyd, 35 Spooner, Rachel, 7, 76, 107, 109 tourism, 15–16, 28, 118, 158, 179, Stanton, Domna, 220 182–93, 197–201, 204–5, 207, Stanton, Katherine, 22–3, 126, 179 210 Stedman, John, 190 capitalism, 183, 185–90, 193, Stein, Mark, 90–1 198–9, 210 Stirling, Sir Angus, 81 colonialism, 183, 185–9, 191, Stonehenge, 59 193–4, 199, 201, 207 Strachan, Ian Gregory, 194 neocolonial government, 194 Strong, Roy, 33 neocolonialism, 197, 207 Studley Royal, 89 pre-colonial explorations, 184–7 Su, John J., 11, 74, 215, slavery, 193, 201, 204 subaltern, 17, 21, 26–7, 121, 123, 145, translation, 163 147, 151, 159, 161–2, 166, 172, travel guides, 183, 187–8 213, 216 Victorian period, 187–8 colonialism, 148, 166 travel writing, 188 cosmopolitanism, 123, 129, 145, tribals, 122, 146, 148, 162, 164, 147, 155, 159 172–6, 212–3, 221 decolonisation, 162 colonialism, 165, 176 female, 148, 155, 166, 213 development, 164–5, 169, 172–6, history, 163 179 resistance, 213 nation formation, 169, 172, 175, rural, 162, 166, 172, 212–3 179 Sudbourne Hall, 40 women, 162, 164–6, 169, 221 Suffolk, 24, 31–2, 35, 37–8, 40, 51, 54 Trinidad, 143, 211 Sundarbans, 146, 149, 151, 153, 213 colonialism, 154, 156 United Negro Improvement Association, 222 Tan, Kok-Chor, 216 United States, 15, 213 Thatcher, Margaret, 10–11, 19, 38–9, Afghanistan, 19 49, 71–2, 74–5, 77–8, 81, 87–8, Britain, 147 96, 104, 106, 109, 209–10, 215, Cold war, 137 218–9 Empire, 26, 124, 208, 214 254 Index

United States – Continued Waldenshaw, estate of, 59, 71, 73, 79, as extension of colonialism, 123–4, 81 132, 189, 202, 212 Walder, Dennis, 11, 61, 88, 219 Ford Foundation, 137 Walker, W. John, 83 Green Revolution, 137, 170 Walkowitz, Rebecca L., 22, 34, 46, globalisation, 19–20, 134, 137 48, 126, 220 hegemonic global power, 6, 18, 20, Waterloo panorama, 47 26, 123–4, 132, 134, 137–8, Waterton, Emma, 106 160, 178–9, 189, 212, 221 wealth immigration, 118, 141, 150 global disparities, 117–8 Iraq, 19, 147 Weatherston, Rosemary, 71 military world order, 19 Wellington, Duke of, 54 National Defense Education Act Waterloo, Battle of, 54 (1958), 137 Welsh, Sarah Lawson, 86 neoimperialism, 19, 21, 123–4, 134, Wenzel, Jennifer, 166–7 137, 147, 149, 153, 156, 160, Werbner, Pnina, 121, 217 178, 202, 212 West Africa, 105, 113 postcolonial writers, 21, 132, 144 West Indian, 86–7, 99, 102, 191 South Asia Language and Area slavery, 191, 193 Center, 137 plantation economy, 193–4 technological superiority, 156, Westminster, 90 160 Wheatle, Alex, 8 terrorism, 19, 28 white Britons, 71, 74, 82, 84–5, 88, ‘third world’, 137 96, 101–2, 104–5, 108–9, World Bank, 138, 202 209, 211 United States Agency for Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981), International Development, 98 202 Williams, Eric, 191, 222 Uttar Pradesh (Bihar), 63 Williams, H.S., 222 Williams, Raymond, 2, 12, 16–7, Veer, Peter van der, 124, 136, 149, 26, 40, 45, 67–8, 134–5, 176 145, 208, 217 Vertovec, Steven, 120, 216 Wilsford Manor, 61, 67 Victorian period, 82 imperialism, 67 civilisation, 18, 155 Wiltshire, 24, 59, 61, 66, 69, 73, 87 exploration, 185, 187–8 women, 164–5, 167, 171, 178, imperialism, 15, 80, 155, 187–8 213 science, 155 Wood, James, 31, 37 values, 33, 39, 187 Wood, Michael, 60 violence, 118, 120–2, 124, 128, 136, on Rushdie, Salman, 60 146, 157, 179, 194–9, 219 Wordsworth, William, 66–7 Visitas, 190 working-class, 145 Viswanathan, Gauri, 61 World Bank, 18, 138, 202 Vorda, Allan, 6 World Heritage Site, 89 world systems theory, 1, 15, Walcott, Derek, 57, 66, 181, 192, 207, 17–18, 21, 193 218 capitalism, 124, 193 on Naipaul, V.S., 60 colonialism, 193 slavery, 57, 218 globalisation, 193 Index 255

World Trade Organization (WTO), Young, Robert, 18–20 18 Youngs, Tim, 181 Wright, Julia M., 212 Yoxford, 50 Wright, Patrick, 5, 10, 40, 76, 90, 218 Zeuske, Michael, 221 Yorkshire, 191 Zulu kingdom, 95